Earticle

현대 중국어 동사 유의어의 수는 많고 연구할 가치가 있는 어휘의 집합도 많다. 그래서 흥미롭게 꾸준히 조사하고 시리즈로 깊이 연구하자고 한다. 본고에서 사용 빈도가 높지만 선행연구가 많지 않는 단음절 동사 유의어군 ‘关，闭，合, 盖，扣’을 연구대상으로 선정하였다. ‘关，闭，合, 盖，扣'의 사전적 의미는 모두 ‘닫다’로 해석할 수 있는 공통점이 있다. 한국인 학습자는 ‘关，闭，合, 盖，扣’을 서로 교환해서 사용할 수 있을 지, 어떻게 미세한 차이를변별해서 사용해야 할지 등을 잘 몰라서, 중국어 작문할 때 오류를 자주 범하다. 그런 의미에서 ‘关，闭，合, 盖，扣’ 다섯 단어를 통사적, 의미적, 화용적 기능과 용법을 더 자세히 구분하여 정리할 필요가 있다. 본 논문의 연구 방법은 말뭉치 자료 조사와 대조 분석법을 사용하여 ‘关，闭，合, 盖，扣’ 의 차이점에 대해 고찰하여, 삼개 평면 이론을 이용하여 통사적, 의미적, 화용적 세 가지로 나눠 논의하였다. 본 논문에는 중국 AI HAN YU 현대 중국어 평형 말뭉치에서 추출한 예문을사용하였다. 본 논문의 연구 목적은 다섯 개 단음절 동사 유의어의 비교를 통해 중국 사전과한국 사전에서의 뜻풀이를 대조한 후에 개념을 재정립하고, 이를 통해 단음절 동사 유의어군‘关，闭，合, 盖，扣’의 어휘 정보를 분석하여 유의어 구분, 변별의 근거를 마련하는데 있다. 본 논문은 총 세장으로 구성되었고 관련 말뭉치 자료를 분석, 통계, 비교 및 귀납한 후, ‘关，闭，合, 盖，扣’ 서로의 차이점을 정확하게 규정 및 제시하였다. 중국어 단음절 동사 유의어의 비교 연구에 기여하고, 이 논문의 연구 성과가 중국어 교육 분야에 적극적으로 활용될수 있고 중국어 학습자의 유의어 학습에 도움 되기 바란다.

The monosyllabic near-synonym verbs ‘guan’, ‘bi’, ‘he’, ‘gai’ and ‘kou’ share common grounds in terms of Semantic, Syntactic and Pragmatic meanings. There are impacts among each other due to bilateral interactions. This study aims to discuss the similarities and differences among the monosyllabic near-synonym verbs ‘guan’, ‘bi’, ‘he’, ‘gai’ and ‘kou’, and expects to figure out the usages of these five verbs, further applying them to the future Chinese teachings and learning. This study explores the differences with respect to Semantic similarities, Syntactic features. Differences and pragmatics of ‘guan’, ‘bi’, ‘he’, ‘gai’ and ‘kou’ by the application of Documentary Analysis and Comparative Approach. And sorted out the data from the AI HAN YU corpus for modern Chinese Linguistics. The research results provided expect to supply references for modern Chinese monosyllabic near-synonym verbs teachings and learning.

Objective of the present study is to analyze how the SSCCS(Same Shaped Chinese Characters of Synonym)-words with the same shape and meaning in both Japanese and Korean-are translated into Korean, with consideration of their readability. For analysis of translation of the SSCCS, a comparative analysis was conducted in parallel for the translated text . In other words, with consideration of the same source text(ST), the two target texts(TT) were comparatively analyzed. For the analyzed texts, six TTs were compared with three STs. With one ST, a minimum of as many as 1500 same shaped Sino-Japanese words with synonym for Korean words were extracted and data for comparison of ST and TT were typed in Excel 2003 to be classified according to translation strategies. According to this, translation strategies for the SSCCS were classified into 1) translation in same form, 2) partial alteration into an equivalent form 3) translation into a different form, and 4) omission. The analysis results indicated that regardless of original text, time period, and translator, “translation in the same form” was the dominant strategy, followed by “translation into a different form”, “partial alteration into an equivalent form”, and “omission”. With this as a main subject, a survey was conducted to investigate its readability. As a result of survey, a high ratio of translation in the same form as the original was shown to have an adverse effect on the readability.

