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This study explores the job satisfaction of General Disaster Managers (GDMs), who are responsible for disaster management in super high-rise and complex buildings with underground connections. As these structures increase in urban areas, the role of GDMs becomes more critical. Using a survey of eight job satisfaction items from the ‘Korea Network for Occupations and Workers’ (KNOW), data were collected from 95 GDMs and compared with ten other major job classifications. Results show GDMs ranked lowest in salary satisfaction, overall job satisfaction, and willingness to support their children choosing the same job. Despite their high responsibility, GDMs feel undervalued and inadequately compensated. Conversely, GDMs scored relatively higher in social contribution, job security, and growth potential, indicating recognition of the job’s social importance. The study calls for policy reforms to improve compensation and working conditions, alongside efforts to enhance the profession’s public image. Future research should include longitudinal and qualitative approaches to capture deeper insights.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the 3rd Grade primary school English textbooks used in Korea and China in order to find out the similarities and differences in the two textbooks and the strengths and weaknesses of each textbook. Two textbooks, one from each country, were selected as they are the most widely used ones in Jangsu Province in China and Gwangju in Korea. Two dimensions of the textbooks were analyzed, the form and the content. Here, the form includes structure and module design. The content includes unit titles, topics, language functions, language, the number of new words, activities, cultural content and the characters depicted in the textbooks. The results show that both the Chinese English textbook (CET) and the Korean English textbook (KET) have module components focusing on listening, speaking, and reading. The CET has more number of units but the KET has more diverse module components, teaching and learning activities and materials. The KET has a component to introduce different cultures but the CET does not have it. Also, the KET has more colors, photographs, and illustrations than the CET. The two textbooks have some common topics but several differences in the content of the textbooks, strengths and weaknesses. Based on the results of this study, suggestions were made for further practice and research on textbook development and evaluation.

The global business landscape is undergoing a significant transformation driven by the rapid growth of electronic business (e-business). This study investigates the e-business evolution stages in the Philippines and South Korea through a quantitative research design, employing a survey questionnaire based on the e-business evolution model by Bradley et al. (2015). The findings indicate that the Philippines is predominantly in the Growth stage, whereas South Korea is in the Transformation stage, reflecting varying levels of e-business maturity. Both countries demonstrate positive perceptions of social, economic, and technical factors, although concerns remain regarding perceived risks and transaction costs. This comparative analysis provides valuable strategic insights for policymakers, industry leaders, and stakeholders aiming to navigate and leverage emerging e-business opportunities across Asia.

This study traces the evolution of phonetic research in the Core Collection and the KCI from 1992 to 2024 using Biblioshiny. Moving beyond basic bibliometric mapping, we applied longitudinal keyword network analysis with centrality measures (PageRank and Betweenness) to identify influential hub keywords and bridge topics over time. Our findings are fourfold: First, we identified three developmental stages through Annual Scientific Production, Average Citation per Year(for the Core Collection only), and Trend Topics, illustrating an evolution from exploration to strategic specialization. Second, a significant divergence emerged: the Core Collection shifted toward a cognitive focus in speech processing, while the KCI shifted towards an applied emphasis on language pedagogy. Third, persistent keywords like “speech perception” functioned differently, serving as neuro-cognitive indicators in a global context, but as pedagogical tools within a domestic framework. Finally, we propose that Korean phonetics should align its pedagogical strengths with global trends in big data and cognitive modeling. These findings provide a strategic roadmap for advancing domestic research from a regional discipline to a global empirical contributor.

