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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the status and characteristics of visiting nurses' managementfor elders with cognitive impairment living in a community focused on health centers in a metropolitan cityand five medium-sized cities. Methods: Data were collected from 47 visiting nurses working in a metropolitan cityand 47 visiting nurses working in five medium-sized cities from November to December 2012. Results: There wereno statistically significant differences in knowledge, attitudes, and nursing behaviors of cognitive impairment betweentwo groups (F=2.13, p=.148; F=3.64, p=.060; F=0.28, p=.595). Among the elders referred to a physicianin a metropolitan city by visiting nurses, 42.4% were diagnosed as mild cognitive impairment and 15.2% werediagnosed as severe dementia. The major intervention programs which visiting nurses currently applied for elderswere medication and exercise intervention programs, and the intervention programs which they would want toapply in the future were playing, music and recall intervention programs. Conclusion: The cognitive impairmentscreening test can be done effectively by visiting nurses. This study also suggests to develop various kinds ofintervention programs to improve cognitive function for elders living in a community.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the factors influencing on practice of healthcare-associatedinfection control among clinical nurses. Methods: The subject of this study were 118 nurses who worked in medical·surgical ward and ICU of 2 general hospital in Gwangju city. Data were collected with a questionnaire. Datawere analysed using descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson correlation and stepwisemultiple regression analysis using SPSS/WIN 12.0. Results: The major findings of this study were as follow: Therewere significant positive correlation between knowledge, recognition, empowerment and practice of healthcare-associated infection control. The significant factors influencing practice of healthcare-associated infectioncontrol were recognition and empowerment, which explained 68.8% of the practice of healthcare-associated infectioncontrol. Conclusion: These results indicate that recognition on healthcare-associated infection control andempowerment among clinical nurses should be reinforcement via consistent education, administrative and organizationalsupport at the level of hospital.

Purpose: This study aims to determine the association between psychosocial work environment and self-ratedhealth among general hospital nurses. Methods: A total of 195 nurses working in one general hospital were eligiblefor data analysis by multivariate logistic regression. The psychosocial work environment was measured with theKorean version of the Copenhagen Psycosocial Questionnaire version II (COPSOQ-K). Self-rated health was recodedas good (excellent/good) and not good (fair/poor/bad) to the question, “In general, how would you rate yourhealth status?” Results: 40% of nurses rated their health positively. Commitment to the workplace (OR=1.27),predictability (OR=1.32), recognition and reward (OR=1.41), role clarity (OR=1.32), and social support from colleagues(OR=1.25) were positively associated with self-rated health of nurse participants. Work-family conflict(OR=0.82) was negatively associated with self-rated health. Conclusion: The findings suggest that psychologicalwork environment predicts self-rated health of hospital nurses. Good psychological work environment may behelpful in improvement of nurses’ health.

Purpose: This study was conducted to understand the subjective symptom rate of musculoskeletal disease ofmale taxi drivers and comprehend general features, health behavior features, and factors related to the subjectivesymptoms of musculoskeletal system depending on the level of job stress. Methods: The participants were 206male taxi drivers from 4 transportation companies in the Seoul and Gyeonggi areas. The investigation was conductedfrom July 20th 2012 to August 20th 2012 through a self-administered questionnaire survey. Results: Theparticipants who exercised less than three times per week complained about the subjective symptoms of themusculoskeletal system (p=.016) 13.770 times as more as than those of the participants who exercised morethan three times per week the participants who had a higher level of job stress complained about the subjectivesymptoms of the muscular skeletal (p=.011) 1.051times as more as than those who had a relatively lower levelof job stress. Conclusion: This study recommends that it is necessary to provide exercise programs and arrangevarious plans reducing job stress to prevent muscular skeletal disease and minimize the disease susceptibilityof taxi drivers.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify quality of sleep and its influencing factor among middle-agedmale workers. Methods: The subjects of this study were 411 middle-aged male workers living in Seoul andGyeonggi-do. The data were based from self-reported using structured questionnaires asking about low urinarytract symptoms, circadian rhythm, quality of life and sleep quality including general characteristics. The data werecollected from September 11 to October 31, 2013 and analyzed by t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlationcoefficient and hierarchical regression. Results: Mean score of the sleep quality was 5.03±2.57 (range: 0~21) andreported as bad sleep quality in 55.7%. Low urinary tract symptoms (β=.30, p<.001), circadian rhythm (β=-.17,p<.001), quality of life (β=-.14, p<.001) were shown as significant association of sleep quality. Conclusion:Strategies to improve sleep quality in middle-aged male workers are necessary and nursing intervention shouldbe developed to improve education program for prevention and management of low urinary tract symptoms. Itis also necessary to legalize the institutional devices to upgrade work environment and to place regulations onovertime at work places in order for these workers to obtain sufficient sleep time for recovery of biological rhythmsand improving sleep quality.

