Earticle

The parallel corpus is today accepted as a useful tool in the translational studies, because the researchers can observe many translational examples with the parallel corpus. This paper aims to introduce a statistical method in France, called textometry, which enable to extract translational equivalences from parallel corpora or translation corpora. The textometry execute various statistical methods targeted at textual units (words, phrases, sentences, etc.) in a parallel corpus divided into the tokens. Using quantitative evidences by the textometry, researchers can verify the translational relation of linguistic units in translational texts.

본 연구는 GPT 모델을 활용한 한국어 반어 병렬 코퍼스의 자동 구축을 목표로 한다. 반어 병렬 코퍼스는 직설 문장 과 같은 의미를 담고 있는 반어 문장 쌍으로 구성되는데 이 직설 문장은 일반 코퍼스에서 추출된 부정적인 서술어를 담고 있는 문장이다. 직설 문장에서 사용된 부정적인 서술어를 감성 반의어를 이용하여 대응되는 긍정 서술어로 변 환하여 반어 문장을 생성한다. 생성된 반어 문장이 명확한 반어적 의미를 전달하지 못할 경우, 관련된 맥락을 제공 하여 반어 의미를 명확히 전달하고자 한다. GPT 모델을 이용하여 직설 문장이 도출할 수 있는 부정적 개념을 추출 하고 이를 기반으로 코퍼스 검색과 GPT를 이용한 문장 생성을 통해 맥락 지원 문장을 생성한다. 구축된 반어 병렬 코퍼스의 수동 평가 결과 생성된 문장들의 문법적 정확성은 수용할 만한 수준인 반면, 반어적 표현력은 다소 개선이 필요하였다. 본 연구는 한국어 반어 병렬 코퍼스 자동 구축의 최초 시도이며, 다양한 표현으로 만들어진 여러 유형 의 문장을 포함할 수 있었다.

This research presents a Korean irony parallel corpus which was automatically constructed utilizing a GPT model. The corpus is composed of a set of paired sentences including indicative and ironic ones. All the indicative sentences are extracted from a general purposed corpus and convey negative sentiment. They are used to generate a corresponding ironic sentence, using a dictionary of sentiment reversal which contains paired sentiment antonyms. When a generated ironic sentence does not convey clear ironic meaning, relevant context is provided in a form of a supporting sentence. The sentences are retrieved through searching a corpus and generated utilizing a GPT model based on semantic incongruity. Human evaluation suggests grammaticality of the generated sentences are acceptable while sarcasticness need to be improved. Automatic evaluation shows the corpus includes various types of sentences created various expressions.

Until now, a contrast analysis has been conducted on the expression of Korean and Chinese, but few studies have analyzed the response relationship through actual language use patterns. According to this research trend, this study constructed parallel corpus data of Korean and Chinese from novels, extracted a total of 133 sentences consisting of parallel corpus of novels, analyzed the response patterns of Korean and Chinese sinus expressions, and described the correspondence relationship. This study is an empirical study using corpus extracted from actual data in contrast analysis research, and attempted to analyze the response patterns to how Korean sinus expression is expressed in Chinese. The significance of this study is that it revealed the verbs frequently used in parallel corpus, and the overall discussion of the causative contrast was conducted by organizing the corresponding Chinese expressions using Korean morphological causative expressions, syntactic causative expressions, and markers.

Korean is an synthetic-agglutinative language, and Chinese is an isolated language, they belong to different language families. As a result, each grammatical phenomenon has different expressions, but research has been conducted based on the correspondence relationship based on the characteristics of grammar itself, and students have been guided according to the results. However, it is difficult to reduce blind spots in learning that are difficult to explain only with comparative studies on the same grammatical markers because the linguistic environment for each language is different and the meaning expressed by the same grammatical phenomenon is different. Therefore, based on the bei(被)-sentence most frequently used in Chinese passive sentences, Korean response types were classified and the characteristics of each type were analyzed. The phenomenon was confirmed, and it will be possible to suggest a way to reduce the errors that learners who learn Korean and Chinese as foreign languages can easily make in the process of learning passive sentences in the future.

Corpus-based studies have become a general method of investigation in modern translation studies. One of the reasons to use a parallel corpus is to permit the direct examination of existing translation resources produced by translators. To extract precise data from a corpus and for the efficient study of these data, researchers have proposed techniques based on quantitative algorithms. Poly-cooccurrece is one of these quantitative methods as it allows the exploration of the distribution of concurrent occurrences of a particular word in a corpus. The aims of this study are as follows. First, to extract the concurrent occurrences of words that represent mutual translations in a French-Korean parallel corpus using poly-cooccurrence. Second, to compare lexical cooccurrences of these words. And third, to validate the advantage of this method in a corpus-based translation studies. Traditional methods such as KWIC (Keyword in Context) and simple-cooccurrence merely produced a list of concurrent words and failed to explain the correlation between the words. However, poly-cooccurrence creates a tree diagram which describes the distributions of the words and therefore we can explicitly comprehend the lexical context of translation units and its translation context by exploring hierarchically concurrent words in bi-textual resources.