本稿에서는 어의변화의 종합적인 고찰을 위하여 중세 기리시탄 문헌 중, 『天草平家物語』와 『天草イソポ物語』, 동시대의 자료인 『狂言』을 중심으로 ｢懐かし｣와 관련해서 그 유의어인 ｢恋し｣와 ｢思ふ｣ 등의 감정어휘를 선택하여 다른 어휘와의 차이점, 그 사적고찰 등을 분석, 정리해 보았다. 이들 감정어휘의 어의변화의 종합적인 고찰을 위해 그 사적변화의 동향을 살펴 보면 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. ｢懐かし｣와 연결해서 유의어인 ｢恋し｣와 ｢思ふ｣ 등의 의미의 차이점과 그 관계에 대하여 위 문헌의 용례를 분석해 보면, ｢懐かし｣와 유의어인 ｢恋し｣와 ｢思ふ｣ 등의 기본적인 의미는 ʻ그립다ʼ 과 ʻ보고 싶다, 사랑한다ʼ ʻ생각하다ʼ 로 볼 수 있다. 일본의 중세는 근대 서양문물의 수용기인 큰 변화의 시대로써, 변화의 물결은 어휘 면에서도 기존의 어휘의 변화나 새로운 어휘의 생성에 영향을 주게 된다. 古代語 ｢懐かし｣도 그 의미 특징이 ｢가까이 여기다, 친숙하게 여기다｣라는 과거의 의미에 미치고 않고 현대어에 보이는 것과 같은 ｢과거의 추억이나 먼 소재의 그리움｣을 나타내게 된다. 이것은 시간·공간적으로 떨어진 사람이나 사물을 생각하는 ｢恋し｣와 ｢思ふ｣라는 유의어가 함께 존재했기 때문에, 중세 때 ｢変容｣의 시대를 거쳐서 혼용되다가 現代語에 보이는 의미로 어의가 확대되어 변화해 갔다고 고찰된다. ｢懐かし｣는 변화의 시대인 中世를 시기로 古代와 다른 의미로 변화한 어의확대의 변화 현상이며, 또 유의어인 ｢恋し｣의 경우 가장 큰 의미는 ‘그립다’ 라 할 수 있는데, 대상이 사람인 경우에 ʻ그립다, 슬프다, 사랑 한다ʼ 등의 의미까지 나타내고 있어 의미의 확대현상이 나타나고 있다. 中世의 ｢懐かし｣와 그 類義語인 ｢恋し｣｢思ふ｣ 등의 이러한 사적 고찰을 통해서 語史를 살필 수 있고, 語義変化와 意味 관계를 함께 생각할 수 있다. 이와 같은 의미변화의 사적고찰과 유의어와의 비교연구를 통해서 어휘의 통시적인 변화를 볼 수 있기에 그 가치와 의의가 크다.

In this manuscript, for an integral consideration of a vocabulary transition, the centroid of [Amakusa heike] and the centroid of [Amakusa isob] and the centroid of [Kyōgen] are basically selected to discuss and analysis synonym of sentimental vocabulary ‘missing something or somebody (Koisi)‘ and ‘think of or be considered (Omohu)’, relating to ‘Natukasi’ in kirishitan literature. Specially, a sentimental vocabulary carries distinct characteristic of definition change in the comparison of others. According to kirishitan document, which is good example of this research, it was studied intensively through analyzing of its object and example. As a considering about trend of historical transition and integral consideration of sentimental vocabulary, it can be summarized as below. In relation to ‘Natukasi’, the example of the difference of definition and relations about synonym, which are Koisi and Omohu, is carefully examined Reviewing about the object of example, an origin definition of ‘Koisi’ and ‘Omohu’, which are synonym of ‘Natukasi’ is ‘missing’ and ‘thinking of (or about)’. In the middle ages an era of change, the characteristic definition of ancient language- ‘Natukasi’ has meaning of not only ‘getting closer and becoming familiar with someone’ but also ‘missing good memories in the past or something in the distance’. The reason of this is like that existed at the same time that synonym, ‘Koisi’ and ‘Omohu’, which has meaning of the thinking of someone in the distance. Thus it is considered it appears the transition of definition during middle ages. It has historical consideration about the method of definition and transition ‘Koisi’ and ‘Omohu’ in this manuscript. As a result, the transition of definition is occurred by general transition which based on historical and social facts. In addition, it is significant that the recognition of Japanese was largely reflected throughout considering of transition of definition.

