Earticle

China underwent dramatic economy development during the past three decade years, the process of urbanization is one of the most important one, the success of reformation and policy in China fully reflected in the process of urbanization. In such a government-oriented country like China, the policy factor plays more important role on urbanization. This article compares and contrasts the national urbanization policy during Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao periods, focusing on continuities and differences during the tenure of the two party leaders, because the urbanization policy of these two periods not only reflects the consistency of the general policy but also the changing of the understanding of the specific content of urbanization. Because in the policy process, the important elements include the actors and their roles in public policy, the models favor to understand the way policy work. Also the policy tools which are elements in policy design that causes agents or targets to do something hopefully in advance of the policy. This article mainly consists of a review of the main policies of the two periods, a comparison of the two periods from the following aspects: major development aims, major development actors, major development strategies, major development tools, major development model and population migration. And then tries to answer is what factors continued across both periods and represented longer trends in Chinese policy that are likely to continue into the future versus what factors varied with short-term leadership policy choices.

Since the collapse of the Marcos regime in 1986 democratization movement led to the Constitution of 1987 and Local Government Code of 1991 which have served as an institutional foundation for comprehensive decentralization reform in the Philippines. The political, administrative and fiscal decentralization are included in the reform, in particular, while the citizen participation was virtually improved as a way of the political decentralization reform. Due to the reform mentioned above it is noticeable to discover civil society organizations proper significantly since 1991 and their impacts on the development of local governance. In this study local governance of the Philippines was analyzed in two different perspectives: the structural and the procedural aspects which presumably correspond to the quantity and the quality of citizen participation. In the former perspective the quantity of citizen participation was very much increased and made great contribution to the growth of local governance. In the latter view, contradictory conclusions were drawn. Some civil society organizations such as the Center for Popular Empowerment have been very active in conceiving and promoting various programs and events for developing urban governance. In particular, their activities has been focused on the urban poor. To the contrary, citizen participation in the governmental committees and boards has served as a symbol of rhetoric rather than substantial contribution. This is an evidence that local governance in the Philippines has been still affected by a small group of junta characterized by the traditional local elites. To deal with the local patronage with a high level of citizen participation would be a final task in the process of developing local governance in the Philippines.

Substantial budgets and national energy have invested in consolidation of local government. However, some attempt of consolidation give rise to severe conflict as well as there are few successful consolidation. The purpose of this paper is to find out the efficient ways to promote consolidation of local government in korea by comparison with Japanese consolidation policy. The comparative analysis is conducted by focusing on the policy objectives and backgrounds, policy contents, consolidation process and strategies, performance of consolidation. Japanese local system investigation committee has institutional stability including mayors and local councilors as committee members contrary to korea's promoting committee for local administrative system. Both countries provide similar incentives on consolidation, but in Japan, there is asymmetrical decentralization system. Furthermore, Japanese government changed finance adjustment system on local government to enhance self-reliance. It is turns out that the performance gap between korea's inactive consolidation and Japan's massive consolidation mainly results from institutional differences above mentioned. Therefore, it is required to refer the Japanese case carefully for the Korean successful consolidation policy.

Social Media is an efficient communication media and an effective collaboration tool in both government and business organizations. Many government organizations introduce social media for diverse goals. But most of them are confusing in the process of introducing and utilizing social media. Thus, this study aims to develop social media maturity model which are successfully used by organizations attempting to improve their processes, products and delivery system concerning social media use. After review of prior cases of social maturity model, this study developed social media maturity model to compare Korean and American government security organizations. It contains five criteria; those are strategy, organization, integration, education and law. And its levels are introducing level, growing level, settlement level. After comparison, this study recommend five strategies to utilize social media in korean government security organization such as Ministry of National Defense; multipurpose goal-setting strategy, multi-presence orientation, integration strategy between web and social media, education strategy for organization member, and law-making strategy.