민족특색이 다분한 성어는 여러 언어에 보편적으로 존재하는 “문화화석”이지만 민족문화 의 “비대칭”문제는 성어 번역에 있어서 난제로 되고 있다. 현재 한국어의 어휘체계에는 한자 어가 60%를 초과하는데 여기에는 한자성어뿐만 아니라 한국에서 만든 한자성어나 한국어에 서 기원된 성어도 있어 “비대칭”문제는 중한 성어번역에 있어서 문제가 되고 있다. 본고에서 1차 자료로 활용된 중한 병렬말뭉치의 표본 텍스트 범주는 주로 구어특징을 보이 는 비논설문과 권위 있는 번역 작품을 대상으로 함으로써 연구데이터의 대표성, 전형성, 구어 특성이 확보되어 있다. 구체적으로 보면, 코리아나 잡지(중한), 동아/조선/중앙일보, 소설, 한 국어교재 등 4개 범주에 총 중국어 105.3만자, 한국어 379,550 단어 규모이다. 이를 대상으로 비대칭 성어를 포함한 문장에 말뭉치주석(corpus annotation)을 달고 추출해 성어번역 연구 용 말뭉치를 구성하였는데, 성어는 대칭, 비대칭, 반대칭 등의 유형으로 분류하여 분석하였다. 본 논문의 목적은 비대칭 성어번역의 원칙과 방법을 구해 성어번역에서 비대칭으로 인한 문 제의 해결에 도움을 제공하는 데 있다. 본고는 먼저 한중 병렬말뭉치의 소개 및 성어 번역 관련 선행연구를 검토하고, 다음으로 비대칭 성어에 대해 정의 내리고, 병렬말뭉치 구축을 통 해 얻은 성어번역 연구용 데이터로부터 성어번역 전략을 요약하며 이어 성어번역에 있어서 그 효과에 영향을 미치는 요소를 언어, 번역, 인지, 문화 등의 몇몇 요소로 나누어 제시했다. 분석 결과, 한중 병렬말뭉치를 통한 비대칭 한중 성어 번역전략은 네 유형으로 분류할 수 있 었고, 색채적 의미 전환 변화가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 이런 번역전략은 언어유형론에 입각한 문법론의 제약 외에도 번역자의 이해 및 언어구사력을 포함한 번역에서 오는 제약, 문화제약, 언어사유 인지 등 여러 측면으로 비대칭 성어관계가 이루어진다고 볼 수 있었다. 위의 분석에 기초해 본고에서는 성어 번역은 두 언어의 문화를 잘 나타내야 하므로 “문화 등가”번역이라는 원칙을 제시했다. 이를 기반으로 “신” 기준 달성을 토대로 성어의 정형성 형 태, 화용론, 문화적 요소를 표현해내는 “달”기준을 적절하게 사용해야 함을 주장하였다. 이는 민족사유 특징과 이（異）문화에 대한 배려 및 독자들의 인지 특점을 감안해서이다. 이를 위 한 번역 방법으로는 병렬말뭉치에서 제시되었던 네 유형의 대응형식을 제안하였고 그 외에 문화인지를 기반으로 한 성어 문화요소의 활용 및 적용 등을 제기하였다. 문화의 이해를 위한 번역전략 선택, 응용, 활용, 창작 등이 불가피하다는 점을 지적하였다.