본 연구는 혁신학교 중학생의 정의적 요인들에 관한 시기별 차이와 변화 추이를 단기종단적 비교 분석하기 위하여 강원교육종단연구의 동일표본에 의한 중학교 1학년(2011년)과 중학교 2학년(2012년) 데이터를 이용하였다. 분석결과, 첫째, 혁신학교 중학생은 1학년 시기에 비하여 2학년 시기에 부모와의 관계가 개선되었으며, 부모의 성취압력은 줄어드는 긍정적 차이가 있었다. 반면, 일반학교의 경우 긍정적 차이를 보인 변수가 없었다. 둘째, 혁신학교 중학생은 1학년 시기에 비하여 2학년 시기에 학습동기가 줄어드는 부정적 차이가 있었다. 일반학교 중학생은 스트레스와 정신허약 수준이 1학년 시기에 비하여 2학년 시기에 증가하였고, 학교만족도, 행복감, 학습동기, 부모․자녀 관계, 안녕감 수준이 낮아지는 부정적 차이를 보였다. 셋째, 시기별 변화 추이를 살펴보면, 혁신학교 중학생의 스트레스가 감소할 때, 일반학교 중학생의 스트레스는 증가하는 변화 추이를 보였다. 또한 혁신학교 중학생의 부모․자녀관계와 학교만족도 수준이 높아질 때, 일반학교 중학생의 부모․자녀관계와 학교만족도는 낮아지는 변화 추이를 보였다. 이러한 분석결과를 통하여 혁신학교와 일반학교 중학생의 시기별 긍정적, 부정적 차이와 변화 추이 요인을 밝혔다.

This study analyses data from first and second year middle school students at innovative schools during the years 2011 and 2012. The analysis is based on samples from a longitudinal analysis conducted by Kangwondo Education Research Institute. The analysis showed that the relationship between students in innovative middle schools and their parents improved from 2011 to 2012, The parents' pressure on students to achieve was reduced. By contrast, there was no variable in average school that showed a positive difference. Second, students in innovative middle schools showed a negative difference because their learning motivation decreased in the second year from the first year. For students in average middle school, stress and mental weakness increased in the second year from the first year, while satisfaction with school, happiness, learning motivation, parent-child relationship, and sense of well-being decreased. Third, in terms of the difference over time, when the stress of students in innovation middle school decreased, student in average middle school increased. Also, when the parent-child relationship and satisfaction with school increased for students in innovation middle school, that for students in average middle school decreased. Based on the analysis, factors for positive and negative effects on student achievement were examined in order to make suggestions for improvement of innovative school operation.

This study is a comparative analysis of Korean and English websites of the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism in the perspective of translation and overall presentation of information. The current study thoroughly analyzes translation errors by comparing the English version with the Korean version. The study also explores the quantity of information provided, composition of content on the website and readability. The study found that the English website is in need of improving its information usefulness and readability, which seems to have a relatively lower quality of service compared to the Korean version. Some professional implications are also provided.

본 연구는 2022 개정 체육과 교육과정에 따라 개발된 초등학교 5~6학년군 검정 체육 교과서 10종을 대상으로 기술형 스포츠 영역의 편성 양상과 세부 활동 구성을 비교·분석하였다. 기술형 스포츠의 지면비중과 유형 구성, 학년 배치, 세부 제재를 내용 분석하였다. 분석 결과 기술형 스포츠의 지면은 34쪽에서 52쪽까지 약 1.5배의 차이를 보였다. 빙상 활동은 3종의 교과서에서는 편성되지 않았다. 기술형 스포츠 내 유형별 학습 내용의 학년 배치는 세 가지 유형으로 구분되었다. 세부 제재는 교육과정이 종목이나 기능을 특정한 활동에서는 수렴하였으나 그렇지 않은 경우 다양하게 분화하였다. 이러한 결과는 교과서 채택에 따라 학생의 학습 기회와 학습의 연속성이 달라질 수 있음을 시사한다. 또한 신체활동 예시가 교과서 개발의 실질적 기준으로 작동하고 있음을 보여준다. 따라서 단위 학교에서 교과서 선정 과정 중 활동의 편성 현황에 대한 검토가 필요하며, 차기 교육과정에서 신체활동 예시의 범위를 신중하게 결정할 필요가 있다.

