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This study investigates how component standardization influences the efficiency and timeline of airworthiness certification in defense and aerospace system development. Airworthiness certification processes are often delayed due to design changes, redundant testing, and component obsolescence. By analyzing military standards (e.g., MIL-STD-810, MIL-STD-961) and institutional data from the Defense Agency for Technology and Quality (DTaQ) and Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI), this paper examines the potential benefits and limitations of using standardized parts. The study identifies key mechanisms through which standardization reduces certification time, such as test data reuse, reduced redesign efforts, and improved supply chain stability. The integration of Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) systems further enhances documentation, traceability, and approval workflows. However, constraints such as the need for high-performance custom parts, initial investment costs, and supply chain risks are also discussed. This paper concludes by proposing a strategic framework for implementing standardization with PLM linkage and suggests future directions for quantitative model development and policy integration.

The use of unapproved parts in military aircraft is increasing due to parts obsolescence, urgent operational demands, and domestic localization efforts. Such components pose significant risks to airworthiness certification systems, particularly in design conformity, documentation, and traceability. This study identifies key risk factors associated with unapproved parts and analyzes the structural causes of certification gaps, based on real-world cases from field maintenance and operations. Risk assessment tools including Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and the Bow-Tie model are employed to quantify and visualize critical failure points. Based on the findings, this paper proposes institutional and technological countermeasures, including a conditional approval framework, an integrated certification data platform, and a digital traceability system. The research contributes to improving airworthiness practices by providing a balanced approach that enhances both safety and operational flexibility.

A needle-free automatic injection syringe is a device that delivers drugs into the skin and tissues using a high-speed fluid jet without using an injection needle. This technology is attracting attention as an efficient means of vaccine delivery in the veterinary and livestock fields that reduce the risk of cross-infection and require mass vaccination. In particular, animal vaccination provides various advantages over conventional needle injection methods in terms of worker safety, inoculation speed, and maintenance cost. This paper was conducted to solve the problem of pressure loss at the nozzle discharge side of the existing Jet Injector in designing the flow path of the animal vaccine-free automatic injection syringe nozzle. To this end, the flow rate of the air tank (receiver) was determined, the needleless injection was basically designed, and the simulation was performed to prove its validity. Through these series of processes, the design review of the driving part was completed, and through this, the nozzle and neck-up shape were proposed to obtain the desired performance. However, it is thought that more trial and error are needed to commercialize such a needleless injection to humans.

This study analyzed the security architecture of an RFID authentication protocol using Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), identified potential vulnerabilities, and proposed improvement measures. Our study enhanced security by introducing random number combination-based signature verification, session-independent key derivation, dual hash binding, and an authentication delay mitigation structure. Simulation results showed the proposed model achieved 100% replay detection rate, kept authentication delay within 12%, and improved computational complexity by approximately 18%.

This study critically analyzed a lightweight ECC-based three-factor authentication protocol designed for IoT-enabled e-Health cloud systems. Through adversarial modeling and formal verification, three core vulnerabilities were identified: static identity inference via XOR-cancellation across sessions, ephemeral key reuse leading to session key replay, and insufficient biometric template binding enabling cross-system correlation. Countermeasures proposed include dual-nonce ephemeral key diversification, salted fuzzy extractor-based biometric binding, dual-ephemeral Diffie–Hellman key exchange for forward secrecy, and a permissioned blockchain audit layer. Simulation results on Raspberry Pi 4 and Intel i5 demonstrate 100% replay detection, per-session forward secrecy, eliminated biometric linkability, and end-to-end latency increase within 6.7%, confirming suitability for resource-constrained IoT healthcare deployments.

This study analyzes the accuracy of vehicle behavior reconstruction based on Data Storage System for Automated Driving (DSSAD) data to ensure the reliability of autonomous vehicle accident analysis. To this end, an experimental vehicle capable of integrating Controller Area Network (CAN) data, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) information, and video data was constructed to establish a simulated environment for the recording system. For precision validation of the reconstruction results, the actual driving trajectory derived from LiDAR and video analysis was set as the reference data. Based on this, three scenarios were formulated: GNSS-based reconstruction, vehicle speed and steering wheel angle-based reconstruction, and speed and steering wheel angle-based reconstruction incorporating the measured steering gear ratio, with trajectory errors quantitatively evaluated for each. Comparative analysis of the nearest-distance error and lateral trajectory error revealed that the GNSS-based reconstruction yielded the lowest error, while the combination of vehicle speed and steering wheel angle using default parameters produced the largest error. The findings of this study suggest that, in future accident analyses utilizing DSSAD data, validating the integrity of satellite data and correcting for vehicle-specific dynamic characteristics are key factors in improving reconstruction accuracy.