本稿では中世のキリシタン文献中、当時の日本語を知る為の貴重な資料である『平家物語』と『イソポ物語』、そのほか『狂言』を中心に｢懐かし｣と関聯してその類義語である｢恋し｣と｢思ふ｣の意味用法と特質、その史的変化について考察した。 日本の中世では、｢懐かし｣をどのような意味に用いたか、｢懐かし｣の類義語の｢恋し｣と｢思ふ｣はどうであるか、｢懐かし｣と｢恋し｣と｢思ふ｣のキリシタン物での用法はどうか、意味の変化はどうか、などについて考察した。 意味用法、そして語彙の変化においては、｢懐かし｣という語の類義語に｢恋し｣と｢思ふ｣という語がある。｢懐かし｣と｢恋し｣と｢思ふ｣の三語はいくらか、ニュアンスの差があるが、歴史的に区別された意味が明確に規定されていない。 そして󰡔平家物語󰡕と󰡔イソポ物語󰡕、そのほか󰡔狂言󰡕を中心に、｢懐かし｣と関聯してその類義語である｢恋し｣と｢思ふ｣の意味用法と特質、その史的変化について考察した結果、それぞれの意味は ‘なつかしいʼ　‘恋しくみたいʼ　‘思う、考えるʼ　に見える。 日本の中世は変化の時代で、古代語の｢懐かし｣の意味が 古くは ‘みちかにしたい、慣れ親しみたいの意ʼを表わし、中世をかけて後世に、‘懷旧の思いʼをいうようになる。それには、離れている人や物に覚えるその類義語である｢恋し｣と｢思ふ｣があるからである。その類義語である｢恋し｣と｢思ふ｣の場合も　‘恋しくみたい、愛するʼ　‘思う、考えるʼ　まで語義の拡大の変化がみえる。それは中世と云う時代的·社会的の要因である語義の拡大の変化の一例にみえる。又、このような語彙の史的変化を通じて語彙の通時的、変化の様相が見えてその意義と価値があると思われる。 以上、本稿では｢懐かし｣と関聯してその類義語である｢恋し｣と｢思ふ｣についてその意味･用法と語義変化をキリシタン資料の中で『平家物語』と『イソポ物語』、そのほか『狂言』を中心に大系的に考察して明らかにした。

The following research selected five adjectives of 가엾 다, 딱하다, 불쌍하다, 안쓰럽다, 안타깝다 among 안타깝다-type adjectives of emotion using thesaurus and frequency in order to examine the relations of their co-occurrence nouns by constructing a network of their relations. The target words that were extracted based on the corpus and the degree of relevance of the co-occurrence words were measured by t-score, through which any coincidental results in the relations between the adjectives of emotion and the co-occurrence nouns were excluded. Furthermore, the degree of similarity of the adjectives of emotion was also measured by dividing the relations of the network between the adjectives of emotion and the co-occurrence nouns into the top counts of 10, 30 and 50. As a result, the more co-occurrence words were shared, the higher the degree of similarity was, as consequently, the less co-occurrence words were shared, the lower the degree of similarity was. Concurrently, similarities were discovered in that the adjectives 가엾다, 불쌍하다, 안쓰럽다 primarily co-occurred with nouns related to family such as 'father, mother, husband, wife, younger sibling' while the adjectives 딱하다, 안타깝다 co-occurred with nouns such as 'story, news, circumstance, reality'. This research further examined the aspects and the similarities on how these five adjectives of emotion were used in Korean language textbooks. Given the fact that Korean language textbooks target foreigners, the usage of typical co-occurrence words was expected. However through the research, it was verified that there was a considerable difference in the co-occurrence words from the words that were present on newspapers. One of the reasons for the difference can be related to the fact that we used the corpus from newspaper articles.