Idioms are just like cultural fossils which are the most nation- characteristic and generally exist in all kinds of languages while due to the informational asymmetry among different nations with various culture backgrounds, the translation of idioms amongdifferent languages has become a serious bottleneck problem. Sino-Korean words account for more than 60% in Korean vocabulary which is used now, including Chinese idioms. However, here considerable numbers of self-made Chinese idioms and inherent idioms are still existingin Korean language, therefore the translation of Chinese-Korean idioms also has to confront with the dilemma of informational asymmetry. In the study, as the scope of parallel corpus’s model texts which are used as the first material, we chose non-political papers which show the characteristics of oral-language and authoritative translated-works to make sure the representativeness, typicality and oral characteristics of our research data. The corpus of this paper mainly includes four major structures: Korean magazine, the Asian News/ Korean News/ Center News, novels, Korean textbooks. And among them Chinese corpus 1053 million words, Korean corpus 379550 words are included. Targeting this the paper makes a quantitative and qualitative analysis about different types such as bilingual corresponding, asymmetry, semi-asymmetry, and meanwhile this paper tries to find out the advisable translation principles and strategies of idiom translation and solution ways of problems caused by the asymmetry in idiom translation. As the first step, the paper introducesthe Chinese-Korean corpus and reviews the existing studies related to idiom translation. And then we define asymmetricidiom, summarized idiom-translation strategies from idiom-translation data for study by building up parallel corpus. After the Idioms corpus is confirmed, we classifies the factors which bring influence to the effect of idiom-translation as language, translation, recognition, culture and other factors, followed by detailed explanation. This paper summarizes the purpose, meaning and current situation of information asymmetric idioms with introducing the scope and the theoretical orientation of the research, as well as definition and types of information asymmetric idioms. Then the paper investigates the classification of type about information asymmetric idioms as a whole, and summarizes information asymmetric idioms' strategy, investigating multidimensional quantitative analysis from the linguistics, culture, translation, cognition, etc. The research shows that in parallel corpus information asymmetric consists of four types, that the idioms (“chengyu”) equivalently corresponding idioms (“chengyu”), idioms (“chengyu”) to idioms (“non-chengyu”), and idioms corresponding non-idioms. Through the analysis of emotions and semantics in the process of translation, the characteristics, which are based on the two languages, could be acquired. Except for the characteristics, the inside reasons such as the language understanding and delivery ability of translators should also be considered in the information asymmetric, as well as national cultural features and perceive features of linguistic thinking. Given the analysis above, this thesis states that idiom translation should reflects the characteristics of national culture, and cultural equivalent is required. Furthermore, in view of the characteristics of language aesthetic which service for reader based on the thinking characteristics of different nations, this thesis proposes that trust should be the basis of translation criteria, the accuracy of the whole translation will be benefit from the highlight of the characteristics of idiom structure, discourse and culture. To be specific, the translation strategy should include four types which also appear in the corpus. In addition, the effective choice based on the culture cognition and material will enhance the process of Korean-Chinese translating. And at the same time, in order to ensure cultural equivalent, the dynamic translation strategy should make proper choice, application and recompose about culture material.

본고는 한․중 신문기사 병렬말뭉치를 이용하여, [추측] ‘-겠-’의 중국어 대응 표현을 살펴봄으로써 중국인 학습자를 대상으로 한 한국어교육 자료를 마련하는 것을 연구 목적으로 하였다. 실제 언어 자료를 분석하여 ‘-겠-’의 용례를 분석한 결과로, 추측의 ‘-겠-’은 중국어 양태조동사 {会}, {能}, {应该}와 대응하는 것이 가장 높은 빈도로 나타났다. 먼저 ‘-겠-’에 대응하는 중국어 양태 조동사는 인식 양태 범주, 의무 양태 범주, 동적 양태범주의 조동사로 분류할 수 있다. 확실성 정도를 보면 ‘-겠-’은 [필연]의 {一定}과 {要}, [개연]의 {会}와 {应该}에 대응되기도 하고, 사용 맥락에 따라서 [가능]의 {能}에 대응될 경우도있다. 또한, ‘-겠-’이 ‘-어야 하다’와 결합하는 경우에는 하나의 다의성 양태 조동사 {要}에 대응할 수 있다. ‘-겠-’이 ‘-(으)면 좋다’와 결합하는 경우에는 뿌리 양태의 종류인 의무 양태의{应该}와 동적 양태 의미를 나타낸 ‘希望…能够/可以’와 대응 관계를 맺는다. 이는 인식 양태에서부터 뿌리 양태 의미로 확장한 현상으로 보인다. 마지막으로, 중국어의 양태 조동사끼리 결합이 가능하므로 결합형으로 나타나는 대응 양상도 발견하였다. {可能会}, {应该会}, {可能要}와 대응하는 경우에 {会}와 {要}가 지니는 미래라는 특정 시간에 대한 부가적 의미 때문에 현재의 시점에서나 과거의 시점에서 ‘앞으로’ 발생할 사건이나 정해지지 않은 ‘앞으로’의 상황을 추측하는 사용 양상을 보인다.