In the innovation system theory, the role of policy and public action remain unexplored because the innovation system is regarded as the result of historical process. Policy is almost treated as an exogenous variable of the process of innovation. Therefore, this perspective is problematic when we try to explain the transformation of innovation system. Japan and Singapore has been considered as states that accomplished the rapid success of the bio-industry. Now, Japan and Singapore's the development level of the bio-industry is located in the second or third place in the world. Both states, therefore, has been separately studied as the typical cases of the innovative success in the bio-industry. Many studies, however, has analysed the surprising growth of both states through the simple application of national innovation system. Many researches has not explained the change of the national innovation resulted by the effective systemic instruments of the innovation policies. Besides, the comparative researches on the successes of bio-industry of both states were rarely founded. Therefore, I attempt to analyse the way and process of transformation in Japan and Singapore's innovation systems within the framework of the innovation policy and systemic instruments.

The purpose of this study is to empirically analyze the impacts of policy effects to boost basic industries on local employment. According to economic base theory, the policy of boosting basic industries affects basic employment portions in the region. In turn it affects ultimately regional economic growth. Therefore, based on economic base theory this study analyzed the impacts of basic employment portion on local employment through empirical statistical model targeted on cities and counties in Korea. However regional economic growth is not solely determined by basic employment portion. Thus, other determinants which are not supported by economic base theory, such as general supply and demand factors affecting non-basic industries, were controlled in the model. To measure basic employment portion, location quotient analysis was employed in this study, and OLS regression model is utilized as a statistical tool.

the competitive entrance system and the non-competitive entrance system. Korean government has promoted the non-competitive entrance system in order to complement professionalism and openness of bureaucratic organization. The orientation of this study is to upgrade the quality of Korea public administration in order to strengthen Korean government's professionalism and openness. Therefore, the main purpose of this research aims to analyze how professionalism and openness of bureaucratic organization affect the organizational performance. According to the research, the stronger the openness is, the higher organizational citizenship and organizational commitment is. Also, it is revealed that high availability of professionalism leads to the organizational citizenship, organizational commitment and job satisfaction. This recruit system has a positive effect on the achievement of organization. It is predicted that the non-competitive entrance system contributes to Korean government when well talented applicants in private sector are employed. If the opened employment structure of government is enlarged, the non-competitive entrance system can affect organizational performance positively.

Technological innovation policies have to promote social and economic environment which make people easily to accept new technologies, as well as to develop new technology. In the sense that scientific technology should progress together with society, this study presents the current state of the researches on GM and indicates the direction of future studies. 253 articles from 115 academic journals are categorized by the differences in academic disciplines, contexts, methodologies, and classified by the time and researchers. The research findings are summarized as follows: (1) 49.41% of the total articles are concentrated in the area of law. On the other hand, the articles from the areas of public relations, education, and public policy are relatively scarce. (2) The contexts of most articles are related to laws and institutions. (3) Over 90% of them were produced during the last 10 years. (4) Methodologically speaking, all the articles(124) of the law area belong to the literature research. Whereas 42.59% of the economic area were belonged to the empirical research, most articles of public administration could be classified as with the mixed research methodologies. (5) While most work organizations of the researchers centers on universities, the researchers highly ranked by the number of articles belongs to various research institutes.

This study intended to make a comparative analysis of our country’s medical benefits plan; a representative policy of the residual medical security system and the US Medicaid. Through this, this study aimed to inquire into policy alternatives for reinforcing the public health care coverage of medical benefits. The analysis results are as follows: First, the medical benefits plan puts emphasis on the centralized unity whereas in case of Medicaid, a far-reaching scope of autonomy is given to the state government in the area of recipient selection, service contents, and medical fees, etc. Second, the medical benefits plan invests the right to medical benefits with focus on households while Medicaid applies individualized selection criteria differently. Third, the medical benefits plan offers medical services through the three-stage medical delivery system; on the contrary, in Medicaid, dominated is the managed-care-centered medical delivery system through the contract with a medical institution. Fourth, the medical benefits plan in relation to medical fees adopts a ‘Fees for Service’ system as a central policy whereas the managed medical care forms a nucleus in Medicaid. Lastly, both the medical benefits plan and Medicaid control the demand for medical services through a user fee for the medical care system, but this study could confirm that the latter applies this system more strictly than the former. Consequently, it’s necessary to reflect individualized characteristics more aggressively in the selection of recipients, and to get the local government to take account of regional characteristics by vesting local governments with the extensive authority.

