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Health behavior constitutes the single most important factor in an individual's health maintenance program. Pender's health promotion model emphasizes the positive aspects of health-seeking behavior hut omits some negative ones Although Pender's work does include the concept of barriers, the main focus is upon health habits rather than upon the interaction between the consurner and the health care system. Therefore, since individuals actually do face many barriers in their health -seeking behavior, the present study deals with negative concepts- the barriers to health and healthy behavior. For this reason the expression health-seeking behavior was chosen over health promotion. In conclusion, the results show that barriers to health -seeking behavior are causal factors that could explain and predict the health-seeking behavior ol middle life women. Midle life women shows that they have barriers to health -seeking behavior especially in inconvenience, cost, healthcenter site related problem, relationship, fear. These findings suggest the need to develop a nursing strategy to improve the empowerment of self -determination in middle aged women. Conse quently. a goal of nursing care for middle aged women should be to help them pursue health care vat ii a greater degree of self-sufficiency.

To investigate the working characteristics of the workers by place of duty, a study was carried out among 591 male workers aged 20-55 employed in an automobile industry in Korea. Workers participated to this study were divided into low back pain(LBF) and control group, according to the self -reports by written questionnaires Work factors and complaint rates of low back pain were compared to the work places. The results were as follows 1) The complaint rates of low back pain were 19.2%(292 men) as a whole, s&q%(32) Lifting and earring work of individual workers were directly associated with low back pain. Frequency of lifting and carring work is higher in ti-ic Final Body Section(Production Dept and Body 1 Section(Bus Dept.). 3) LBP group were more frequently involved in working in awkard position(Quality Control Section of Stamping Tool Dept.), bending(Body I Section of Bus Dept.) and twisting posture(Sash Section and Body I Section of Bus Dept.). 4 )Workers exposed to vibration during working shows the higher complaint rate of low back pain.

The purpose of this research is to suggest basic materials for the practical infection precaution program to protect health care workers from hospital infection by grasping their compliance level of Universal Precautions and examining the factors affecting them. The number of the health care workers we studied were 186, including the doctors, the nurses, and the lab technicians who were working in a university hospital. The period of this research was from Aug. 18th, 1997 to Aug. 30th, 1997. The method of the study was to measure the compliance level of Universal Precautions with the item of Universal Precautions established by t-test in 1987, and examine the questionnaire of 52 questions dividing related factors into socio-populational, individual. socio psychological and organizational management ones. The data was analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, and chi-square test. The results were as follows 1. An the compliance level of Universal Precautions. hand washing had the highest score(854%), and doctors( 18.9%), nurses44.0%), and lab tcchnicians(7.6%), had a low compliance level in the safe handling of an injection syringe, and item not to handle patients and their samples when the subject suffered from dermatitis or injury had the lowest score of 17. 3% of them said that they wear protection gown, goggles and mask. 2. Female's Compliance level of universal Precautions Was higher than male. 3. The health c-are workers who had high teco nit ion on Universal Precautions got significantly higher compliance level of Universal Precautions than those have low recognition on Universal Precautions(P<0,000). 4. The health care workers experienced a needle.~tick injury had a significantly higher compliance level of Universal Precautions than those who had not (P<0.000). 5. The health care workers who had infection protection education got a significantly higher corn pliance level of Universal Precautions than those who didn't(P6. the health care workers who had a firm belief in the effect of Universal Precautions got a higher compliance level of Universal Precautions than those who didn't 7. The health care workers who had less conflicts between treating patient arid protecting them selves got a higher compliance level of Universal Precautions than others with many conflicts. 8. The health care workers who had a high score in organizational management factors got a significantly higher compliance level of Universal Precautions than those with a low score(P<0,000) 9. Only 16.9 percent of the all respondents(82 in number) answered that they knew well or a little about the Universal Precautions, which is very low rate of recognition. 10. The variables which affected the score in organizational management factors were age, sex, education period, work experience, th kind of work, recognition on Universal Precautions, the experience of needle stick injury, revealing dangerous circumstance related to infection, and training on precaution again infection According to the result above, compliance level of Universal Precautions showed high correlation with sex, the recognition on Universal Precautions, the experience of needle stick injury, training on precaution against infection, the belief in the effect of Universal Precautions, the recognition degree of conflicts and organizatinal management factors. These results could be used as the basic materials for the developing infection protection programs Also, There should have a systematic training course to elevate a effective compliance level of Universal Precautions as well as the manageeent of infection protection programs.