The purpose of this study is to find out the corresponding expressions of Korean epistemic speculative ‘-gess-’ to Chinese. Based on this parallel corpus approach, ‘-gess-’ has shown that different Chinese modal auxiliary verbs are related depending on different situation and context. We have come to a conclusion that ‘-gess-’ and epistemic ‘Huì’, ‘Néng’, ‘Yīnggāi’ share many similarities semantically and grammatically. ‘kě’, ‘kěyǐ’, ‘Yīnggāi’, ‘Nénggòu’, as a deontic and dynamic modal auxiliary verbs which present in ‘-gess-’ combined forms are interpreted as a semantic expansion from Epistemic Modality to Root Modality. Moreover, double modal(DM) such as epistemic ‘Kěnéng Huì’, ‘Yīnggāi Huì’, ‘Kěnéng Yào’ are also discovered in some ‘-gess-’ speculative sentences.

최근 자연어처리(NLP) 기술의 발전과 더불어, 대화형 AI 시스템이 언어의 함축적 의미를 파악하는 능력의 중요성 이 부각되고 있다. 이 가운데 반어(irony)와 빈정거림(sarcasm)과 같은 비유적 표현은 문맥 의존성이 높고 표현 방식이 다양하여 자동 탐지가 쉽지 않다. 한편, 이와 같은 언어 현상의 자동 탐지를 위한 학습에 필요한 자원은 충분 치 않다. 본 연구는 이러한 언어 현상을 보다 심도 있고 정확하게 처리하고자, 기존에 구축된 두 종류의 한국어 반어 코퍼스, 수작업 기반의 코퍼스와 GPT 기반 자동 생성 코퍼스를 통합하여 단일 코퍼스로 구성하고, 그 특성을 비교· 분석하였다. 통합 코퍼스를 활용한 일련의 실험 결과, 각 코퍼스가 반어 표현의 유형과 구축 방식에 있어 본질적인 차이를 지니고 있어 단일 코퍼스로 통합하여 사용하는 데에는 한계가 있음이 확인되었다. 그러나 두 코퍼스 간 반어 표현 유형은 명확히 구분 가능하였으며, 감성 인식과의 다중 과제 학습 결과에서도 상이한 상관관계가 관찰되었다. 이러한 분석을 바탕으로, 본 연구는 코퍼스 병렬 구조 확장 및 표현 방식 변환을 통해 통합형 반어 코퍼스 구축 방안 을 제안한다. 또한, 본 연구는 한국어 반어 표현의 정밀한 분석을 위한 언어 자원 개발에 기여하며, 향후 감성 분석 및 대화형 인공지능 등 다양한 NLP 응용 분야에서의 활용 가능성을 제시한다.

With the recent advancement of NLP technologies, the ability of conversational AI systems to interpret implicit meanings in language has become increasingly important. Among various linguistic phenomena, figurative expressions such as irony and sarcasm pose particular challenges for automatic detection due to their high contextual dependency and diverse surface realizations. However, resources for training models to detect such expressions remain insufficient. This study aims to improve the depth and accuracy of irony detection by integrating two previously developed Korean irony corpora, one of which is based on manual annotation and the other generated automatically using a GPT-based model, into a single unified corpus. Through a series of experiments, we found that each corpus reflects fundamentally different types of ironic expressions and construction methodologies, which limit the effectiveness of their integration into a single resource. Nevertheless, the types of irony in the two corpora were clearly distinguishable, and multi-task learning with sentiment analysis revealed differing correlations depending on the corpus. Based on this analysis, the study proposes strategies for building an integrated irony corpus by extending its parallel structure and transforming expression styles across corpora. This research contributes to the development of linguistic resources for the fine-grained analysis of Korean irony and offers practical implications for various NLP applications such as sentiment analysis and conversational AI.

This study explores the notion of translator style through a corpus-based analysis of non-literary translation, an area less frequently scrutinized compared to literary translation. It addresses the gap in research by focusing on howtranslators manage sentence segmentation during the translation process. This is an aspect often overlooked by prior studies which have traditionally prioritized lexical characteristics within sentences. The corpus comprises translations fromthree seasoned translators of English business books into Korean, supported by interviews that delve into their translation choices. Results reveal distinct stylistic patterns in handling sentence structure, suggesting that such strategies can significantlymark a translator’s style. Among three translators, the one who stated he could freely alter the segmentation of sentences in the original text was found to split sentences more frequently in his actual translations than the other two, who believed that the original sentence segmentation should not be altered. This difference was statistically significant. The findings in this study are meaningful as they were derived fromthe corpora that were meticulously designed tominimize external influences fromother agents such as editors. This study not only extends the understanding of translator style but also suggests practical implications for identifying individual translator's stylistic signatures in non-literary texts.