This study tested the validity and reliability of the authentic leadership questionnaire(ALQ) used worldwide to see if it is applicable for small and medium businesses in Korea. Data were collected from 614 employees working for small and medium businesses located in Seoul and Gyunggi Province and analyzed by SPSS(20.0) and AMOS(20.0) programs for factor analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and internal reliability. Results were as follows. First, exploratory factor analysis showed two factors, 15 items instead of 4 factors, 16 items of ALQ. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the construct validity of 2 factors. Further analysis showed 2 factor model produced from this study has better model fitness than the original 4 factor model. Correlation of authentic leadership and positive psychological capital as a standard were tested to confirm the concurrent validity and was found to be related at a significant level and concurrent validity was confirmed. Secondly, Internal consistency alphas(Cronbach's alpha) of two factors were . 92 and .75 and were at acceptable levels. Results revealed that 4 factor model of 16 items of authentic leadership questionnaire, despite having been used worldwide and its validity and reliability tested and confirmed for large corporations in many countries including Korea, needs further research before it could be used for small and medium businesses in Korea.

Local autonomous entities have contributed to the settlement of grass-roots democracy as much of the power was transferred from the central government. In addition, the accountability of power made them to develop diverse and professional efforts to improve the quality of life of local residents and the growth of local economy. Cheongdo-gun, Gyeongsang providence, the subject of the present study has been actively exploring ways of the community development based on its position as the birthplace of Saemaul Undong. Apparently, Saemaul Undong is a national movement which has become the foundation of Korean economic development. For this, the substantial efforts of Cheongdo-gun to introduce a qualification system for Saemaul experts can lay the foundation of community development. Therefore, the results of the present study suggest the development direction of a qualification system for Saemaul experts as followings: the construction of collaboration for a qualification system among Saemaul Undong related Universities and groups, the creation of the continuous support system for the activity of Saemaul experts, and the establishment of qualification education system with use of academic credit bank system.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the cases of qualitative evaluation in the foreign journals such as Evaluation, Evaluation Review, Qualitative Inquiry, and Qualitative Research. Tough these days interests to the qualitative evaluation have increased in Korea, the research results are not accumulated. There are some articles on the qualitative evaluation which used several qualitative methods such as in-depth interview, focus group interview, and participants observation. However there is few article which focused on the contribution for qualitative evaluation. For the implication for Korean research, we reviewed eight foreign cases. Nevertheless also foreign researches are not so many, they suggested some core components for qualitative evaluation. The most thing is the voice of shakeholders in the every policy scene. And it needs more research for evaluating the quality of the qualitative evaluations.

This study analyzed the recognition path of male elderly’s suicidal ideation as their suicide rate has been increased. It was studied whether a subjective sense of poverty and an inter-generational family solidarity have an influence on suicidal ideation. In particular, the effects of life stress as a parameter on suicidal ideation are investigated. The survey has shown that a subjective sense of poverty has a negligible effect on suicidal ideation, while an inter-generational family solidarity and emotional-social loneliness inventory are considered as primary factors of suicidal ideation. In addition, it is proved that life stress (as a parameter) is closely related to suicidal ideation. Thus, in order to prevent suicide of male elderly, it is required to establish various programs to reduce emotion_social loneliness inventory and improve family relations. Furthermore, the political and practical proposals need to be equipped for managing life stress actively.

The purpose of this research is to suggest the directions for developing MWR policies to strengthen combat capabilities of numerically inferior Reserve forces of ROK. Method df research are as follows; derive 19 factors to improve the quality of MWR through the first round of survey and than analyze the priority of those factors through an additional survey. 315 reserve throops were subject for surveys including 156 mobilization designee and 159 non-mobilization designee. In addition, survey were conducted in consolidated training sites in vicinity of Chung-cheong Province. The result showed that the top priority is the increase of compensation for daily training, second priority is the implementation of merit point institution for military service, third priority is the replacement of individual firearm, fourth priority is the improvement of meal quality and fifth priority is the replacement of training aids. Sixth of tenth priorities included barrack facility improvement. toilet facility improvement, academic expense support(scholarship, no interest loan). Considering history of warfares and future battle aspects, the states-of-the-art weapon systems may dominate battlefields, however Civil Military Operation and Special Operation require "man-centered operation." In other to transform the Reserve forces from their supportive role to elite forces accompanying forces. MWR factors must be sequentially provided in the order of higher priority.