Objectives This study compared the organization and specific learning content of the skills-based sports domain across ten authorized elementary physical education textbooks for grades 5–6 developed under the 2022 revised physical education curriculum in Korea. Methods A comparative content analysis of all 20 volumes (the grade 5 and grade 6 editions) examined page allocation, sub-type composition, grade placement, and lesson-level learning content, and two rounds of expert consultation ensured the consistency of the analysis. Results Pages allocated to skills-based sports ranged from 34 to 52, an approximately 1.5-fold difference, and skating was omitted from three textbooks. Grade placement followed three distinct patterns across textbooks. Specific learning content converged where the curriculum specified events or skills and diverged where it did not. Conclusions Textbook adoption can shape students' learning opportunities and learning continuity in skills-based sports, and the curriculum's physical activity examples function as de facto standards for textbook development. Therefore, schools should examine how activities are organized when selecting textbooks, and the scope of physical activity examples warrants careful consideration in future curriculum development.

한국과 중국의 역사를 살펴보면 한국과 중국은 지리상으로 인접해있어 수천 년 전부터 교류를 시작한 사실을 알 수 있다. 양국의 크고 작은 교류를 통해 중국의 한자어가 한국으로 전파되었다. 고사를표현하는 형식이 간 결하고 독특한 언어형식인 고사성어(故事成語)도한자어의 일부분으로서 한국으로 전파되어 수천 년의 세월 동안 한국의 정치, 경제, 사회, 문화의 영향을 받으면서 발전해왔다. 마찬가지로 중국에서도 고사성어는 중국 의 정치, 경제, 사회, 문화에 영향을 받으면서 발전해 온 결과로 한국과 중국의 일부 고사성어는 개념과 형식, 그리고 용법이 서로 상이하게 변하였다. 1992년 한 중양국이 수교하면서 중국인 한국어 학습자가 점차 증가하 였다. 한국사회생활에 많이 쓰이는 고사성어는 한국어 학습자에게도 중요한학습 내용이다. 뿐만 아니라 한국 어능력시험(TOPIK-Test of Proficiencyin Korean)에도 거의 매번 고사성어가 출제되고 있다. 중국인 한국어 학습자에게 한국의 고사성어는 중국어와 동일한 부분도많으나 유사하거나 상이한 부분도 있어 한국의 고사성 어 학습에 어려움이 있을 수 있다. 이 논문은 우선 한국에서 중요하게 사용되고 있는 고사성어를 선정하기 위해 TOPIK 문제집(7회부터 33회까지 ), 한국의 중학교 한문교과서 및 고등학교 한문교과서를 조사하여 여기에 나타난 고사성어를 연구대상으로 하 였다. 형식과 의미 두 가지 관점에서 한국의 고사성어와 중국어의 대응 형식을 대조하고, 한국의 고사성어와 중국의 고사성어 형식과 의미상의 차이와 그 차이가 나타난 원인을 분석하였다. 그리고 대조와 분석을 통해 중국인 한국어 학습자에게 한국 고사성어를 가르칠 때 유의해야 할 점을 제시하였다. (하얼빈사범대학교)

Liu Ying. 2014. A Comparative Analysis of the story-basedidioms between Chinese and Korean. Journal of the InternationalNetwork for Korean Language and Culture 11-2, 53-78. The timewhen the Chinese characters began to be introduced to Koreacan be dated back to thousands of years ago, followed by theexport of idioms with their stories as an integrate part ofChinese characters. Since the establishment of diplomatic relationbetween the P.R.C and the R.O.K in 1992, South Korea hasreceived an increasing number of Chinese students who foundthemselves more and more frequently exposed to idioms andstories in their daily life in South Korea. Furthermore, theseidioms and their stories is a must in the S- TOPIK. Important asit is, the Chinese are prone to confuse the meaning of theseidioms with their versions in China. This thesis, focused on idioms and their stories selected from theS-TOPIK (the 7th–the 33rd) and Chinese literature textbooks ofjunior high and senior high. The differences of the idioms andtheir stories from the perspective of form and meaning areanalyzed in this paper, and it provides Chinese students withinstructions and guidelines to follow in learning Korean. (HarbinNormal University)