본고는 21세기 세종계획 역사말뭉치와 역사자료 종합 정비 말뭉치 가운데 근대 국 어 말뭉치의 현황과 문제점을 살펴보고 향후 말뭉치 구축에서 개선되어야 할 사항을 제안하는 데 목적이 있다. 21세기 세종계획에서는 265종의 문헌 약 391만 어절의 근 대 국어 말뭉치를 구축하였고, 역사자료 종합 정비 사업에서는 역사말뭉치의 상당 부 분을 정제하고 언해문의 경우 한문-언해문 병렬 말뭉치의 형식으로 가공하였는데 이 가운데 근대 국어 자료 말뭉치는 258종 약 351만 어절을 구축하였다. 역사자료 종합 정비 말뭉치는 이전 세종역사말뭉치의 오류들이 상당 부분 수정되었다. 그러나 근대 국어 일부 자료에서는 글자 입력의 오류, 띄어쓰기 오류, 분절 및 태깅 오류 등이 여 전히 발견되는 데 향후 이러한 문제점을 개선하는 데 집중해야 할 것이다. 향후 말뭉치 구축에서 개선되어야 할 사항으로, 언간, 장서각 필사자료(소설, 실기 류, 전기류 등) 등의 포함, 한자음 입력, 한문-언해문 병렬 말뭉치로의 지속적 구축, 말뭉치 텍스트에 대응하는 이미지 자료 구축과 이미지 서비스 방법에 대한 고민, 말 뭉치 header에 풍부한 서지 정보와 지금까지의 연구 성과를 포함, 구축된 말뭉치의 코 드 통일, 구축된 말뭉치를 잘 활용할 수 있는 검색 프로그램의 개발 등을 제안하였고, 향후 개인이 구축한 말뭉치들을 수집하여 종합화하기 위해서는 통일된 구축 형식을 정할 필요가 있음을 언급하였다.

The purpose of this study is to examine the current status and problems of modern Korean corpora among the 21st century Sejong Project historical corpora and corpora of comprehensive modification of historical materials, and to suggest matters to be improved in future corpora construction. In the 21st century, about 3.91 million modern Korean corpora of 265 kinds of materials were constructed, and in the comprehensive modification of historical materials project, a large portion of the historical corpora were refined and processed in the form of Chinese-Korean parallel corpora. The corpora of comprehensive modification of historical materials have been largely corrected for errors in the previous Sejong historical corpora. However, in some modern Korean corpora, errors in character input, spacing, segmentation and tagging are still found, and we should focus on improving these problems in the future. For improvements in future modern Korean corpus, additional construction of Korean letters and Jangseogak manuscript materials, input of Chinese character’s pronunciation, continuous construction of Chinese-Korean parallel corpora, consideration and service methods of image data, inclusion of abundant bibliographic information and research results in corpus headers, code unification of constructed corpora, and development of search programs were proposed. And it was mentioned that in order to collect and synthesize corpus built by individuals in the future, it is necessary to set a unified construction format.

Machine translation is one of the classic sub-fields of natural language processing, a field that has been studied for a long time. There are several methods related to machine translation, and neural machine translation is one of them. Neural machine translation is a method that translates the source sentence to the target sentence through a neural network model. Recently, the transformer model using the attention mechanism has become the SOTA technique in the field. In this research, the transformer model using the attention mechanism is trained through 2 parallel corpora: English-German and English-Korean. The results of translations are evaluated with a BLEU score for each. The transformer shows an 8.60 BLEU score when trained by the English-German parallel corpora, and a 0.43 BLEU score in the case of English-Korean. It seems like the reason why the performance of English-German translations is higher than the performance of English-Korean translations is that English and Germany are in the Germanic language family, which is the same. In contrast, unlike English, Korean belongs to Altaic or Isolated languages and has different linguistic characteristics. The performance of the transformer is also affected by the quality of the parallel corpus used for training. It can be interpreted that it is necessary to secure a higher quality English-Korean parallel corpus.

