Earticle

Cambodia has very good potential for agriculture such as climate, land, and precipitation, etc. Nevertheless, owing to backward agricultural production technology and poor capacity of farmers, agricultural productivity of Cambodia is very poor compared with neighboring countries. Recently, to improve agricultural productivity, the Cambodian government enacted the Agricultural Cooperative Law and has made efforts to improve cultivation technology, treatment after harvest, and distribution environment of agricultural products. To achieve the goal, it also hope assistance from international development cooperation. Cambodian agricultural producers are placed in external diseconomy effects caused by unstable agricultural competitive market. This study intends to suggest an idea to remedy imbalance of agricultural production incomes by activating cooperatives. This study suggests the followings as ideas to activate cooperatives in Cambodia. First, considering that, because of poor infrastructure for improvement of agricultural productivity, activation of functions and operation of cooperatives should be promoted. Second, It is necessary to cultivate specialists for international cooperation to activate cooperatives. Third, by encouraging agricultural producers who lack agricultural productivity infrastructure to participate in operation of cooperatives, we need to create a new system to overcome the problem of the infrastructure.

The purpose of this study were to indicate social psychological crisis for social workers. The variables for the study included retirement preparation, self-esteem, perceived health awareness for social psychological crisis. The data were collected from 328 employees of the social workers who gave their informed consent and completed a self-reported questionnaire in October, 2017. A structural model analysis was established and used to assess parameters such as retirement preparation, self-esteem, subjective health awareness for social psychological crisis. The fitness of the hypothetical model was adequate(CMIN/DF=1.547, GFI=0.970, TLI=0.972, CFI=0.989, IFI=0.990, RMR=0.016). Analysis of the hypothetical model demonstrated that the total effects of retirement preparation were significantly correlated with social psychological crisis. The explanation power of the hypothetical model was 24.8%. The factors that influenced on the retirement preparation was self-esteem and perceived health awareness and the explanation power was 26.5%, 16.4%. The results of this study indicate that it is necessary to develope retirement preparation to reduce social psychological crisis.

This study evaluates the operational processes and proposes measures for improving the development of two Saemaul pilot projects in Vietnam. To this end, a stakeholder analysis was performed considering that there are various stakeholders participating in this project and as it focuses on the complexities of the stakeholders with different national and organizational backgrounds involved in the resident-led development process of Saemaul Undong. The result shows that the topics and agendas can be categorized as “self-motivation of villagers”, “project selection”, “project planning”, “recognition and expectation of performance”, “project support”, and “leadership”. Also, the statements from the stakeholders indicated that each stakeholder has different perceptions and relationships with each topic. The most significant difference was highlighted on the field in the context of conflicting conditions and characteristics, which undermined the process of the project. In order for Saemaul Undong to become a successful model for overcoming poverty in developing countries, firstly, it requires a solid foundation for localization. Secondly, a cooperative long-term management plan should take place. Lastly, it is necessary to build an organic cooperation system between organizations.

This study conducted a survey with geriatric care helpers working at elderly care facilities in Gyeonggi-do and analyzed the impact of their job stress on their organizational effectiveness with ego resiliency as a mediating factor in order to get the basic data for the enhancement of geriatric care helpers’ organizational effectiveness(organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and decrease of turnover intention). As a result of the analysis, it was found that the geriatric care helpers’ job stress had a negative (-) impact on their organizational effectiveness, but their ego resiliency had a positive (+) impact on it, so it needs to pay attention to geriatric care helpers’ ego resiliency to enhance their organizational effectiveness. The results suggest that it is necessary to increase geriatric care helpers' ego resiliency so that they can be flexible and effectively cope with stress, internal anxiety and tension, etc. Thus, it is judged that it would be necessary to make a clinical approach, focused on ego resiliency in the future to enhance geriatric care helpers’ organizational effectiveness.

The purpose of this study was to investigate problems and improvement devices of Self-Government Association(SGA) in the Uup · Myon · Dong which is conducting a trial run on the basis of The Special Act on Decentralization and Reform of the Administration System. The subject of this study was a total of 49 cases which were selected and operated on a trial basis by Presidential Committee on Local Autonomy Development. SGA’s problems that are derived from this study are as follows. First, in terms of the commission composition, it show that there are committee members' frequent vacancy and committee composition of the male-dominated. Second, in terms of office performance, it show that there are lacks of monetary benefits system for secretary and employees to take charge of affairs and limitations of organization operation. Third, in terms of financial support, it show that there are inadequacy of committee budget and seriousness of the regional budget deviation. Consequently, improvement devices for SGA’s development are as follows: the design of complementary system for the active participation of women and voluntary work of local residents, the introduction of the allowance system for secretary and staffs, and securing of the operating budget by the local government financial support.