In order to investigate the effects of rotating shift work on the subjective characteristics of sleep and mental depression questionnaire survey was carried out on 405 shift workers and 153 nonshift workers who were nurses employed. in three university hospital, The questionnaire forms used in this study were the self rating depression scale( SI)S) and circadian type questionnaire (CTQ) factor R ( rigidity/flexbility of sleeping habit) and factor V(inability/ability to overcome drowsiness). The results were as follows 1. Mean score of CTQ R in shift workers was signifijantly lowor than that in nonshift workers, however. no significant difference in CTQ V was observed between two groups. 2. Mean score of SDS was significantly higher in shift workers(44. 1) than in nonshift workers(39.8). 3, Mean self rating depression scale scores of pervasive affect, physiologic equivalents and psychological equivalents were significantly higher in~hift workers than in nonshift workers. 4, In shift worker, mean SDS score was the highest in confusion and followed by diurnal variation, retardation, and indeciveness in the descending order. In nonshift worker, that S( ore was the highest in decreased libido and followed by con- fusion, and indeciveness in the descending order. 5. Circadian type questionnaire scores was significantly and negatively correlated with Solfrating depression scale scores ( r= 0.473).

This study deals with the current medical utilization for migrant workers and the characteristics of them. The purpose of this study is to provide the basic information to establish proper medical policy. For the study self-made questionnaire was used which was answered by 453 migrant workers working in the area of manufacturing and non-technical work in 10 cities like Seoul, Inchon, Namyangju, Sngnam, Kwangjti, Pyungchon, Kunpo, Kimpo, Masuk in Kyungki -do and Chunan in Chungchung nam-do. Besides, 303 medical records of those who had visited tree medical check-up center were analyzed. The period of accumulating data is 6 months, from November 1st, 1996 to April 30th, 1907. The characteristics of migrant workers and current medical utilization are analyzed by percentage and the relation between characteristics and current medical utilization were analyzed using X2 -test, t-test, ANOVA. The finding of this study was as follows 1) The number of nationality was 16. The first ma Jority was Philippians as 32.0%. Among 16 nationalities Southeastern and Northern Asians were 48.9%, Southwestern Asian was 46.5%, the rest was 7.3%. Men were 81.0%, those who are aged from 26 to 30 were 39.0%. Graduatee from high school 92.7%, Christians 56.3%, unmarried 554% and salary from 600,001) Won to 800,000 Won 53.8% averaging monthly payment 669.810 Won. As for their residence, those who resided over 3 years were 31.9% and the illegal residence reached 77.4%. As for Korean language, those who speak in middle level were 5.6%. 2) As for kind of work and circumstances, manufacturing was 811%, 4 off-days per month 72.2% and 9-10 working hours per day 42.1%. As for ac- commodation, residence in fabric was 62.6% and one or two members as roommate 40.2%. 3) The characteristics of health behavior showed that 89.4% of migrant workers had 3 meals, 70.9 % of them did not drink alcohol, 73.5% of them did not smoke. 4) As a characteristic of health status, 71.80o of them perceived of their health .76.1% thought that they had no illness before coming Korea Among them who recognized their illness, those who had problem in circulatory system was 35.3 - a, respiratory system ENT 19.1% and nervous system 19.1%.66.2% of those having illness had already had sickness when coming to Korea. 5) During last one month, 79.2% of them were known as ones having no illness. Among the sick, those who had problem in circulatory system was 31.6%, nervous system 232% and respiratory system 21.1%. 60.3% of the sick were not cured at that time. 6) Sorting the symptom of those who visited free medical check up, dental care was 24.200, orthopedic 14.0% and digestive system 13.800 Teethache was 34.4%, stomach problem 11.6%, upper respiratory inflammation 10.2% and back pain 5.9%. Averagely they visited free medical check up 1-2 times. According to symptom, epilepsy 25.5 times, heart and vascular disease 9 times, constipation 2.8%, neurosis 2,38 times and stomach problem 234 times 7) The most frequently visited medical service by migrant workers was hospital, The most mentioned reason was good healing as 36.300 The medical service satisfied migrant workers mostly was hospital as 64.3%. The reason of satisfation was also good healing as 45.9%. 8) 77.2% of respondents did not spend money for medical check. Average monthly medical cost was 25,100 Won, 3.7% of income. Those who had no medical security was 73.400. In their case, 67.70o got discount from hospital or support from working place and religious organization. 9) As for the difference of medical utilization according for the characteristics of migrant workers, legal workers and no Korean speaker used hospital more frequently 10) Those who were satisfied most of all with the service of hospital were female workers, hinduists and buddhists, legal workers or manufacture workers. 11) Christians, those who have 3 meals or recognize themselves as healthy ones mostly had no illness, As a result., the most of migrant workers in Korea are from Asia. They are good educated but are working in manufacturing and illegal. Their average income is under 700,000 Won which in not enough for medical cost. They have no medical security and medical fee is supported by religious organization or discounted. Considering these facts the medical policy by government is to be established.