본고는 대규모 한·중 드라마 병렬말뭉치를 이용하여 의존 명사 ‘줄’ 구성에 대응되는 중국 어 표현을 고찰하였다. 병렬말뭉치를 분석한 결과 [방법/능력]의 ‘줄1’ 구성은 주로 중국어 가능성 표현과 대응되 는데, 서술어로 ‘알다’를 취하는 ‘줄1’ 구성은 [능력]의 의미를 나타내는 중국어 능원동사 ‘会’, 서술어로 ‘모르다’를 취하는 ‘줄1’ 구성은 ‘会’의 부정 표현인 ‘不会’와 가장 빈번하게 대응됨을 확인하였다. [반사실성]의 ‘줄2’ 구성은 서술어로 ‘알다’만 취할 수 있는데, 주로 같은 [반사실 성]의 의미를 나타내는 ‘以为’류 중국어 표현과 대응 관계를 이루며, 이외에 ‘以为’와 유의 관 계에 있는 다양한 인지 동사와의 대응 관계도 찾을 수 있다. 한편, [사실성]의 ‘줄2’ 구성은 서술어로 ‘알다’를 취하는 경우와 ‘모르다’를 취하는 경우 서로 다른 대응 양상을 보인다. 즉, 서술어로 ‘알다’를 취하는 경우 주로 [앎]의 의미를 나타내는 ‘知道’ 등의 중국어 표현들과 대 응되는 데에 반해, 서술어로 ‘모르다’를 취하는 경우 [모름]의 의미를 나타내는 ‘不知道’ 등의 중국어 표현보다 [생각하지 못함]의 의미를 나타내는 ‘没想到’ 등의 중국어 표현과 더욱 빈번 하게 대응됨을 확인하였다. 또한 서술어로 ‘알다’를 취하는 경우 개별 연결 어미와 공기할 때 그 연결 어미와 함께 하나의 중국어 표현과 대응되는 경향이 있지만, 서술어로 ‘모르다’를 취 하는 경우 그러한 경향이 보이지 않았다.

This study uses the parallel corpus of TV dramas to analyze the Chinese expression corresponding to the bound nuon ‘Jul’ construction in Korean language. In modern Korean language studies, the bound noun ‘Jul’ is often divided into ‘Jul1’ and ‘Jul2’. The research results show that the ‘Jul1’ construction has the meaning of [method/ability], and it frequently corresponds to the modal verbs in Chinese. That is, when the predicate is ‘알다’, it mainly corresponds to ‘会’. On the contrary, when the predicate is ‘모르다’, it mainly corresponds to the Chinese ‘不会’. The ‘Jul2’ construction has two meanings: [counterfactuality] and [factuality]. The predicate of the ‘Jul2’ construction with the meaning of [counterfactuality] can only be ‘알다’, and it frequently corresponds to the expression of ‘以为’ in Chinese. The predicate of the ‘Jul2’ construction with the meaning of [factuallity] can be ‘알다’ and ‘모르다’. When its predicate is ‘알다’, it mainly corresponds to the expression of ‘知道’ which means ‘knowing’ in Chinese. When its predicate is ‘모르다’, it is different from the corresponding Chinese expression when the predicate is ‘알다’. That is, compared with ‘不知道’, it corresponds more to the expression ‘没想到’ meaning ‘unexpected’.

This paper studies how English 2nd person pronouns are rendered in Korean subtitles. In order to examine the pronouns, we collected data from Hyowon AVT Corpus built by the English Language and Literature Department at Pusan National University. Three thousand two hundred eighty-eight(3,288) tokens of ‘you/your’ are collected from 10 movies released in the year 2000 or later. The tokens are coded by 3 categories: Ommission, Correspondence, and Shift. The 2nd person pronouns coded into Shift are further categorized into four types of Shift within the framework of Catford’s Shift Theory. Results show that 85.6% of subjective pronouns are not translated, i.e., Ommission. The current study reveals that a number of accusatives tend to be translated into adverbial pronouns in Korean. This paper also has explored the usage of ‘tangsin’ in subtitles to see how the word, of which meanings seem to be changing over centuries, is used in subtitles. This serves as a pilot study for further research on current usages of ‘tangsin’

Since the late 20th century, corpus-based studies have become a general method of investigation in modern linguistics. A corpus (monolingual or multilingual corpus) permits the linguists to explore the real linguistic data used by a speech community. However most of the studies focus on the high-frequency words in a corpus, whereas the low-frequency words are excluded from the subject of the analysis. The low-frequency words also consist of a corpus; therefore they are important linguistic elements as much as the high-frequency words. The purpose of this paper is to look into translation equivalences between the low-frequency words in a parallel corpus, a French Novel Moderato Cantabile, and two Korean translations, the Moderato Corpus. For the purpose of researching the translation phenomenon of low-frequency words in the Moderato Corpus, this paper uses the quantitative methods of lexical frequency, co-occurrence and contextual exploration. The result of these analyses demonstrates that the low-frequency nouns have different translational situations as much as the high-frequency ones. Surprisingly, they have also a definitive equivalence between the French word and the Korean word. Therefore, this study contends that low-frequency words can contribute to translation studies and, especially, enhance the automatic translation machine as a translation reference.