This study has an objective to examine and compare the charact eristics of each text genre in Japanese-Korean translation. In order to draw the characteristics of each genre in Japanese-Korean translation especially in this study, translation aspects of SSCCS (Same Shaped Chinese Character of Synonym) which have the same forms and similar meanings were analyzed in lexical level. In this study, two genres were examined; one is a novel and the other is a management essay and the former is affiliated with lit erature translation and the latter is with practical translation. In this study, two novels and two management essays were analyzed. Study results of examining the translation types of SSCCS after extracting same shaped Sino-Japanese words with synonym for Korean words from ST could be classified as 4 types, which are corresponding translation as the identical form, 2) partial change of forms, 3) substitution translation into different forms, 4) omission. Further study was executed whether there are differences of such translation types in each genre. Analysis results of the data which were obtained according to the above methods and at the time when SSCCS in all texts of 4 pieces in this study were translated, the percentage was the highest when they were translated into identical types of corresponding translation, second highest percentage was when they were translated into substitution translation to different forms. Following highest percentage was the translation into partial changes followed next and the final was omission of translation. Like this, considering the results that SSCCS is translated into Sino-Korean word and there is almost no omission, translation tendency which is to faithfully translate for ST could be seen and this shows the same tendency in each genre.

This study conducted diachronic analysis on how Hangul policies have influenced Japanese literary translation by mainly subjecting the words that are comprised of Chinese characters of the same shapes and meaning, and translated from Japanese into Korean. The results revealed how changing Hangul policies have influenced Japanese literary translation: Hangul Only Policy has lowered the ratio in Korean translated texts of Chinese characters marked in parenthesis next to Hangul. In other words, the policy encouraged to use only Hangul in translated texts, in contrast to the past practice of marking Chinese characters in parenthesis next to translated Hangul words. In particular, This tendency is conspicuous in translation of Chinese characters which have the same shapes and similar meaning in both languages. The finding indicates that the Hangul policy has exerted direct influence on the Japanese literary translation.

This paper aims to propose a new Korean synonyms dictionary for learners, and discuss what information should be provided for both synonym identification and synonym differentiation. The paper will focus on the case of the dictionary which is currently being developed by the Institute of Language and Information Studies, Yonsei University. The information which we provide in the new dictionary is based on evidence from the corpus.

본고에서는 화제전환을 나타내는 접속사 중, 유의어 ｢さて｣와 ｢ところで｣의 차이점에 대해서 통계언어학적인 접근을 시도하고자 현대 일본어 말하기 코퍼스와 글쓰기 코퍼스를 이용하여 고찰하였다. 그 결과 빈도수 분석으로 ｢さて｣가 ｢ところで｣보다 다용된다는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 선행연구에서는 ｢さて｣가 ｢ところで｣보다 논설성이 짙은 의미로 사용되었다고 주장되어 왔으나, 조사 결과 두 단어가 비슷한 양상을 보였으며, NDC(日本十進分類法)에서는 오히려 ｢さて｣가 ｢ところで｣보다 논리성이 짙은 글에 사용되었다. 또한 CSJ를 이용하여 두 단어의 빈도수를 추출한 결과에서도 ｢さて｣가 주로 논설문, 보고문, 연설, 뉴스의 해설문과 같은, 말하는 이가 일방적으로 이야기를 하는데 쓰이는 경향이 더 두드러진다고 보기 어려웠다. 뒤에 공기하는 문장의 종류를 살펴 본 결과 ｢さて｣와 ｢ところで｣ 모두 정보요구문과 공기하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이와 같은 결과로부터 두 단어의 차이점에 대해서는 다음과 같이 규정할 수 있자 않을까 생각된다. 첫째, ｢さて｣와 ｢ところで｣는 둘 다 논리적인 글에 잘 사용되는 단어이다. 둘째, ｢さて｣와 ｢ところで｣의 뒤에 오는 문장의 차이는 정보요구문과 선언적 발화가 아니라 선언적 발화의 경우로 한정된다.