최근 2015 개정교육과정이 도입되면서 과정중심평가 방식이 제안되었고 이에 따라 학습자 중심의 교수·학습과정을 지속적으로 확인하고 교정하기 위한 교사의 피드백의 역할이 주목받고 있다. 이 연구는 우리나라와 싱가포르의 2015 TIMSS 중학교 2학년 수학 학업성취도에 대해 교사의 숙제피드백 활동이 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 살펴보고자 하였다. 구체적으로 교육 자료의 다층 구조를 반영하여 2수준 위계적 선형 모형(HLM)을 통해 분석하였고, 교사의 숙제피드백 활동을 교정피드백, 학생교정, 숙제토론, 완료점검, 성적활용으로 구체화하여 각 피드백 활동의 평균적 효과와 차별적 효과를 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 우리나라에서는 학생 수준에서 성별, 가정의 교육자원 및 사교육 기간과 같은 개인배경과 교과 효능감, 교과에 대한 가치인식 등의 정의적 특성이 학업성취도에 미치는 영향이 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 학생 및 학급 수준 공변인을 통제하였을 때, 우리나라 교사의 숙제피드백 활동이 학업성취도에 미치는 영향은 통계적으로 유의하지 않았으나, 수학교과에 대한 가치인식이 학업성취도에 미치는 영향에 차별적인 효과를 보였다. 한편, 싱가포르에서는 교사의 교정적 피드백이 학생의 학업성취도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 효과적인 피드백 활동을 수행하기 위한 교사교육에 대한 시사점 및 후속 연구의 방향에 대해 논의하였다.

As the 2015 School Curriculum Revision is being implemented, the role of teacher’s feedback on homework to continuously check and correct learner-centered learning processes is growing its attention. The purpose of this study is to analyzing the effect of teacher’s homework feedback on 8th graders’ mathematics academic achievement by comparing TIMSS 2015 Korea and Singapore data. For the analysis, the 2-level hierarchical linear model(HLM) was designed and the 3 homework feedback activities from the previous researches was expanded 5 homework feedback activities to investigate its effect on students’ achievement. The following findings were drawn from the results of the research. First, the effect of the Korean teacher’s feedback on homework was not statistically significant, although there was a differential effect of the how the student value mathematics on academic performance. Second, the Singaporean teachers' corrective feedback has shown to have a positive effect on a student's academic performance. Thirdly, the effect of individual background variables, student’s confidence in mathematics, and defining characteristics on Korean student’s academic performance has shown to be significant. Lastly, based on these findings, the educational implications and future research directions are discussed.

This study investigates the translation strategies of cultural terminology in the Azerbaijani and Turkish translations of Hwang Seok-young's novel Baridegi, published in 2017. The unique Korean traditional cultural terms found in the novel Baridegi are categorized and analyzed for how they were translated into the target languages. Translation strategies for cultural terminology are broadly categorized into domestication and foreignization, and more specifically into adaptation, equivalence, borrowing, and borrowing + explanation methods. Analysis showed that equivalence translation strategy was the most frequently utilized in both the Azerbaijani and Turkish translations. Analysis also showed that for the foreignization translation strategy, Azerbaijani predominantly used the borrowing + annotation translation strategy, while Turkish mainly employed the borrowing + in-text explanation translation strategy.