Parking gear is essential parts of automotive to park on flat or slope ground. Hot forging has been, usually, used to manufacture the parking gear. The die is important to perform the hot or cold forging. The objective of this study is to investigate the thermal characteristics, such as thermal stress and heat transfer, of die through numerical analysis. As the results, The location of the most damage of die due to thermal stress was gear groove among upper plane of die. The safety factor was decreased with quadratic curve as increasing temperature. Furthermore, as the result of heat transfer, the change of energy such as heat flux, which could be influenced the damage of die, was showed the maximum value in corner of upper plane of die.

This study presents a comparison of the launch velocity of a pneumatically launched underwater projectile, using an energy-based analytical method and experimental results. Instead of the traditional method of predicting projectile velocity based on external forces applied to the projectile and the equations of motion, an energy-based analytical model was proposed to predict the launch velocity. An experimental set was proposed to verify the validity of this prediction, and the experimental results obtained from the set were compared with the results of the energy-based analysis.

Acoustic parameter has been a key indicator for an acoustic design and sound quality evaluation for the hall. However, a psychological feedback from audience provides more direct impression of what audience listen. Therefore, those two indicators were evaluated and compared to provide the best available acoustic output. Traditional acoustic parameter was measured through a sound measurement system, giving out 1.73 sec for reverberation time, 1.82 sec for early decay time, -0.50dB for clarity and 34% for definition. The psychological analysis was based on feedback from 434 audience for an exhibition performance. Audience rated eight categories related to the architecture acoustic, including reverberance, intimacy, loudness, intelligibility, clarity, warmth, balance and envelopment. Audience provided positive feedback with above 5 out of 7. There was no significant difference by gender and in each age groups, audience in their thirties replied with lower score. 2nd floor has an equivalent or higher rate than the 1st floor, which indicates that sound was distributed evenly in the entire hall.

Ridge regression is known to be an effective algorithm for regression problems. However, the algorithm has some drawbacks with highly non-linear datasets. In this research, the hot deformation flow stress of 321 stainless steel was modeled using the kernel ridge regression algorithm. For modeling the flow stress in this research, the tensile test data for 321 stainless steel under temperatures of 700℃, 800℃, and 900℃ at strain rates of 0.0002/s, 0.002/s, and 0.02/s were used. To overcome the drawbacks of the traditional ridge regression algorithm, the algorithm was enhanced by a kernel-type function to handle the non-linear dataset. The predicted data by the kernel ridge regression was accurate. After that, the predicted values were studied in terms of their distribution. The kernel ridge regression algorithm was found to be accurate and stable in predicting the flow stress of hot deformation.

This study applies MTAD-GAT to early anomaly detection in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flight telemetry using the ALFA fault dataset. Thirty-one telemetry variables are arranged as lookback windows, and a graph-attention architecture is used to jointly model inter-feature relationships and temporal dependencies. To keep the evaluation compact, we rely on three indicators: PR-AUC for timestep-level anomaly ranking, Flight AUROC for flight-level fault separation, and mean time-to-detection (TTD) for early-warning capability. Under the operational setting, MTAD-GAT achieves a PR-AUC of 0.5282, a Flight AUROC of 0.8889, and a mean TTD of 15.13 timesteps. The same setting also records the highest PR-AUC among the conventional unsupervised baselines, indicating that jointly modeling feature interactions and temporal context is beneficial for UAV fault detection. The contribution of this work is to reframe UAV anomaly detection not only as a timestep-level scoring task but also as a flight-level early-warning problem.

This study examines how the oxygen content in fuel influences exhaust emissions in an indirect injection diesel engine. Experiments were conducted to evaluate variations in engine performance and emission characteristics when using commercial diesel fuel and oxygenated blended fuels with four different blending ratios. In addition, the influence of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on NOx emission behavior was analyzed. Ethylene glycol butyl ether(EGBE), which contains approximately 27% oxygen by mass, was used as an oxygenated additive. As an ether type oxygenated fuel, EGBE has been reported to significantly reduce smoke emissions compared with conventional diesel fuel. This effect is attributed to the additional oxygen supplied during the combustion process, which promotes more complete oxidation particularly under high-load and high-speed operating conditions. The experimental results indicate that the application of an oxygenated blended fuel containing 10 vol-% EGBE, together with a cooled EGR system at an EGR rate of about 10%, enables simultaneous reduction of smoke and NOx emissions.