In this paper, seek semantic function differences of Japanese synonym SATE and TOKORODE. This paper outlines a statistical Linguistics approach by BCCWJ and CSJ. SATE is more used than TOKORODE in search of the frequency data. Advance study said SATE has used more by formally word than TOKORODE, but in this paper seek not to use formally specifically SATE. TOKORODE has used more. In NDC reserch appeared TOKORODE was more used than SATE. And in CSJ resarch present that SATE isn’t more used by descriptive writing, report, speech, news. In study seek co-occur sentense to seek two word’s difference. In past study approached SATE didn’t co-occur information information sentence. But in this data indicate possibility of co-occur both SATE and TPKORODE. In the last analysis Japanese synonym SATE and TOKORODE have the new regulations. First both SATE and TOKORODE is frequently used formal and logical paper. The second, in this study appear SATE and TOKORODE’s deifference is only whether co-occur proclamatory sentence or not. It’s not possibility information request sentence.

In fact, in Korean, Chinese ‘海’ entry word being used as the ‘sea’ category is certain and ‘land (陆地)’ the meaning of ‘sea’ outlines but it is a Korean ‘海’ that are in conflict over the border, the notion of ‘洋’, ‘海洋’, such as the inclusion. In fact, in ancient Chinese ‘海’ was simply ‘an ocean’ making languages of the heading of the previous approach to the situation in the development ‘洋’ modern concept of categories, can alsoThe concept of confrontation simply an ocean (远洋) through the ‘offshore (近海)’ is also not be limited to boundaries. Experiments by the examples used in classical literature, ancient Chinese language used in ‘海’ ‘sea’, even if Roman even about what they can be translated yet again, One needs to have to. Represented by the Chinese ‘海洋’ is simply two, as well as morpheme means a combination of the category to category ‘洋’ rather than integrated with an emphasis, ‘海’Can they be perceived as the concept of ‘boundary’ contrast with land. So text were of Chinese ‘海’ and ‘洋’ of individual characters and them take a look at the differences between these two Chinese characters appear in different if he had combined with morpheme and also ancientChinese people he thought he had was the image is I've been trying to reconstruct how the ‘(海) the sea’. Shuowen Jiezi of a case that could call that first dictionary of China's first modern Chinese language and ≫ sajeollyu 山海经 of a case that can say it was a geography book of ancient China is used for ≫ Waters as defined in Chinese language dictionary a modern, through the use of the person ‘海’ to ‘海’ and ‘sea’, and have about how any deal to do with relations Try the approach.

To suggest a quantitative method of judging the authenticity of the literary work, this study has reviewed the previous studies and analyzed the quantitative data of Hwarangsegi(花郞世紀) and several books concerned. The main method of analysis is the appearance frequency and appearance ratio of specific words like particles in classical Chinese and synonyms. Comparing Beobhunggi(法興紀) seemed to be written by Park Chang Wha(朴昌和) to Hwarangsegi and Dohonggi(桃紅紀), Beobhunggi and Hwarangsegiand show several similarities in using particles in classical Chinese, synonyms and specific words. Chinese particles like 乎 於 于 and 是/此, meaning this, can be used selectively with slight difference. Chinese characters like 又/亦/且, meaning also or too, have the common meaning. So selecting one word among the several synonyms can be considered to reflect the author's preference or personality. For this reason, we can use the ration of synonym to detect the characteristic of literary work. From the viewpoint of skeptic considering Hwarangsegi as forged book, this book was counterfeited by Park Chang Wha. But there is no objective evidence. On inquiry by the ration of words, and Hwarangsegi vs Dohonggi and Beobhunggi vs Dohonggi show relevant differences and Hwarangsegi and Beobhunggi reveal the similar ratio in using some words. As the result, Hwarangsegi and Beobhunggi have the possibility of same author’s writing, and Dohonggi may be written by another author. This study will provide us with various types of empirical authority on the gigantic discourse such as plagiarism of Hwarangsegi which have continually been debated among Korean scholars of history and literature.