The current research aims to uncover the similarities and differences between Korean ‘an (안)’ and ‘-ji anhta (-지 않다)’, and Indonesian ‘tidak’ and ‘belum’, as well as to formulate their characteristics. This research is an applied contrastive study and the data are derived from the Korean-Indonesian parallel corpus made from Korean drama subtitles. Based on the results, the first prominent findings show that ‘an’ and ‘-ji anhta’, and ‘tidak’ and ‘belum’ are equivalent in regards to their usage as negative markers in negative sentences, thus indicating that they correspond to each other. The findings show that among 1,104 data of Korean negative utterances, only 770 data (69.75%) are translated into Indonesian negative utterances, and 334 data (30.25%) are translated into affirmative utterances by applying alternative translation strategies. The second prominent findings reveal that they are non-equivalent due to the shifts that happen, thus showing that they do not correspond to each other. There are three types of shifts causing the non-equivalence, namely (1) shift from negative verbal into negative nominal forms (32 data, 0.90%), (2) shift from negative declarative into negative imperative forms (36 data, 3.26%), and (3) shift from negative into affirmative forms (334 data, 30.25%). In general, the shifts occur in the subtitle translation because Korean and Indonesian languages belong to different categories in terms of language family and have different ways to express negative meanings.

Cette recherche actuelle essaie d’utiliser un corpus parallel pour étudier le phenomène que le pourcentage de pronoms personnels est relativement plus élevé dans le texte chinois traduit que non-traduit. Il y a deux hypothèses pour expliquer cette phenomème. La première est l’ingérence du texte de source. Le chinois est un language du « pro-drop », les pronoms, que ce soient sujets ou objets, peut etre négliges dans des proposition définitives ou dans d’autre phrases. En anglais, on ne peut pas négliger un sujet ou un object d’une propositions définitives. On pense que le subcorpus traduit du texte de source anglais a eu quelque influences sur leur traductions. La seconde hypothèse est la stradégie d’explicationadoptée par les traducteurs. Hu Xianyao(2006) a remarquéle même phenomène dans sa recherche, mais il réclame que le pourcentage plus élevé de pronoms dans les textes traduits est une manifestation d’explicitation. Ce projet y compris un subcorpus de textes de source englais a former un parallel corpus pour mesurer le pourcentage de différents types de pronom personels dans the textes traduit et non-traduits. L’analyse de resultats montre que c’est au niveau d’explicitation et de language du « pro-drop ».

Jiang Linghui. 2014. A Comparative Study on Chinese ‘有(you)’ and Korean ‘있다(issta)’ with Korean-Chinese Parallel Corpus. Journal of Linguistic Studies 19(3), 255-280. This paper attempts to make a comparative study on Chinese ‘有(you)’ and Korean ‘있다(issta)’ through Korean-Chinese parallel corpus by implementing the usage analysis of sentences. In Chinese, ‘有(you)’ has many meanings, and the most frequently used is ‘to possess' or 'to own’ and ‘to exist’. Generally, Chinese-studying students think Chinese ‘有(you)’ is the same as Korean ‘있다(issta)’. It is because in many cases Chinese ‘有(you)’ is directly interpreted or translated to Korean ‘있다(issta)’ as a one-to-one correspondence. This paper reorganized the meanings of Chinese ‘有(you)’ through the existing dictionaries and grammar books, observed and analyzed the meanings by the sentences which were extracted from Korean-Chinese parallel corpus, and contrasted Chinese ‘有(you)’ with Korean ‘있다(issta)’ based on these sentences. (Yonsei University)

This study aims to describe and analyze Korean and Indonesian object pronouns based on a Korean-Indonesian parallel corpus. Both Korean and Indonesian are categorized as ‘discourse pro-drop languages’ that allow arguments(subjects and objects) to be dropped. However, the object elliption in Indonesian is more restrained because in independent clauses the object cannot be ommited. The results of the Korean-Indonesian parallel corpus showed that there were instances when Korean object pronouns corresponded with Indonesian object pronouns and when they did not. The Indonesian object pronoun is controlled by its verb’s transitivity and therefore can appear even when the object pronoun in the Korean text was expressed using zero anaphor. The Korean object pronoun when overtly expressed, displayed new information, focus or emphasis. In addition, we also observed cases on the account of different language expression, Korean and Indonesian preference on expression was discovered.