The purposes of this study were to investigate the effects of farming in greenhouses with respect to subjective fatigue symptoms among farmers and the degree of symptoms. The study compared 176 green house farmers with 216 open field farmers using a subjective fatigue symptoms rating scale developed by the Industrial Research Institute of Fatigue, Japanese Association for industrial Hygiene. 1. With respect to complaint rates of the subjective fatigue symptoms, the results indicated that greenhouse farmers have, in order of severity, high degrees of low back pain, difficulty in collecting thoughts, and apt to forget. 2. With respect to cumulative scores of fatigue symptoms, the results indicated that both groups of farmers exhibited a lack of attentiveness and a high degree of dullness and sleepiness(category I). body projection of fatigue(category II ). and difficulty in concentration(category III). 3. With respect to general characteristics, it was found that the degrees of subjective fatigue symptoms were found to be higher among females, people with lower educational levels, and the elderly, regardless of ter group. 4. With respect to work related factors, farmers with more years of experiences were found to have higher degrees of subjective fatigue symptoms, except for open field farmers with less than nine years experience. Both groups of farmers were found to have high degrees of subjective fatigue symptoms when working less than eight hours a day and less than six months a year. 5. With respect to health habits. for people who get less than eight hours of sleep per day exhibited higher fatigue scores than people who get more than eight hours. People who do not smoke and drink also exhibited higher fatigue scores than people who smoke and drink. 6. The results of multiple regression showed that the risk factors related to the subjective fatigue symptoms of farmers in the greenhouse group were ages, levels of education, sex and for the comparison group, were sex. years of farming. and hours of sleep. The R-square were 12.5% in the greenhouse group and 12.1% in the comparison son group. The differences between the greenhouse and open field farmers in the degrees of fatigue symptoms were found not to be statistically significant even if the working conditions of the greenhouse farmers were poor. This may be attributed to non-work related factors, il social, economical, and psychological factors among greenhouse farmers.

Necessity for the guidebook of occupational health nursing practice has been perceived by out OH research members since the health management of small scale enterprises(SSE) was controlled by law. Mean while, developing the OH manual, ow Leant found that the work situation of occupational health nursing (01-IN) services should be prior to the construction of the OH N manual. This procedure was regarded as helpful for producing the OH manual which is fitting to the Korean nursing circumstances Thus, this study was planned and carried out. The study aimed to find out current situation of work performance on occupational health nursing practice perceived by nurses working for health management of SSE. Questionnaire was distributed to the OH nurses working in the 55 group occupational pational health service(GOHS) agencies through out the Korea from January to Match itt 1997. Ninety-seven nurses or the 3) GOHS agencies responded. Descriptive statistics was used in the SAS programme. Four nurses participated to select nursing area investigated in the study. Those area were `document `job orientation OH reference nursing theory group health education health examination work dilemma? approach attitude workplace visit health promotion and communication Results can be summarized as follow: Types of document were mentioned diversely depending on the GOHS agencies. Job orientation was seen to be performed by nurses in 56% among the 75.3% nurses responded. Sixty five percents of nurses agreed to apply nursing theories into I he OH with lack of knowledge on them. Health screening and health education were responded as commonly provided nursing activities with various nursing obstacles as well as indicated in the area of work dilemma approach attitude workplace visit health proiriotion