이 연구는 공공서비스 전달모형의 효율성을 이론 및 사례연구를 통해 비교 분석하였다. 구 체적으로 검토한 공공서비스 전달모형은 집권적 거버넌스 모형과 분권적 거버넌스 모형인데, 전자는 중앙정부가 정책을 결정하고 그 집행을 특별지방행정기관이 담당하는 경우이고 후자 는 중앙정부가 정책을 결정하되 그 집행을 민간에 위임하는 방식을 말한다. 이론적 측면에 서 이 연구는 공공서비스 전달의 거버넌스 모형을 불완전 계약 이론을 토대로 개발하였다. 사례분석을 위해서는 개발한 모형을 국도의 유지관리 서비스의 경우에 적용하여 각 거버넌 스 방식의 상대적 효율성을 비교․분석해 보았다. 이 연구의 주요 결과로는 집권적 거버넌 스 방식이 공공서비스 전달과정의 참여자들이 더 많은 노력을 기울이도록 유도하는 것으로 나타나 동일한 조건하에서 높은 질의 서비스를 제공하는 것으로 평가되었다. 반면 참여자들 의 공공서비스 전달의 책임성과 관련해서는 분권적 거버넌스 방식 하에서 공공서비스 전달 의 참여자들이 서비스 전달과 관련하여 부패문제에 연루될 가능성이 낮은 것으로 나타났다.

This study compares the relative efficacy of centralized versus decentralized governance of national road services delivery, both theoretically and empirically. Centralized governance implies that the field offices of central government are responsible for construction and maintenance of national road, whereas under decentralized governance, central government delegates these functions to local government. In this study, we develop theoretically a governance model of national road services delivery based on incomplete contract theory and extend it by incorporating the unique features of the public sector. Empirically, a case study is implemented to compare the relative efficacy of centralized versus decentralized governance of national road service delivery in South Korea, using the theoretical model. The major findings of this study comprise that centralized governance appears to be more efficient than decentralized governance in terms of raising efforts level of concerned agents, that the provider of national road service tends to make more relationship specific investment under centralized governance, and that the problems of corruption by politicians and bureaucrats come to be more serious under centralized governance.

Japanese and Korean both use many Chinese characters and have many vocabulary in common. However, even words using the same Chinese characters can have different usages. When “kindai-teki/geundae-jeok”, “gendai-teki/hyeondae-jeok” is used in “ideology and system”, “social issue”, “art and design” the usage is determined by the era of the subject in Japanese and Korean. However, when “gendai-teki/hyeondae-jeok” is used in “art and design” it gives the impression of innovative and avant-garde in Japanese and Korean. When “geundae-jeok”, “hyeondae-jeok” is used for “architecture, facility, landscape”, “technology, method, device” the usage is determined by the era of the subject in Korean. In contrast, the characteristics of modernization, such as mechanization and enlargement determine the usage in Japanese. Therefore, “kindai-teki” is used for objects that have the characteristics of modernization, even if the object's era is the present day. And when “gendai-teki” is used for “architecture, facility, landscape”, “technology, method, device” it gives the impression of innovative and avant-garde as “art and design” in Japanese.

본 연구는 새로운 지역정당의 활동을 경험한 민주국가와 ｢정당법｣으로 지역정당의 설립 자체가 법적으로 금지된 한국 간 비교를 통해 지역정당의 활성화를 위한 조건 및 방향 등 을 확인한다. 우선 정당정치가 발전한 민주국가 내에서 정당법을 제정하는 국가는 증가하고 있으나 지역정당 등록을 제한하는 경우는 없다. 정당 개념을 아예 지구당에 두고 있는 국가(독일)부터 지역정당 설립에 대한 실질적 제한이 없는 국가(네덜란드, 스페인), 제약이 있더라도 전국-광역 수준 선거가 아닌 기초단위 선거에 정당으로서 참여하는 것에 관한 규 정은 최소화하고 있는 국가(영국, 일본)가 있을 뿐이다. 제도적으로는 다수제보다는 비례대 표제가 공고화된 국가에서 지역정당이 활성화될 가능성이 컸다. 한국에서 지역정당 설립의 주된 반대 근거는 지역정당이 지역의 이익만을 추구함으로써 지역주의가 심화하리라는 우 려인데, 1990년대 이후 독립적 지역정당이 가장 활성화된 네덜란드 사례에 따르면, 지역정 당 설립에 따른 지역주의 심화의 증거는 찾기 어렵다. 다만, 기존 정당에 대한 반감은 반기 득권 정서, 나아가 포퓰리즘과 연결될 수 있다. 반면, 지역정당이 전국적 극우정당과는 대 체재적 관계에 있음을 보여주는 독일사례로부터 지역정당의 활성화의 또 다른 긍정적인 역할을 유추할 수 있었다. 이처럼 해외사례 비교연구 결과는 한국 민주주의의 취약점인 실 질적 지방분권과 참여 민주주의의 증진을 위한 방안으로 전국정당(중앙당)과의 연계가 강한 지구당을 허용하는 것을 넘어 독립적 지역정당 설립 규제 폐지까지 나아가야 한다는 함의를 제공한다.