본 연구는 한국어와 인도네시아어의 정보구조(information structure)를 비교·대조하 여 공통점과 차이점을 밝히는 데 그 목적이 있다. 한국어와 인도네시아어 드라마 병렬말 뭉치를 구축한 후 이를 바탕으로 두 언어의 구어 정보구조의 특징을 분석한다. 본 연구 에서 사용하는 정보구조의 개념은 ‘주어짐(givenness)’으로 화자와 청자가 이미 알고 있 는지의 사실 여부에 따라 신정보(new information)와 구정보(given information)로 분류된다. 연구 결과에 따르면, 신정보는 한국어에서는 상황에 따라 주격조사 ‘이/가’, 부정 (indefiniteness) 표현으로 표시되는 반면 인도네시아어에서는 어순과 보문소 ‘yang’으 로 표시된다. 구정보는 한국어에서는 보조사 ‘은/는’, 대명사, 용언 ‘있잖아/말이야’로 표시되고, 인도네시아어에서는 대명사와 접어 ‘=nya’로 표시된다. 구정보의 경우 한국 어와 인도네시아어 두 언어 모두에서 맥락을 통해 쉽게 드러날 수 있는 경우 해당하는 문장 성분을 생략할 수 있다. 또 한 가지 공통점은 수사구의 경우 핵 명사가 구정보이 면 이를 생략할 수 있는 있다는 점이다. 본 연구는 한국어와 인도네시아어의 구어 정보구조 대조에 관한 최초의 연구라는 데 그 의의가 있다. 본 연구의 결과는 인도네시아인 학습자를 위한 한국어 교육과 한국인 학습자를 위한 인도네시아어 교육의 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

The aim of this study is to reveal the commonalities and differences in Korean and Indonesian by comparing and contrasting the two languages’ spoken language information structures based on a parallel corpus. The notion of information structure used in this study is givenness, which is classified into new and given information according to what the speaker already knows. The results of the study show that new information in Korean is indicated by the subjective case marker ‘이/가’ and indefinite expressions, while in Indonesian, it is indicated by word order and the complementizer ‘yang’. Given information in Korean is indicated by the topic marker ‘은/는’, pronouns, and the terms ‘있 잖아/말이야’, while in Indonesian, it is indicated by pronouns and the clitic ‘-nya’. In the case of given information, the constituent can be ellipted in both Korean and Indonesian. Both languages also show that in numeral phrases, if the noun is a given information, it can be ellipted. This study is meaningful in that it is the first study on Korean and Indonesian spoken language information structure. It is hoped that this study will serve as useful material for Indonesian Korean learners in the field of Korean language education.

본 연구는 한국어와 인도네시아어의 정보구조(information structure)를 비교·대조하 여 공통점과 차이점을 밝히는 데 그 목적이 있다. 한국어와 인도네시아어 드라마 병렬말 뭉치를 구축한 후 이를 바탕으로 두 언어의 구어 정보구조의 특징을 분석한다. 본 연구 에서 사용하는 정보구조의 개념은 ‘주어짐(givenness)’으로 화자와 청자가 이미 알고 있 는지의 사실 여부에 따라 신정보(new information)와 구정보(given information)로 분류된다. 연구 결과에 따르면, 신정보는 한국어에서는 상황에 따라 주격조사 ‘이/가’, 부정 (indefiniteness) 표현으로 표시되는 반면 인도네시아어에서는 어순과 보문소 ‘yang’으 로 표시된다. 구정보는 한국어에서는 보조사 ‘은/는’, 대명사, 용언 ‘있잖아/말이야’로 표시되고, 인도네시아어에서는 대명사와 접어 ‘=nya’로 표시된다. 구정보의 경우 한국 어와 인도네시아어 두 언어 모두에서 맥락을 통해 쉽게 드러날 수 있는 경우 해당하는 문장 성분을 생략할 수 있다. 또 한 가지 공통점은 수사구의 경우 핵 명사가 구정보이 면 이를 생략할 수 있는 있다는 점이다. 본 연구는 한국어와 인도네시아어의 구어 정보구조 대조에 관한 최초의 연구라는 데 그 의의가 있다. 본 연구의 결과는 인도네시아인 학습자를 위한 한국어 교육과 한국인 학습자를 위한 인도네시아어 교육의 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

The aim of this study is to reveal the commonalities and differences in Korean and Indonesian by comparing and contrasting the two languages’ spoken language information structures based on a parallel corpus. The notion of information structure used in this study is givenness, which is classified into new and given information according to what the speaker already knows. The results of the study show that new information in Korean is indicated by the subjective case marker ‘이/가’ and indefinite expressions, while in Indonesian, it is indicated by word order and the complementizer ‘yang’. Given information in Korean is indicated by the topic marker ‘은/는’, pronouns, and the terms ‘있 잖아/말이야’, while in Indonesian, it is indicated by pronouns and the clitic ‘-nya’. In the case of given information, the constituent can be ellipted in both Korean and Indonesian. Both languages also show that in numeral phrases, if the noun is a given information, it can be ellipted. This study is meaningful in that it is the first study on Korean and Indonesian spoken language information structure. It is hoped that this study will serve as useful material for Indonesian Korean learners in the field of Korean language education.