The compressor wheel and shaft assembly significantly influence the structural stability and durability of high-speed rotating turbochargers. In this study, the structural characteristics of the compressor wheel were investigated under a press-fit condition and axial loads of the lock nut under centrifugal load. Finite element analysis was performed based on an axisymmetric compressor wheel model. Stress distribution, contact pressure, and deformation characteristics were analyzed by combinations of boundary conditions, such as press-fit, axial loads, and rotating speeds. As a result, high local stresses were generated at the shaft contact surface and the back wall of the compressor wheel. However, the introduction of press-fitting significantly decreased the overall stress levels at the back wall and contact areas. These findings suggest that press-fitting stabilizes the contact state and improves the structural integrity by inducing stress redistribution.

With the increasing demand for Urban Air Mobility (UAM), personal ground-operable air mobility systems capable of ground operation and vertical flight are emerging as next-generation mobility platforms. However, the lack of structural design criteria for such dual-mode systems makes it difficult to achieve both structural safety and weight efficiency. In this study, a truss-structured personal air mobility frame using Al 6082-T6 aluminum alloy was designed based on structural requirements derived from the KSAE Baja competition. Dynamic finite element analysis was performed using Abaqus/Explicit under displacement-controlled loading conditions. Two pipe thickness models (3.0T and 2.0T) were compared to evaluate the effect of weight- reduction design on structural behavior. The results showed that the 2.0T model achieved a 31% weight reduction (from 15.1 kg to 10.4 kg) while maintaining stable structural behavior and energy responses. Stable dynamic structural responses without numerical instability were confirmed through energy balance evaluation. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of lightweight personal air mobility frame design.

With the rapid expansion of Personal Air Vehicle (PAV) and Urban Air Mobility (UAM) markets, there is a growing need for efficient maintenance approaches to ensure the structural safety of small-scale aircraft. In this study, finite element analysis was conducted on a small aircraft fuselage structure to identify its dynamic characteristics and potential resonance regions, and to evaluate its structural integrity. Frequency response analysis showed an increase in structural response around 78.29Hz, where the structure exhibited a vertical bending deformation pattern. In addition, stress distribution analysis indicated that relatively higher stress concentration occurred at specific locations. The corresponding frequency was converted to engine rotational speed and compared with actual operating conditions, confirming a sufficient separation margin from the response-increase region. These results provide fundamental data for structural integrity assessment, vibration-based condition monitoring, and maintenance planning of small aircraft structures.

Precise 3D modeling of accident scenes is becoming increasingly important for highly reliable traffic accident reconstruction, especially in complex road environments such as ramps and sloped sections. This study evaluates the geometric accuracy and simulation applicability of 3D road models generated using a consumer-grade 360 camera and photogrammetry technology. The test site was conducted at the circular ramp section of K-City, a dedicated autonomous driving test facility. The point cloud data (PCD) obtained through 360 camera-based photogrammetry was compared with high-precision Mobile Mapping System (MMS) data, which served as the ground truth. To analyze the practical error in a simulation environment, vehicle trajectories (x, y, z coordinates) were extracted from PC-Crash using both models. The study analyzes the similarity between the two trajectories through 3D Euclidean distance, root mean square error (RMSE), and slope change rates. The results provide quantitative evidence on the reliability of low-cost 3D modeling for accident reconstruction and suggest its potential and limitations in modeling complex road geometries.

This study proposes an optimal heat sink fin design for robot actuator housings under high-pressure die-casting (HPDC) constraints. Three fin geometries — straight, wave, and pin types — were evaluated using steady-state thermal analysis based on Newton's Law of Cooling. Wave-type fins achieved greater heat dissipation area than straight-type fins at equal thickness, enabling approximately 0.4 mm thinner fins and 9.4 g weight reduction under equal-area conditions. To further refine the wave geometry under manufacturability constraints, a Box-Behnken design with 26 cases was conducted across two fin-count groups (n=5, n=6). Multiple regression analysis identified fin thickness, fin count, and wavelength as factors with statistically meaningful effects on filling temperature, while fin count was the dominant factor governing thermal performance (=−2.83 °C, p<0.001). The results indicate that geometry-only optimization is insufficient to secure mass-production margin within current process conditions, and a combined adjustment of process parameters (melt superheat, gate area, injection velocity) is required.