This study examines the prerequisites and prospects for invigorating local parties by juxtaposing the situation in South Korea, where the formation of local political entities is inhibited by the Political Parties Act, against that in democracies with a history of independent local party activities. In democracies with matured party politics, there is a growing trend of enacting political party legislation. However, there laws do not impede the registration of local parties. The study spans a spectrum of models, from Germany, where the political party concept is based at the municipal level, to countries like Netherlands and Spain, which show minimal constraints on local party registration. In contrast, countries like the United Kingdom and Japan impose minimal regulations, primarily concerning political participation in municipal elections as opposed to national or regional contests. The study reveals that independent local parties are institutionally more viable in nations with an established proportional representation system rather than a mojority system. A significant concern in South Korea regarding independent local parties is the potential for heightened regionalism, focusing on local rather than national interests. However, the Dutch experience, with active local parties since the 1990s, shows no substantial increase in regionalism. This situation contrasts with the rise of anti-establishment and populist sentiments linked to dissatisfaction with existing parties. The German example, where local parties serve as alternatives to extreme right-wing groups, suggests the positive role of local parties in democracy. This study concludes that lifting restrictions on the registration of independent local parties in South Korea is essential. It argues that district parties tied to national politics are inadequate for promoting true decentralization and participatory democracy, which are vital for addressing the weaknesses in South Korean democratic structures.

본 연구에서는 한·중 양국의 직업전문대학 회계 교육에 대한 문헌연구를 통해 회계교육에 있어서의 양국 간 교육의 차이와 관련성을 규명함으로써 한국의 우수한 교육방법, 교육방침을 중국 의 직업전문대학 회계교육에 도입함으로써 중국의 직업전문대학 회계 교육의 발전을 촉진하는데 그 목적이 있다. 문헌연구의 방법으로 교육 철학, 인재 양성 모델, 실습 기지, 교육과정 설계, 교수 기 술 등 여러 측면에서 양국의 직업전문대학 회계 교육의 차이를 분석한 결과, 중국의 직업전문대학 회계 교육의 발전을 위해서는 교육 이념 전환, 산학협력 과정 촉진, 회계자격증관련 시험 체계 보완, 회계 교육 평가 기준 향상, 취업 중심의 교육과정을 설정이 절실함을 확인하였다. 마지막으로 본 연 구결과를 바탕으로 향후연구의 시사점을 도출하였다.

This study aims to promote the development of accounting education at vocational colleges in China by introducing Korea's excellent education methods and education policies into accounting education at vocational colleges in China through literature research on accounting education at vocational colleges in Korea and China. According to the analysis of differences in accounting education at vocational colleges in the two countries in various aspects, including educational philosophy, talent training models, training bases, curriculum design, and teaching technology, it is imperative to change the educational ideology, promote industry-academic cooperation courses, supplement the accounting qualification-related test system, improve accounting education evaluation standards, and establish a job-oriented curriculum for the development of accounting education in China. Finally, the implications of future research were derived based on the results of this study.

