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Knowledge is produced when new information is embedded into context–or previously stored information. Information exists separately without being connected to previous information or knowledge. Development of modern technology, especially hypertext, focuses more on fragmented information than organically related knowledge. The development of information influenced many parts of the culture in modern society. Regarding modern technology, the level of human knowledge seems to reach its highest point, however the level of public knowledge is not very different from previous times and people use modern technology without understanding its principle. In this sense, this article regards modern technology as “magic” and points out that the information in a modern technological society has not much improved public knowledge. This article shows that societies of control, as Giles Deleuze defines it, have brought the advent of the informational age and find causes of cultural phenomena which come from modern technology such as fun culture and dependency on specialists in the weakened role of knowledge and over-emphasized function of information. Moreover, this article criticizes that modern technology has not efficiently democratized knowledge by emphasizing the transference of information rather than knowledge.

현대 법치행정의 원리에 있어서는 무엇보다도 행정의 법률적합 성의 강화는 물론 법률우위의 원칙 그리고 법률유보의 원칙의 강 화를 통하여 법질서의 정당성 확보와 국민의 기본권의 확고한 보 장이 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 특히, 통치행위, 특별권력관계, 행정입법의 신중․정당성 확보, 행정지도, 행정계획의 법적합성과 구체적 타당성의 조화가 필요하 다고 할 수 있다. 첫째, 통치행위는 헌법에 근거하여 법률적 효력을 가지지만, 만 일, 국민의 자유와 권리를 침해하는 경우에는 국회의 통제가 가능 하다. 특히 기본권이 관련되는 경우에는 당연히 사법심사의 대상 이 되며, 헌법재판의 대상이 된다. 또한 통치행위로 인한 손해에 대하여 국가배상이 이루어져야 하고, 국민에게 특별한 희생이 가 하여지는 경우에, 평등의 원칙에 입각하여 손실보상이 주어져야 한다. 둘째, 특별행정법관계에서도 법률유보의 원칙이 적용되기 때문 에 다른 법률관계와 마찬가지로 중요사항에 해당되는 한, 법률 내 지 법규명령의 근거를 가져야 한다. 특별행정법관계에서의 기본권의 제한에 있어서는 일반행정법관계의 경 우와 마찬가지로 법률의 근거를 요하며, 행정소송법상 쟁송대상이 되는 처분에 해당하면 사법심사의 대상이 된다고 할 수 있다. 셋째, 우선, 행정입법을 위임할 경우 입법부는 신중하고 진지하 게 위임입법을 제정하여야 하고, 행정부는 행정입법을 할 때에 행 정편의주의에서 벗어나 법규적 사항인가 비법규적 사항인가를 신 중하고 심도있게 검토하여 정립하여야 한다. 특히 행정입법이 법 규성을 가지고 국민과 법원을 기속하는 법원성을 가지려면, 행정 입법의 형식적ㆍ절차적 요건을 구비해야 정당성을 가질 수 있다. 그리고 행정입법에 대한 재판의 전제가 된 경우에 행정소송의 대 상이 되어야 한다. 넷째, 대체적으로 계획법률은 추상적인 목표를 제시하고 있으므 로, 구체적인 계획을 책정하는 과정에서 광범위한 형성의 자유를 갖게 된다. 따라서, 행정주체의 무분별한 계획재량으로 인한 일방 적․재량적 처분이 문제되고 있다. 그리고 계획재량은 자칫 그것 이 일탈되거나 남용되는 경우, 행정계획 주체의 독단적이고 자의 적인 판단이 작용될 여지가 있다. 따라서 계획재량의 통제수단으 로는 행정계획의 정당성, 행정계획 책정과정 원칙준수 및 형량명 령 법리가 중요하다. 그리고 계획에 의해 자신의 법률상 이익이 침해되는 자는 계획변경청구권 및 계획준수청구권을 가질 수 있 다. 또한 행정계획이 개인의 권리 내지 법률상의 이익을 침해하는 행정청의 처분에 해당할 경우, 이는 행정소송의 대상이 된다고 할 수 있다. 다섯째, 행정지도는 국민에 대해서 직접 법적효과를 일으키지 않는 사실행위이며 또한 비권력적인 행위이어서, 공권력의 행사에 해당하는 행위에 해당하지 않는다. 그러나 행정지도를 따름으로 인해 피해를 입은 자는 국가배상법이 정하는 바에 따라 손해의 배상을 청구할 수 있고, 행정지도의 적법한 권 력적 행위로 인하여 발생하는 특별한 희생에 대하여는 손실보상이 가능하다고 할 수 있다. 또한, 행정지도가 사실상의 강제력을 행사하여 상대방에게 권리의무를 제한하거나 손해를 가하는 경우, 사법심사가 인정되어 (당사자소송을 통해), 국민의 권리이익의 실효적 구제가 가능하고, 기본권이 침해되면 헌법소원을 제기할 수 있다. 여섯째, 공법상 계약은 행정주체와 사인 간 협력을 통하여 이루 어지기 때문에, 계약의 내용형성에 반드시 법령상의 근거가 필요 한 것은 아니나, 계약의 대상이 법에 기속되어 있다면 당사자는 법에서 규정된 바에 의하여 합의하게 된다. 따라서, 공법상 계약도 공행정작용이므로 역시 법률의 우위의 원칙 하에 놓인다. 그러나 공법상 계약에서는 대등당사자가 자유롭게 의사형성을 하기보다 는 법규에 근거하여 행정청은 보다 많은 형성의 자유를 가질 수 있고, 법률에의 구속을 회피하기 위한 수단으로 오용되는 것이 문 제가 된다. 따라서 위법한(하자 있는) 공법상 계약은 무효와 취소 할 수 있으며, 국가에 의한 계약의 해제로 상대방이 손실을 입게 되면, 행정상 손실의 대상이 되며, 행정상소송(당사자 소송)의 대 상이 된다.