Purpose: School foodservice employees (SFEs) could be exposed to the risk of musculoskeletal disease and ofjob stress due to their job characteristics. This study was to evaluate the level of job stress and the prevalenceof work-related musculoskeletal symptoms (WRMS) in Seoul city's SFEs, and to determine associations betweenjob stress and WRMS. Methods: The study design was cross-sectional, and 975 SFEs were recruited. Self-administeredquestionnaire included the 'Korean occupational stress scale-short form' and the 'KOSHA GUIDEH-9-2012' instrument to evaluate the job stress and WRMS, respectively. SFEs' medians of job stress were comparedto the reference values of published study in Korean workers. Results: The participants reported greaterlevels of job demand and physical environment than the general Korean population. WRMS were reported in89.0% of participants at any body part, and 41.1% were presumed to need for medical intervention. High levelsof job demand and of physical environment were significantly associated with WRMS. Conclusion: Subscales ofjob demand and physical environment were relatively high in SFEs and those were related to the occurrence ofWRMS. To reduce the WRMS prevalence, a job stress management program focused on job demand and physicalenvironment may be required.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of performance of TB control manpower in Koreaand to identify the affecting factors associated with it. Methods: This study employed a quantitative observationalwith cross-sectional design and the subjects were consisted of 189 TB (Tuberculosis) control manpower who wereworking in both community health centers and private hospitals. Variables included in this study were demographic,social, work-related characteristics, aqhnd self-efficacy. A reliability of the instrument for the performancewas Cronbach's ⍺=.91. Data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA and multiple regression using SPSS (19th version). Results: The mean value of the degree of work-related performance of TB control manpower was 4.4±0.49 andit was higher than those of general nurses working in any other health care departments. The mean differencesin the degree of work-related performance were in self-efficacy, workplace, the number of full charge manpowerin TB, the number of participation in in-depth education, and the willingness to job maintenance. In multiple regressionanalysis, factors associated with TB control manpower' work-related performance were self-efficacy (β=.164, p=.025), workplace (β= -.186, p=.023), the number of participation in in-depth education(β=.339, p<.002),and the willingness to job maintenance (β=-.157, p=.036). Conclusion: Results of this study showed that work-relatedperformances of manpower working in private hospital were higher than those of manpower in public healthcenters. So, it is necessary to enhance nation's active intervention to improve effectiveness and reduction of riskfactors in TB policy.

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the differences by the stages of change in exercise behaviors ofcaregivers based on Transtheoretical Model. Methods: The subjects were consisted of randomly chosen 105 caregiversworking in a nursing home. The collected data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, chi-square test,ANOVA and Duncan test using IBM SPSS Statistics 19. Results: The results showed that in the stages of exercisebehaviors, there were most participants in contemplation stage with 24.7%, followed by 22.8% in preparation,21.9% maintenance, 19.0% action and 11.4% pre-contemplation. As for the process of change by the stages ofchange in exercise behaviors, it showed statistically significant differences in behavioral strategies (F=7.641,p<.001). In decisional balance, pros (F=0.66, p=.620) showed statistical significance, with higher pros in all stagesexcept pre-contemplation. Self-efficacy was also statistically significant (F=6.25, p<.001), especially in the maintenancestage. Conclusion: This study suggested that in order to encourage caregivers to exercise, a strategicintervention to reinforce the process of change, recognition of positive decision-making and promotion of self-efficacyin exercise behaviors should be developed.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate muscle pains of emotional laborers and determine whether there were differences in their muscle pains depending on the hours spent on emotional labor. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of the data collected from the 3rd (2011) Korean Working Conditions Survey. 50,032 participants responded to the study’s questionnaire. Among them, 15,669 participants were emotional laborers who directly dealt with people such as customers, passengers, pupils, patients, etc. Results: Thirty three percent of subjects had reported muscle pains. Muscle pains of subjects were positively related to the hours spent on emotional labor (p<.001). According to the logistic regression analysis, the adjusted odd ratio of the subjects who spent about almost all of the work hours on emotional labor was 1.32 (95% CI: 1.15~1.52), compared to the subjects who spent about a quarter of their work hours on emotional labor, when other factors were controlled. Conclusion: The study’s findings indicate that engaging in emotional labor for longer hours increases the risks of muscle pains. Occupational nurses must pay closer attention to the management of muscle pains of emotional laborers.

Purpose: In this study, I am going to figure out Korean workers’ actual exposure to risk factors and percentage of the workers who complain of health problems by performing a comparative analysis of the characteristics of the workers and working conditions in Korea and EU. Methods: The data used in this study includes the 1st working conditions survey conducted in 2006 in Korea, the 2nd working conditions survey in 2010, the 4th EU working conditions survey, and the 5th EU working conditions survey. I have compared the changes to Korean working conditions and those to EU working conditions in the categories of demographic characteristics, quality of labor, exposure to risk factors, and health problems included in the data. Results: The analysis of the characteristics of the demographic characters of Korean workers shows that aged and female workers register increased labor force participation. The analysis of labor quality shows that Korea has a long working time but with a lower work intensity compared to the countries included in EU working conditions survey. As for risk factors, Korea registers a low level of exposure as compared to countries included in EU working conditions survey and characteristically shows a decreasing exposure to tobacco smoke. The survey shows sharply increasing complaints of muscle pain in the upper and lower limbs. Conclusion: In this study, I have identified vulnerable social groups by using quantified values in a comparison of the working conditions of Korea and those of EU.