This study analyzed the usage of synonyms “kako/ gwageo“, “rekidai/yeoktae“, “shijo/sasang“. “kako/gwageo“ means past. “rekidai/yeoktae“ means successive generation. “shijo/sasang“ means historical. These three words use the same Chinese characters in Japanese and Korean, and have similar meanings. However, these three words have different usages. ①In Japanese “shijo“ is used for weather, age, sports and socio-cultural evaluation. Also “shijo“ is used for larger records than “rekidai“. And “shijo“ contains the meaning of surprise or emphasis. ②In Japanese “rekidai“ is used for sport, age and smaller records than “shijo“. ③In Japanese “kako“ is used for objective values . And “kako“ is the most numerous and widely used. ④In korean “yeoktae“ is used for age and socio-cultural evaluation. “yeoktae“ contains the meaning of surprise or emphasis. Therefore, “yeoktae“ is often used for sports and social issues. And “yeoktae“ is more frequently used than “sasang“. ⑤In korean “sasang“ is used for objective values.

Background: At the end of the‘Waste Drug Disposal Project’, collection and disposal of waste drugs remain a social issue. Objective: This study aimed to provide suggestions to improve the drug waste management system in Korea by comparing domestic and overseas relevant programs. Methods: This is a comparative study between South Korea, Australia, Canada, France, and the US. These overseas countries were selected because they have been operating waste drug management programs continuously to date. Comparison was conducted by a pre-determined analysis frame including legal regulation, enforcement program and its performance. Results: All selected countries except Australia had legal regulations on drug wastes. The US had the largest variety of drug waste disposal methods. Canada had recommended that pharmacies actively participate in drug waste withdrawal programs. France had the largest variety of methods to promote relevant programs, including window sticker, SNS, and app, as well as the highest level of awareness and participation. Australia had the lowest level of awareness and participation in pharmaceutical waste management programs. Pharmaceutical companies took responsibility of paying for these programs in the selected overseas countries. Conclusion: Further efforts should be made to establish a clear guideline including the role of pharmaceutical companies, and to develop various methods for the public to be aware of appropriate ways of disposing drug wastes in Korea.

Disaster situation management is critical for reducing vulnerability in disaster and safety management areas, fostering safety awareness and improving response capabilities in the event of a disaster. Accordingly, National Disaster Management Research Institute of Korea has been running a smart disaster monitoring management system (SDMMS) to manage disasters in an integrated manner. However, the system has faced some limitations in disaster information collection in accordance with disaster management phases. Overseas cases have shown some implications regarding the system. Thus it is necessary to find out measures to improve the system. This study has intended to draw improvement measures of the SDMMS through analyzing overseas cases. To meet the purpose, this study has developed a case analysis framework composed of two major categories such as both information gathering and construction system, As a result, this study has found following improvement measures: 1) SDMMS needs to expand its functions to managing disaster and safety information holistically; 2) SDMMS needs to adopt an integrated approach in collecting disaster information; and 3) SDMMS needs to be available at all disaster management phases.

본고는 현대중국어의 시간부사 ‘正’, ‘正在’, ‘在’의 時相(Tense and Aspect) 자질에 대한중한 대조 분석을 통하여 이 부사들의 시간 표현의 같음과 다름에 대해 규명하고 동시에 중국어와 한국어 통사구조 상의 같음과 다름도 규명하여 시간부사 ‘正’, ‘正在’, ‘在’의 변별적 자질을 찾아내 한국인의 중국어교육 즉 CSL 교육에 참고가 되도록 하고자 하였다. 시간부사 ‘正’, ‘正在’, ‘在’는 서로 다른 時相 자질을 갖고 있고 이들과 대응되는 한국어 時 相 자질 역시 서로 다르다. ‘正’은 시제 자질의 하위 범주인 ‘과거시제’를 타나내고 우리말의‘_었_’으로 대응되며 상 자질 또한 갖고 있다. 상 자질을 나타낼 때는 우리말의 ‘_고 있었_’으로 대응이 되는데, 이는 ‘진행상’과 ‘과거시제’를 모두 아울렀다. ‘正在’는 시제 자질의 하위범주인 ‘과거시제’, ‘현재시제’를 나타내기도 하고 상 자질의 하위 범주인 ‘동작상’과 ‘동태의 지속 상’을 나타내기도 하는데 우리말의 ‘_고 있_’으로 대응되기도 하고 ‘_고 있었_’으로 대응되기도 한다. 우리말의 ‘_고 있_’은 ‘진행상’을 나타내고 ‘_고 있었_’은 ‘과거시제’와 ‘진행상’을 아울러 나타낸다. ‘在’는 상 자질의 하위 범주인 ‘동작상’과 ‘동태의 지속상’을 나타낸다. 우리말의 ‘_고 있_’으로 대응되는데 ‘진행상’을 나타낸다.