In today’s principles of law-imposed administration, ensuring legitimacy of law and order and guaranteeing the fundamental rights of citizens through, needless to say, reinforcement of validity of law in administration, the principle of superiority of law, and principle of reservation of law reinforcement are important more than anything. Especially, an act of state, relationship between particular power, procuring prudence and legitimacy of administration legislation, and harmony of law validity and detailed validity of administration plan are needed. First, the act of state have legal force based on a Constitution, however Congress can control it when it infringes people’s freedom and rights. It can well be the subject of judicial review and state trial when it is related with the fundamental rights. In addition, the damages caused by the act of state must be compensated by the nation and also compensation for damages may well be made due to the principle of equality only when special sacrifice for asked. Second, special administrative law relationship must have basis on the law or legal injunction as long as it is an important matter just like the other legal relationship, because the principle of reservation of law is applied in. For restriction of the fundamental rights under special administrative law relationship, it requires basis on the law just like general administrative law relationship. And if it is deemed to be the object of contestation under administrative legal procedure law, can be subjected to judicial review. Third, for administrative legislation to have regulation power and civil legality that controls people and court, it is to be estimated for the legitimacy only if it prepares for the formal and procedural requirements. Above all, in case of delegating administration legislation, the legislature must enact delegation legislation with discreet and serious manner, and when the executive government carries administration legislation, they must review carefully and intensively whether it is regulative or non-regulative without keeping administrative convenience belief and then establish. Also when its rights are infringed by administration legislation by becoming the premise of the trial of administration legislation according to constitutional court’s principle of supplement, the judicial review is available. Fourth, planning law proposes an abstract goal in general, Administration gets to have extensive formation freedom during the process of fixing detailed planning based on planning law. Therefore unilateral, discretional disposal had become a problem. That is planning discretion has possibility of dogmatic, arbitrary decisions of the subject of administration when it is deviated or abused. To control the planning discretion, legitimacy of administration planning and compliance with principles of administrative planning process and legal principles of sentence order are important. And the person whose profits are encroached by the planning can have rights of claim to change the planning and observance the planning. In addition, if the administration planning is conformed to disposition of administration office to bring effects of specific individual’s rights or legal profits, it may be the subject of administrative litigation. Fifth, administrative guidance is true action that does not have instant legal force for people and also it is non-powerful action that is not an action of embodying governmental authority other than the disposition of administration office that is the subject of withdrawal lawsuit. However, persons who are damaged by obeying the administrative guidance can claim the compensation according to the State Tort Liability Act, and for special sacrifice made by illegally authorized action of administrative guidance, the damage compensation is possible. In addition, when judicial review is deemed by that the administrative guidance accompanies the actual enforcement and also forms or limits the rights and obligations to the other, when the judicial review is deemed, saving people’s rights and benefits can be ensured through lawsuit of the parties. When the fundamental rights are infringed, filing a constitutional complaint is possible. Sixth, a contract is signed through cooperation between the subject of administration and individual according to public law, so it does not necessarily need grounds based on ordinance for forming the contents of the contract, but if the subject of the contract is bound to law, the parties settle according to the law. Eventually, since a contract by public law is non-actionable, it is under principle of superiority of law. So rather than the equal party freely develop his opinion on the contract by public law, administration office only can have more freedom of formation according to law, keeping strict watch on that the contract by public law is not wrongly used to avoid legal restriction of administration is crucial. And illegal (defective) contract by public law is cancellable and also invalid. In addition, as released by the state of the contract without cause attributable to suffer a loss if the other party who has no valid reason of imputation gets damaged by the cancellation of contract from the nation, the nation should compensate the losses and becomes the subject of determined by administration lawsuit law.