Unconventional oil production plants are complex process systems characterized by highly viscous fluids, multiphase flow, thermal nonlinearity, long time delays, and strong inter-unit coupling. Under such conditions, conventional centralized control structures face limitations in achieving both rapid abnormal situation response and plant-wide operational stability. This study proposes a DDC(Direct Digital Control)-based distributed integrated control system as an alternative to conventional centralized control and quantitatively evaluates its performance. The proposed architecture consists of local DDC control nodes for each process subsystem and a supervisory optimization layer for plant-wide coordination and energy optimization. Five representative abnormal operating scenarios—namely inlet flow fluctuation, separator level deviation, heat exchanger degradation, circulation pump trip, and steam pressure variation—were defined. Performance was evaluated using Response Time, Maximum Deviation, Recovery Time, Energy Consumption Change, and Operational Stability Index(OSI). Results show that the proposed DDC-based structure achieves a 36.4% reduction in response time, 41.9% reduction in maximum deviation, 36.8% reduction in recovery time, and 38.3% reduction in energy consumption increase, with a 38.0% improvement in OSI. These results demonstrate that the proposed control system enhances disturbance rejection and operational stability, providing a practical framework for digital operation of unconventional oil production plants.

As carbon-neutral energy transition accelerates, hydrogen-enriched natural gas has emerged as a promising transitional fuel for industrial combustion systems, gas engines, and distributed energy applications. However, due to the significant differences in physical properties between hydrogen and natural gas, the conventional fuel supply system designed for methane-dominant operation may experience instability in pressure regulation, flow control, mixing uniformity, and safety performance under blended fuel conditions. This study analyzes the system configuration and operational characteristics of a natural gas/hydrogen blended fuel supply device with a focus on pressure regulation, mixing control, and safety design. The major subsystem functions, including gas reception, pressure reduction, flow metering, proportional mixing, leak prevention, and emergency shutdown, are reviewed based on engineering design requirements. Furthermore, the influence of hydrogen blending ratio on flow behavior, pressure fluctuation, and combustion supply stability is theoretically examined. The results indicate that hydrogen blending increases the sensitivity of pressure drop and flow control due to lower density, higher diffusivity, and wider flammability characteristics. Accordingly, a dedicated integrated fuel supply architecture consisting of multi-stage pressure regulation, real-time mixing control, leak monitoring, and interlock-based safety shutdown is required for stable operation. This study provides a practical engineering basis for the design and application of blended fuel supply devices in hydrogen transition energy systems.

With increasing environmental regulations for ships, Alternative Maritime Power (AMP) systems have become an important technology for reducing emissions during berthing. However, shipyards generally do not have dedicated facilities to verify AMP systems under realistic shore-power conditions before onboard commissioning. As a result, many performance checks are performed only after installation on the vessel, which may cause additional modification work and delays. To solve this limitation, this study developed a hardware-based test simulator capable of reproducing the operating conditions of a 6.6 kV AMP system by using a 440 V AC power source available in shipyards. The developed simulator was configured with a step-up transformer, circuit breaker, interlock control logic, and protection relay interface so that the essential operating sequence of an actual AMP system could be reproduced in a shipyard environment.

Driven by stringent global CO2 emission regulations, the demand for offshore wind energy is rapidly expanding, necessitating structural materials with higher durability and strength for larger installations. Following our previous evaluation of S355ML steel welds (Part I), this study investigates the mechanical performance of Flux-Cored Arc Welding (FCAW) on S420ML steel. This higher-strength TMCP steel is increasingly preferred for large-scale offshore substructures to achieve enhanced structural efficiency and significant weight reduction. In this research, we evaluated the weldability and mechanical integrity of S420ML joints under optimized FCAW conditions. The experimental results demonstrated that the welded joints achieved a tensile strength of 598 MPa, exceeding the minimum requirements of the S420ML base metal and ensuring a joint efficiency of over 102%. Notably, Charpy V-notch impact tests at -50°C exhibited an average absorbed energy of 112.9 J, which significantly surpasses the standard requirement for offshore structures and demonstrates excellent low-temperature toughness. These findings provide critical technical validation for the application of S420ML steel in the next generation of offshore wind foundations.