This article through to the modern Chinese Time Adverb ‘Zheng(正)’, ‘Zhengzai(正在)’, ‘Zai(在)’, Tense and Aspect comparative analysis, to explore the similarities and differences between them. At the same time, the syntactic differences between Korean and Chinese are also analyzed and studied. So as to find the semantic difference between them. Hope that this study can be helpful for Korean Chinese learning. ‘Zheng(正)’, ‘Zhengzai(正在)’, ‘Zai(在)’ has different characteristics of Tense and Aspect. They correspond to the Korean Tense and Aspect features are also different. ‘Zheng(正)’ is past tense, corresponding to it is Korean ‘_었_’, but it also has Aspect characteristic, equivalent to Korean ‘_고 있었_’，‘_고 있었_’ and Tense and Aspect. ‘Zhengzai(正 在)’ also has both Tense and Aspect feature. Corresponding to it is the Korean ‘_고 있_’ and ‘_고 있었_’, it has Tense and Aspect. ‘Zai(在)’ has the Tense feature.

The stream of world economy has dramatically been changing from a manufacturing industry to a knowledge-based industry for last few decades. The economy output of knowledge-based industry which is sometimes called as a creative industry continues to grow at remarkable rate by the help of economic activities based on knowledge, information, and technology. To gain the benefit of knowledge-based industry, some developed countries have fostered a knowledge-based industry as their momentum of an economic growth creating high value. Korean government also is seeking ways to acquire a leadership for the knowledge-based industry in the world economy by expanding the investment in knowledge-based industry. However, a fundamental environment of this knowledge-based industry in Korea is not enough for a sustainable development. The Korean government only spent a lot of money on building complexes and physical infrastructures to the knowledge-based industry. In general, the development projects related to a creative industry are controlled by the government that tends to have the limits of operating and constructing for sufficient growth. In case of Korea, the cluster developments are concentrated near Seoul metropolitan area excessively, and moreover the cluster isn’t closely connected with city. These impede growth of both the knowledge-based industry and the development around a complex by causing problems such as a lack of housing and infrastructures and imbalance between cities. The case about a development of the creative industry in China is a lot different. China's economy is witnessing a rapid growth, which is one of the leading countries in the knowledge-based industry. This is not a coincidence to make a remarkable breakthrough in this field. Chinese government has fostered this knowledge-based industry for almost thirty years by stage since declaration of 863 programs, stated on High-Tech Development Plan by Deng Xiaoping. These programs were designed to stimulate the development of advanced technologies in a wide range of fields. In final, the programs to develop knowledge-based complex resulted in various investment from public, private, national and international and the economy in and around the region flourished. The purpose of this study is to find out the success factors of knowledge-based industrial complex development from the 4 development cases in provincial city in China 1) Dalian Tiandi, 2) Qingdao International Innovation Park, 3) Shanghai Knowledge and Innovation Community, 4) Shanghai Pudong Software Park. The result of this study can be utilized by developers from public or private for providing suggestive applications possibly related to knowledge- based development for a sufficient growth.