Die koreanische Regierung versucht, die Gleichberechtigung zwischen Mann und Frau durchzusetzen. Deshalb bemüht sich die Regierung in der Frauenpolitik die Gleichheit der Maenner und Frauen und die Teilnahme der Frauen in allen öffentlichen Bereichen zu erreichen. Die alten Gesetze, durch die Frauen diskriminiert wurden, sind abgeschafft und die Zahl der Frauen in wichtigen Stellungen in der Politik, am Arbeitsplatz und in anderen Bereichen nimmt zu. Man nimmt an, dass im geltenden Verfassungsrecht sich der Grundgedanke, die Freiheit aller Menschen zu garantieren, auch im Grundsatz der Menschenwürde und der Bindung der staatlichen Gewalt an die Grundrechte spiegelt. Frauen fühlen sich jedoch immer noch im Alltag oft diskriminiert. Man kann nicht sagen, dass die Gleichberechtigung von Mann und Frau in Korea schon vollständig realisiert wurden. Besonders auf dem Lande gibt es Probleme, deutlich mehr als in Seoul. In meiner Arbeit wird dargestellt, wie die Frauenpolitik der Region funktioniert, was für eine rechtliche Basis die Frauenpolitik braucht, besonders in der Provinz Jeju. In meiner Arbeit geht es weiterum darum, wie die Lage für die Frauen ist, seit die Jeju-Regierung eine gesonderte Frauenpolitik eingeführt hat. Man sagt, dass die Frauen in Jeju selbstbewusster und stärker sind als in anderen Provinzen Koreas. Auf der Insel arbeiten viele Jeju Frauen im Meer und für die Wirtschaft einer Famile spielen sie eine grosse Rolle. Aber in machen Bereichen ist der Stellenwert der Frau niedriger als der des Mannes. Deshalb habe ich angeregt, was in der Frauenpolik der Region besonders beachtet werden muss und wie die Gleichberechtigung von Männern und Frauen weiter vorangebracht werden kann.