This study examines multiple dimensions(customer/positive, customer/ negative, owner/positive, owner/negative) of public employees’ perceptions on citizens and further investigates how these dimensions are related to compliance to performance management system based on in-depth interviews and surveys. Findings identified in this study are many: First, it turned out that there were clear four dimensions on the perceptions like customer/ positive, customer/negative, owner/positive, owner/negative. Second, public employees tended to believe the importance of citizen participation over time. Public employees who percept that citizen is owner believe the importance of citizen participation more strongly than public employees who percept that citizen is customer. Also, Public employees who percept that citizen is positive to public employees believe the importance of citizen participation more strongly than Public employees who percept that citizen is negative to public employees. And finally, we learned that positive attitude and perceptions to citizens are a necessary first step to enhance the level of performance in a public organization. Findings and implications are discussed.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the acculturation, social distance, Korean language proficiency, and adaptations impact of policy suggestions for Korea's foreign students in adjusting to Korean university life. A questionnaire in Chinese was used to survey the Chinese international students of one university in Chungcheongnam-do, Korea. Frequency analysis, t-test, ANOVA, hierarchical regression analysis were performed. First, this study found that for separation of acculturation, men scored higher than women. Marginalization increased according to length of stay. Separation was higher when the period of stay was shorter. Second, social distance increased with the length of stay. Third, Korean language proficiency was higher with a longer length of stay. The factors influencing Chinese international students in adjusting to University life include: First, the sub-areas affected by the variables influencing Chinese international students in adjusting to college life included social distance, Korean language ability and acculturative assimilation, separation, integration, and marginalization. Second, important variables impacting the adjustment to university life were social distance, and Korean language skills.

In this paper, we work in the country in Multi-cultural Family Support Center(MFSC) of workers working environment and job satisfaction survey identified the problem and to suggest ways to improve is the purpose of the study. This survey being served 140 people conducted on the ten Center in City and county of Chung nam Province. According to the survey itself, workers job satisfaction was low, than complain about the working agencies for job dissatisfaction factor remuneration levels and employment status was found to be unhappy about. Excessive work and holiday work frequently lower than the level of remuneration should realize the greater demand, and then most of the full-time switch to the non-regular forms of employment was hoping to write. Longevity is not equipped with the promotion system, support services for migrant women than for the comprehensive assessment of the target due to the uniform business evaluation of the relative lack of self-esteem for the job that was investigated. Foreign business over the center section often difficult to do their jobs, to work overtime or on weekends were higher fatigue duties. MFSC in Chung-nam workers mostly lower overall job satisfaction survey research through more precise because the morale and support measures will be considered from various angles. What is more urgent task to improve the treatment of workers unhappy with the environmental factors working conditions and salaries will have to improve the system as a first priority.

The voluntary activity is the important thing that can supplement society’s human·material resource scarcity. The more complex the society is, the more important the activity is. The sense of community is restoring humanity, enhancing the responsibility, cherishing citizenship, sacrificing oneself for the community through the mutual solidarity. There is a growing need for the sense of community in the current generation overflowing with egoism and individualism. This study aimed to devise a scheme to allow undergraduate students’ volunteers participating in local community to improve satisfaction with activity commitment, and willingness to continue those activities despite difficulties in the practice. To do this, a survey was conducted with volunteers participating in tasks related to local community’ volunteer agencies in Daejun, Chungnam and Chungbuk Province. Our researchers conducted questionnaire and interviews with 176 local art students. This study attempted to present a structural model for the relationship between the degree of volunteer work of students and their volunteer activity validity and the findings of the study are expected to make a contribution to the effectiveness and sustainability of volunteer work and the development possibility of new volunteer work areas. It needs construction of recognition and reward systems in several forms for reinforcing volunteer activity validity.