In Korean, there are a number of Chinese character languages of similar type which have a same shape like Chinese vocabulary by using Chinese character from ancient times. However, because it is used in different circumstance for a long time, the meaning categories do not correspond each other among similar type words or Chinese character languages of reverse word order structure are often used as synonym. This diachronic meaning change of Chinese character language can be misunderstood or wrong expression in mutual education and learning process of Korean and Chinese. Moreover, it can compare wrongly the mutual synonymous relation or it can be used as wrong translation word in the comparison research of Korean-Chinese vocabulary. For example, Chinese ‘回答’ is translated into Korean ‘대답하다(Answer:对答)’ and Korean similar type word ‘Reply(회답:回答)’ is translated into Chinese ‘回信’. In additional, various reverse-order translation words are used like ‘介绍’ : ‘Introduction(소개:紹介)’, ‘盗窃’ : ‘Theft(절도:竊盗)’, ‘达到’ : ‘Reaching(도달:到達)’, ‘缩短’ : ‘Shortening(단축:短縮)’, ‘替代’ : ‘Replacement대체:代替) in translation process of Chinese-Korean.

본고는 조선시대의 외국어 학습서 중의 하나인 ‘노걸대’를 종합적으로 살펴보기 위한 작업의 일환으로 진행된다. 여기서 종합적인 검토라고 하는 데에는 두 가지 의미가 있다. 하나는 현재 전하고 있는 노걸대들을 한자리에서 비교하고 검토하겠다는 의미이고, 다른 하나는 언어 현상별로 주제를 정하여 차근차근 살펴가겠다는 의미이다. 그를 위하여 번역노걸대, 노걸대언해, 중간노걸대언해, 노걸대신석언해, 청어노걸대언해, 그리고 몽어노걸대언해를 검토 대상자료로 삼고, 일단 노걸대류에 보이는 ‘부사’에 주목하기로 하였다. 먼저 노걸대의 자료적 성격과 현전하는 상황을 살피고, 부사에 관심을 가지되 부사가 보여주는 다양한 이해 가능성에도 주목하였다. 개별 어휘 하나하나에 대한 관심을 가지되 그들이 자료와 장면에 따라 달리 나타나는 점에 주목하여 개별 어휘로서의 부사는 물론 부사들 사이의 통시적 또는 공시적인 관계에도 유념하였다. 아울러 문장 속에서의 개별 부사의 역할이 중국어와 몽골어 그리고 만주어와 같은 언어 사이의 차이와 자료의 간행 연대가 보여주는 시간상의 차이와의 관련성도 살폈다. ‘노걸대’의 부사를 모두 찾아 정리하고, 자료별로 비교를 행한 ‘노걸대’의 부사 목록을 대상으로 부사파생, 부사의 어휘 변화, 부사에 반영된 음운 변화, 유의어, 한글과 한자 또는 연철과 분철 등의 표기, 부사의 수식 범위, 부사와 관련된 어순 등의 문제에 관하여 살펴보았다.

This manuscript comprehensively explores “Nogeoldae,” one of the foreign language textbooks of the Joseon Dynasty. This comprehensive review has two aims. First, it aims to compare and review Nogeoldaes, which are currently passed down, in one place. Second, it seeks to undertake a step-by-step examination by determining the subject for each language phenomenon. To achieve these aims, Beonyeok Nogeoldae, Nogeoldae Eonhae, Junggan Nogeoldae Eonhae, Nogeoldae Sinseok Eonhae, Cheong-eo Nogeoldae Eonhae, and Mong-eo Nogeoldae Eonhae were established as the target data for the review, and the adverbs in the Nogeoldae textbooks were first examined. First, the characteristics and research trends of Nogeoldae up until present times were explored. Additionally, by focusing on the adverbs, the possibility of the various understandings reflected by the adverbs was considered. Although individual vocabularies were explored, their appearance, which varied by material and scene, was noted, and thus, the adverbs were examined as both individual lexical entries as well as by situating them within the context of their diachronic or synchronic relationships. The differences in adverbs across languages, including Chinese, Mongolian, and Manchu, as well as changes in adverbs according to the publication year of Nogeoldae were examined. All the adverbs in Nogeoldae were collected and organized, and issues such as derivational adverbs, lexical alteration of adverbs, euphonic change reflected in adverbs, synonyms, Hangul and Hanja or syllabication spelling, the range of adverb modification, and word order associated with the adverbs were explored. This was accomplished by using the list of adverbs in Nogeoldae and comparing them across various materials.