As the capacity of offshore wind turbines continues to scale up, their massive substructures increasingly require thick TMCP steel plates exceeding 60 mm. While submerged arc welding (SAW) is preferred for its high deposition rate, ensuring root pass quality and low-temperature toughness in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) remains challenging. Following previous studies on S355ML (Part I) and 40 mm S420ML (Part II), this study (Part III) investigated a process using Flux-Cored Arc Welding (FCAW) for the root pass and SAW for the fill and cap passes. This approach aims to ensure root soundness while maximizing productivity for 60 mm thick S420ML steel. The welded joints demonstrated excellent mechanical integrity. Despite SAW’s high heat input, the joints achieved an average tensile strength of 548.5 MPa, meeting design requirements. Charpy V-notch tests at 50 °C revealed superior toughness in the SAW fill (70 J) and stable toughness in the FCAW root (57 J), both significantly exceeding the 27 J standard. These results confirm that the combined FCAW/SAW process effectively overcomes the thickness effect, providing an optimal balance between productivity and fracture toughness for offshore substructures.

As the domestic 1-ton truck market shifts from diesel vehicles to LPG and electrified vehicles, securing hydraulic power for aerial work platforms based on 1-ton LPG automatic-transmission trucks has become an important technical issue because conventional PTO systems are difficult to apply. In this study, the boom motion driving characteristics of a PTO-driven hydraulic system previously developed for a 1-ton LPG automatic-transmission truck were experimentally evaluated. The tests were conducted for representative boom motions, including swing, lifting/lowering, and extension/retraction. The motion ranges were set to ±25° for swing, 0°~20° for lifting/lowering, and 5.5~10 m for boom extension/retraction. The load conditions were set to no load, 68 kg, and 200 kg, and hydraulic pressure, flow rate at the hydraulic valve inlet, and engine speed were measured under low-speed and high-speed operation conditions. The results showed that the developed PTO-driven hydraulic system successfully performed the main boom motions, confirming its applicability as an alternative PTO system for boom operation in an automatic-transmission aerial work platform. In the lifting motion, the hydraulic pressure response increased with load, while high-speed operation resulted in increased flow rate and engine speed. Therefore, the developed PTO-driven hydraulic system is considered applicable to boom operation in a 1-ton LPG automatic-transmission truck-based aerial work platform. However, because hydraulic pressure, flow rate, and engine speed responses vary depending on load and speed conditions, further improvement of flow control and engine speed control is required for stable operation.

In the steam turbine for combined cycle power generation operated for a long time, thermal and mechanical deformation is accumulated in the High-Intermediate Pressure (HIP) casing due to repeated start-up and stop under high temperature and high pressure conditions. This study attempted to quantitatively evaluate the deformation characteristics based on the measured data and analyze the effect of casing deformation on casing alignment and inner gap. To this end, the level of the horizontal split flange surface was precisely measured and analyzed for the two decomposed steam turbine high-pressure casing of the combined thermal power plants. As a result, Hogging deformation occurred throughout the casing, and a maximum strain deviation of 0.83mm between the upper and lower casings was confirmed, and an asymmetric deformation tendency was confirmed in which the upper part was more than twice as large as the lower part. Based on this phenomenon, by estimating the amount of centerline movement and the change in the inner gap that can occur during assembly due to the upper and lower deviation of the casing Hogging deformation, it was confirmed that Hogging deformation is a major influencing factor on casing alignment.

Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) systems rely on high-frequency operations of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, making the performance of ground energy infrastructure a critical factor for overall system efficiency and reliability. In particular, battery swapping stations function as service systems in which multiple aircraft arrivals share limited resources, inevitably leading to processing delays under stochastic demand conditions. Previous studies have primarily focused on optimization-based scheduling and simulation-driven performance evaluation. However, the probabilistic mechanisms governing delay generation and operational stability in battery swapping systems have not been sufficiently explored. This study presents a probabilistic operational analysis of battery swapping stations in AAM using queueing theory. The system is modeled as a multi-server queueing system with stochastic arrival and service processes, and key performance metrics—including system utilization, average waiting time, and delay probability are analytically derived. Furthermore, delay behavior is examined not only in terms of average values but also through probabilistic distributions and service-level-based performance criteria. To validate the proposed analytical framework, MATLAB-based discrete-event simulations are conducted under various operational scenarios, including different arrival rates and service time variability conditions. The results indicate that stochastic characteristics significantly influence delay behavior and system stability, particularly under peak demand conditions. The proposed approach provides a theoretical foundation for understanding delay dynamics in AAM battery swapping operations and offers practical insights for designing stable and efficient ground infrastructure systems.

Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) systems require efficient ground infrastructures to support high-frequency operations, where battery swapping stations play a critical role. In such environments, energy supply stability significantly affects system performance, particularly under time-varying demand. This study analyzes the impact of different energy supply configurations on battery swapping station performance using a simulation-based approach. Three configurations are considered: external power grid, distributed energy resources (DER), and integrated DER with energy storage systems (ESS). Key performance metrics include average waiting time, system staying time, task completion rate, and battery availability. The results show that grid-based systems experience increased delays under peak demand, while DER-only configurations improve some performance indicators, but their effectiveness remains limited under highly time varying demand due to supply variability. In contrast, the integration of DER and ESS achieves the most stable performance by mitigating energy fluctuations. These findings indicate that the temporal adaptability of energy supply is a critical factor in determining operational performance, highlighting the importance of integrating energy storage systems in AAM infrastructure design.

This study investigated how task conflict and relationship conflict, which may occur during crewed operations among naval aviation pilots, affect their job performance, and sought to determine how individual pilots' cultural values ​​influence the relationships between these conflicts. The results showed that task conflict has a statistically significant positive effect on relationship conflict. Regarding the moderating effect of individual cultural values ​​on the relationship between task conflict and relationship conflict, power distance did not show a statistically significant moderating effect, while collectivism showed a statistically significant moderating effect on the relationship between task conflict and relationship conflict. The practical implications and additional tasks of this study are as follows: First, this study examined the relationship between task conflict—cognitive conflict among members—and relational conflict—emotional conflict at the individual level of military pilots—by applying this concept to the field of military aviation. Second, it implies the need for further follow-up research regarding the fact that an increase in cognitive conflict experienced by military pilots during flight duties leads to an increase in emotional conflict, suggesting that personal cultural values ​​may have an influence. Third, this study applied only some sub-variables of personal cultural values ​​to the relationship between task conflict and relational conflict. However, subsequent research should examine the relationships involving various moderating variables as well.

In this study, the noise reduction effect was investigated by predicting the transmission loss by changing the structure of the soundproof wall to maximize the noise reduction effect. Through the combination of commercially available sound insulation plate materials, it was possible to derive a combination with a high transmission loss for each frequency band. In order to effectively reduce soundproof walls for road traffic noise with various sound sources, it is judged that a method of improving transmission loss by investigating the frequency band of interest and changing the structure of the soundproof wall accordingly is necessary.

In material extrusion additive manufacturing, extrusion throughput and bead shape are key factors affecting deposition quality and productivity. This study investigated the effects of melt index (MI) and glass fiber (GF) reinforcement on the extrusion behavior of HDPE-based materials. Three neat HDPE materials and two HDPE+GF composites with different MI values were extruded under identical conditions, and their extrusion throughput, bead thickness, and shape stability were evaluated. The results showed that the average extrusion throughput increased with increasing MI, whereas bead thickness decreased. The HDPE+GF composites exhibited better shape stability than neat HDPE; however, brittle fracture behavior was observed under bending deformation. These findings suggest that the extrusion throughput, bead shape, and shape stability of HDPE-based materials should be evaluated in advance according to MI and GF reinforcement before applying them to material extrusion additive manufacturing.

This study develops a real-time ground coordinate acquisition system using a Laser Range Finder (LRF) mounted on an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). To meet the requirements for precision and rapid response in surveillance, search and rescue, and disaster management, we implemented an integrated system comprising UAV hardware, coordinate calculation software, and a Ground Control Station (GCS) user interface. The system computes target locations in real-time by fusing sensor data from the LRF and UAV telemetry. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system maintains consistent coordinate accuracy within approximately 1.6m (mean) under static target conditions, across flight altitude variations of 10–50m and horizontal distance variations of 5–15m. This technology is expected to expand the operational scope of UAVs in both civilian and military sectors and enhance the technical competitiveness of domestic UAV-based positioning systems.