This article attempted to establish a close relationship between governance and social capital in the context of the welfare state. Through this process, it confirmed that social capital is a condition which the governance of welfare is successful. Concretely, social capital would be a instrument of promoting interdependency, reciprocity, and trust that are integral factors for the formation of networks and partnerships and facilitating the participation of stakeholders in relation to welfare governance. In particular, social capital is important in that it provides the governance of welfare with an basis of solving collective problems. In regard to welfare governance the value of social capital is as follows: 1) formation of networks and partnerships, 2) fostering of trust and participation, 3) creation of collective action.

This study analyzes the perceptional characteristics on social enterprise by applying Q-methodology. After explicating the emergence of social enterprise and categorizing literature trends, the paper constructs the Q-sample with 21 Q-statements on five dimensions of social enterprise. The five dimensions consist of the purpose/raison d′etre of social enterprise, its management orientation, its market environment, the external administrative/financial/ technical support for it, and its future prospect. The Q-samples are answered by 27 research subjects, that is, four administrative officers, four executives of NGOs, three social enterprise employees, five professors, six employees of company general, and five college students. By utilizing the "PQMethods 2.35" program, this study illuminates some perceptional characteristics of the subjects on the five dimensions of social enterprise. Indeed, a set of academic suggestions as well as some policy implications can be drawn from the results that there exist diverse and somewhat corresponding/contradicting perceptions on the social enterprise. First of all, there is a need for an institutional device to minimize the existing or latent conflicts between the participants in the policy process of social enterprise. Finally, the paper discusses some improvement strategies for future researcher based on its own drawback/limitation.

In 1949, after the Kuomintang withdrew from the China mainland, it declared martial law throughout Taiwan and strengthened its’ control over the outbound population. In fact, immigration from outside was very limited in Taiwan. Taiwan is a political and military confrontation with China and has a dual system in the administration of immigration. In the 1980s and 1990s, the rapid economic growth led to an increase in foreign workers. Also, the marriage immigrants in Southeast Asian countries have been increasing, and social problems related to the transition to multicultural society have emerged. In 2007, National Immigration Agency was established as a general administrative agency. It integrated efficiency of immigration administration by integrating work and personnel related to immigration, which has been scattered among various ministries. It also established the long-term immigration policies and systematically supports immigrants. So far, the process of reform of Taiwan's immigration administration system is characterized by the following characteristics. First, the efficiency of immigration administration was improved through integration of immigration administration functions. Second, National Immigration Agency strengthened the planning function and the immigration management function, which were not enough in the previous administration, and emphasized human rights protection. Third, it strengthened the responsiveness of the on-site executive organization through localization.

The number of illegal foreigners has increased by more than 200,000. As a result, there is a growing voice of concern over the increasing trend of managing illegal foreigners in a comprehensive manner. The issues of security and crimes related to illegal foreigners and the human rights of illegal foreigners are mentioned. In addition, the increase of illegal immigrants and the spread of negative perceptions of immigrants due to potential threats should be recognized as important factors for future proactive immigration policies. This study intends to analyze and compare the policy of illegal foreigners in Japan in detail and to draw implications on the illegal foreigners management policy in Korea. To this end, we intend to analyze Japan's countermeasures against illegal foreigners, and propose alternative illegal foreigners management. As a result, it was proposed to make clear objectives for illegal foreigners management policy, to detect and share accurate illegal foreigners information, to promote actively PR in the collaborative base of related agencies, to secure the more intervention manpower and to institutionalize cooperation between related agencies.

Since the accrual basis accounting was adopted in 2007 at the Korean local governments, no study has examined the effects various types of government costs on the level of liability. Given accrual basis accounting produces government costs along with government function and characteristics, it is very meaningful to analyze the effects of government transfer to the private sector on government liability. This study empirically tests whether the level of government transfer to the private sector leads to an increase in the level of liability at the 16 metropolitan governments in Korea during 1998~ 2015 by employing panel dataset. The findings suggests that an increase in the level of government transfer to the private sector leads to an increase in the level and ratio of liability. Moreover, an increase in the level of personnel costs and other costs also results in an increase in the level and ratio of transfer. The findings of this study suggest that local governments should carefully monitor the level of government transfer to the private sector in order to maintain the level of liability as well as fiscal soundness. Futhermore, given that different types of government costs differently affects the level of liability, a care must be also taken in order to maintain overall local fiscal soundness. By employing accrual-basis accounting data, this study also enhanced the usefulness of accrual basis accounting at the local government level.