This paper aims to analyse and compare the usage patterns of two emotional adjectives of ‘기쁘다’ and ‘즐겁다’ through corpus analysis as a case study to find out differences among synonymous words. The focus of this analysis is on revealing syntagmatic similarity and difference in syntactical patterns rather than on describing semantic difference of the words. We adopt conjugation, syntagmatic relations, and structural patterns as an analytical framework by referring to previous studies. The analysis results show that the two words, ‘기쁘다’ and ‘즐겁다’, have different frequencies in inflectional forms, which are in turn found to have a variety of similarity and difference in their collocations and grammatical patterns. This analysis of syntactical pattern of two synonymous words will pave the way for a new approach to Korean vocabulary teaching and learning, and contribute to the Korean lexicography by providing reliable materials related to the case frame and structural pattern of words.

The Semantic Analysis of the Synonyms ‘ataeru’ and ‘yaru’ Kim, Ok-Yeong There are two verbs 'yaru' and 'ataeru' in Japanese which mean 'to give.' When the object moves from the one who gives to the one who receives, the difference between the two verbs is largely shown in two points of view. 1. When the object belongs to concrete things 'yaru' is basically used, which also features privacy that it mostly comes to be used in dialogic style. 'Ataeru' has subject given by official institutions, and is mostly used in written style as explanatory texts. It also imply the higher position of the subject who gives, that when we use 'ataeru' to the equal or a little subordinate part giving the subjective thing to them it hears like the superiority on our part or a joke. When it comes to time time does not belong to concrete things but shares additivity with them, that it is also used in the case of 'yaru' and in the one of giving one's son or daughter as a spouse. 2. When the object belongs to abstract things 'ataeru' is used. The cases are when giving abstract things, when imposing works, obligations or fines, when conferring value or authority, when giving advice, orders or explanations, when affecting mental effects, and others.

The purpose of this study is to investigate meaning differences among the synonyms of Chinese characters. This study compares diachronically the meanings of Chinese characters which appear in the section of ‘Keemyung (utensil; tableware)’ classified in Hun-Mong- Ja-Hoe with those which are in supplementary books or dictionaries for Chinese characters, such as Sin-Jeung-Yu-Hab, Cheon-Ja-Mun, Wae-Eo-Yu-Hae, Jeon-Un-Ok-Pyeon, Ja-Ryu-Ju-Seok, A-Hak- Pyeon, Ja-Jeon-Sok-Yo, and Shin-Ja-Jeon, It also analyzes the semantic features of Chinese characters that belong with each meaning to find out syntactic and semantic development processes of the meanings of Chinese characters. For the semantic analysis, this study selected 32 characters with the same meaning, which belong to ‘Sickee (dishes)’, out of 312 characters that appear in the section of ‘Kee-Myung’ in ‘Hun- Mong-Ja-Hoe (teaching children to master chinese characters)’. There are some characteristics in those characters as follows. First, they retain conservativeness rather than modification in common vocabulary and the meaning related to basic vocabulary didn't bring that much alteration. Second, while the meaning of other sections of ‘Hun-Mong-Ja-Hoe’ has a tendency to consist of chinese characters, that of ‘Kee-Myung’ mainly consists of a native tongue. Third, the meaning of ‘Kee-Myung’ has rarely become an obsolete word. Since most meanings are a native tongue, they have gone through modification. Finally, while the meanings of other sections of ‘Hun-Mong-Ja-Hoe’ have lots of inflected words, such as verbs and adjectives, there are only nouns in the section of ‘Kee-Myung’.