본고에서는 가족 내의 애착인물에 의해 성학대를 당한 아동에게 나타나는 관계외상과 심리치료적 개입에서 중요한 사항들을 조명하였다. 아동은 애착욕구와 관계욕구가 있는데 이를 악용하여 성학대를 할 경우 아동은 심리적으로 지울 수 없는 관계외상을 입게 된다. 아동은 가장 신뢰로운 사람을 신뢰할 수 없는 가족 관계 내에서 발달병리적인 대처전략을 발달시킨다. 효과적인 치료적 개입을 하기 위해 치료자는 아동의 욕구와 대처전략을 이해하고 아동이 스스로가 수용할 수 있는 자아상을 형성하고 세상에 대한 인식을 새롭게 할 수 있도록 도와야 한다. 이를 위한 치료관계 형성에 필요한 중요한 사항들은 피해자를 판단하지 않고 수용하기, 분명한 윤리적인 입장을 갖기, 치료자를 실험할 수 있게 하는 준비자세를 갖기, 불신, 미움, 또는 유혹을 견디는 준비자세를 갖기 및 치료적인 절제를 하기이다.

This study examined critical issues related to relational traumas observed in children sexually abused by attachment figures in family and psychotherapeutic interventions for such traumas. Children have attachment desire and relation desire, and if someone takes advantage of such desires in children and abuse them sexually, the children may have a psychologically ineradicable relational trauma. Children develop developmental pathological coping strategies when they cannot trust the most trustworthy persons in family. For an effective therapeutic intervention, the therapist should understand children’s desires and coping strategies and help them create a self image acceptable to themselves and renew their perception of the world. Important factors necessary for creating a therapeutic relationship include accepting the victim without judgment, taking a clear moral position, assuming an attitude ready to get tested by the victim, assuming an attitude ready to endure distrust, hatred or temptation, and therapeutic self‐restraint.

The core of the creative legalism era is to enhance the legislative ability of public officials working in public sectors and enlarge legislative participation(legislative right) of citizens. It is very important and necessary to consider how to specialize and popularize legislative knowledge. Specialists in legislation are also needed to transfer from the competitive politics-based culture of struggle and conflict to the competitive policy-based culture of legislation. Legislative education customized by stages and levels should be served through the Assembly School and the Legislative Education Service, the specialized education institution for the legislation. The education should be served to the general public in various fields and qualified specialists such as the National Assembly organization for the legislative support and aids, local council members and belonged public officials, public officials of the local government and the public institution, civic groups and specialist in involved fields, and lawyers, etc. On the basis of the enhancement of the legislative education and specialists in legislation, it is expectable to decrease social opportunity cost and enhance the national competitiveness and productivity by solving many conflicts and demands in advance through the legislative process rather than by solving conflicts afterward through the juristic process. It is hoped for lawyer and lobbyist to expand their roles in the social contribution by enlarging the market of legislative services. The Assembly School and the Legislative Education Service have common purpose in the intention to enhance the legislative right of citizen and raise the quality and fairness of the legislative system or bills through the popularization of legislative knowledge. It is hoped for the Assembly School and the Legislative Education Service to be the cradle of historical development to take a major step forward the advancement of the law system and the creative legalism era.

The general conditions of Korea’s security is assessed to be quite good in comparison with any other developed countries. Korea has an outstanding security system based on the powerful national police, however many problems are pointed out in the life-based security service for people due to its manpower shortage and work overload. As a result, the introduction of municipal police system is becoming main issue. The discussion on the system has been consistently suggested while a highly centralized system of national police has been operated since 1948 when it was founded in. Nevertheless, the full-scale introduction of municipal police system is still waived due to concerns about the problems with that. Previous studies on the municipal police system are mainly the ones about its introduction, whereas studies on the reconsideration measures of it or ones on the opposite side of it do not exist. Therefore, this study looks over the meaning of police and the major issues in the municipal police system through common opinions of it. Next, this attempt to seek the reconsideration measures of introduction of municipal police system based on the case of Jeju which the system is being tested now.