For dealing with environmental problems, due to the complex features of them it requires new environmental governance beyond government which can be operated under the relatively well-defined condition. This article suggest the necessity of transformation from environmental governance into sustainable development governance after reviewing the development of environmental governance in the view of Korean and world level. As Brundtland Report said, sustainable development governance must be based on administrative system with flexible and self-corrected capacities. For this, constitution has to say at the preamble we have to sustainable development as universal world value. And it has to be revised to consider the contradiction among the basic fundamental human rights such as environmental right or development right, and transform the existing constitutional organizations to metagovernance organizations for sustainable development.

The purpose of this study is to discuss the direction of regional media by analyzing the main status data related to local media. More specifically, we analyzed the problems faced by the local media in terms of major analysis phases such as the media promotion fund, the excessive local press number, the special law for the development. As a result of the analysis, Jeonbuk area had a large number of newspapers in comparison with the local population, and local governments did not have a distribution standard for public relations expenses that they spend on local media. The local newspaper development fund, which supports competitive newspapers, failed to achieve its original purpose and failed to improve the subscription market of the local newspaper and the restraint structure of the advertisement market. This study suggests the implications of the following research for the developmental change of local media. First, it is necessary to expand citizen participation in local newspaper reading campaign and local media. Second, it is necessary to strengthen the competitiveness of local media. Third, efficient operation of local newspaper support system is needed. Fourth, the introduction of local newspaper evaluation system and the preparation of public budget execution standards are needed.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the cases of conflict between the central government and the provincial office of education after the straight. First, the relationship between the Ministry of Education and the provincial office of education has the characteristics of the overlapping authority model and the collective authority model in relation to the relationship and type of government. Second, as a result of analyzing the cases of conflict between the Ministry of Education and he provincial office of education, Third, from the viewpoint of policy comparison, the policy which the Ministry of Education promotes at the national level when confined to the primary and secondary education areas includes national textbook development, curriculum planning and operation, policies related to education officials, Convergence and gifted education), and policy coordination and coordination functions that require standardization at the national level.

Saemaul Undong since 1970s was a great achievement in Korea, which leads to the export to the developing countries in Asia and Africa. However Saemaul Undong in Korea has not shown the future blueprint after its success, which seems to undermine its achievement. This paper reflects on its absence and tries to show what is the next step of Saemaul Undong. It is the respect to life-world and social happiness in it. Some Koreans feel that it is the time to respect the community which has been nearly collapsed, because the success of Saemaul Undong lead Koreans to individualization, which means that they have no such passion as to have interest in their community. Human beings live in two worlds: Life-world and system. The former is the concept similar to community and the latter is similar to the concept of association. The significance of life-world is the source of social happiness. Social happiness based on eudaimonia means being and doing well from the viewpoint of life-world, because it is closely linked to form of life. The role of government should help to increase social happiness. In order to do so, it should come nearer to the life-world, which happens in the UK. The representative of the UK’s case is community care. Saemaul Undong responding to the government policy covers the emphasis of work ethics, grass-root movement, and community care. This paper hints Saemaul Undong can be developed to a genuine Korean-born theory.

As the use of smart phones among teenage became a daily routine, the spreading of slang language in the SNS platform has been immense. As such, this research has focused on the cultural phenomenon acting apart from the users(juveniles) of the spreading of slang as the main cause of the that effects the spreading of the slang as the language culture of the juveniles. This study examines the applicability of the language meme as a language spreading medium by examining it from the viewpoint of the activity of the language meme which is difficult to control by the juveniles themselves. As a suggestion, to observe the juvenile slang spreading stages through the view point of meme, the proliferation is not the juvenile themselves, the selfish gene and the cultural imitator, meme, is the spreading force and the language replication as the contagion through juveniles, that are the optimal psychological and social condition of evolution as hosts. In other words, it is fair th say that a ‘juvenile language (slang) culture’ has been created in result of juveniles reacting to their self-effort for the evolution of meme. A more environmental rather than institutional regulation, in other words, a pan-social efforts to contain the spreading of slang from the assimilation stage is needed, as much as the creating of a wholesome media cultural environment. Furthermore, a continuous guidance for the language is needed from a paternalistic perspective in consideration of the characteristical language psychology of adolescent development. Only, the discussion of a scientific basis and application suitability of the meme phenomenon remains an assignment.