This thesis aims to make clear the different meaning of five synonyms which are ‘부끄럽다(buggrubda), 창피하다(changpihada), 수줍다(sujubda), 쑥스럽다(sshukssrubda), 수치스럽다(suchisrubda).’ This study examines the sentences which the words ‘부끄럽다, 창피하다, 수줍다, 수치스럽다, 쑥스럽다.’ are used; that is, when and in which situation people use these words. ‘부끄럽다’ is widely used in both positive and negative situations. ‘창피하다’ is mostly used in negative situations and expresses external shame. It is related to the thinking of others and negative behavior of a doer. Also ‘수치스럽다’ is used in negative situation but it expresses internal shame. It is related to the thinking of a doer and damage of one's personality, honor, and a social position. ‘수줍다’, ‘쑥스럽다’ are used in positive situations and they are related to the person’s attitude and behavior. ‘수줍다’ is used to reveal the person’s character and it needs durability(a long time). On the other hand ‘쑥스럽다’ expresses the emotions of the moment. And it presupposes positive effects or results of a doer. But ‘수줍다’ is not. This thesis shows an effective order of those five words by stage and effective teaching methods when teachers instruct those words to Korean language learners who want to know the differences of the words and use the words in proper situations. words and use words properly the situations.

The main purpose of this study is to classify conversion into two types: primary conversion and secondary conversion, and to deduct and classify the meaning patterns and grammatical functions from the conversion process and reveal the characteristics of the conversion of nouns, verbs, and adjectives. It also aims to show how conversion in English should be rightly interpreted in English sentences without any misunderstanding from the semantic aspect. This paper is aimed at reviewing the blocking phenomena of conversion from the standpoint of phonological blocking, morphological blocking, and semantic blocking based on blocking and principles pre-emption suggested by Aronoff(1976) and Clark & Clark(1979). I have also revealed why those words used in conversion are blocked and pre-empted in the process of conversion.

Natural language watermarking (NLW) is a kind of digital rights management (DRM) techniques specially designed for natural language documents. Watermarking algorithms based on synonym substitution are the most popular kind, they embeds watermark into documents in linguistic meaning-preserving ways. A lot of work has been done on embedding, but only a little on steganalysis such as detecting, destroying, and extracting the watermark. In this paper, we try to distinguish between watermarked articles and unwatermarked articles using context information. We evaluate the suitability of words for their context, and then the suitability sequence of words leads to the final judgment made by a SVM (support vector machine) classifier. IDF (inverse document frequency) is used to weight words’ suitability in order to balance common words and rare ones. This scheme is evaluated on internet instead of in a specific corpus, with the help of Google. Experimental results show that classification accuracy achieves 90.0%. And further analysis of several influencing factors affecting detection effects is also presented.

본 논의는 [[감정형용사+-고]+감정형용사] 형식으로 감정형용사가 연결되는 양상을 살펴보았다. 이로써 한국어에서 감정을 표현할 때 두 개 이상의 감정형용사를 접속하여 표현하는 사례가 적지 않음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 해당 구성으로 어울려 사용하는 감정형용사를 파악함으로써 한국어 학습자가 감정형용사의 개별 어휘 의미를 보다 분명하게 이해하고 표현하 는 데 도움을 줄 수 있다. 한국어 학습자가 한국어로 감정을 표현할 때 복합적인 감정을 표현하거나, 풍부한 감정 표현을 만드 는 데 도움을 줄 수 있다고 보았다. 본 논의에서 보인 [[감정형용사+-고]+감정형용사] 용례 및 빈도가 한국어 감정 어휘 교 수-학습에 작게나마 도움이 되기를 기대해 본다.

This discussion looked at how emotional adjectives are connected in the format [[emotional adjective + ‘-ko(and)’] + emotional adjective]. As a result, it was confirmed that there are quite a few cases in which two or more emotional adjectives are used to express emotions in Korean. This can help Korean learners understand and express the individual lexical meanings of emotional adjectives more clearly by identifying emotional adjectives that are used together with the corresponding configuration. It was believed that it could help Korean language learners express complex emotions or create rich emotional expressions when expressing their emotions in Korean. It is hoped that the examples and frequency of [[emotional adjective+‘-ko(and)’+emotional adjective] shown in this discussion will be of some help in teaching and learning Korean emotional vocabulary.