Earticle

Why is a policy initiative created and diffused? Is it because it brings political benefits to decision makers in public organizations? Is it because it produces practical outcomes for bureaucrats? Maybe both? How is this debate related with performance measurement initiative especially in developing country? This study attempts to come close to this big research question. Specifically, this study attempts to address three research questions; 1) how do the contingencies of political, economic, and social environment affect the adoption and implementation of performance measurement, especially in the context of developing country? 2) What are hidden forces to determine the characteristics of performance measurement systems? 3) What does the dynamic relationship among various factors imply for effective performance measurement activities not only in developing countries but in other countries? This paper takes a look at the whole picture of adoption and implementation of performance measurement initiative in South Korea with a holistic perspective. In order to analyze the complicated political and administrative dimension of developing country, this paper takes the Grindle & Thomas’ approach created to explain the dynamics of administrative reform as the analysis framework. Finally, a tentative conclusion is presented for the big research question that the logic of appropriateness is more persuasive in the context of performance measurement initiative of developing country.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate and compare the characteristics of the Asian outbound tourists to the United States. This study will contribute towards the new government and market policy formation pertaining to both the tourist generating and receiving countries. This paper serves as a window for understanding trends and characteristics of outbound tourism in Korea, China, Taiwan and Japan by describing the travelers’ characteristics and travel patterns of the visitors to the United States from 1996 to 2009. This paper also identifies the estimation of income and price elasticity which can be used in developing better informed public and private policies regarding the tourism demand. The results of this study indicate that Japan among the Asia is the number one inbound tourist market in the U.S. in terms of arrivals and expenditures. However, the highest spending per traveler is the Chinese tourist. The average price elasticity was estimated at about -1.671, while income and GNI elasticity were at 1.225 and 2.432. The statistical difference among the studied countries was not significant except the income elasticity. The main characteristics of the travel patterns from the Asian countries indicate that the Chinese traveler are mostly for business, although they enjoy sightseeing, on the other hand, the majority of the Japanese tourists to the U.S. tend to be short holiday trips of 8 days, minute in comparison with 29 day tours of Chinese tourists.

This paper examines the current system of job-creation support system at local level in Korea, using an analytical framework for comparative analysis, and attempts to put forward suggestions to make it more effective and efficient. For this purpose, it reviews the existing literature regarding job-creation, analyzes them with a critical perspective, and constructs an analytical framework which can be utilized to compare Korea and major OECD countries, especially in terms of job-creation support system. The analysis concludes that local government should introduce 'job-creation impact analysis system' by which all projects can be scrutinized and analyzed prior to final authorization in the perspective of whether each project can create any ancillary job, and whether how many it can. It also suggests that both central and local government need to pay attention to foreign direct investment in order to create jobs.

Social media is a very useful communication method and collaboration tool. This paper aims to recommend best ways to introduce and utilize social media, and to prevent or recover 'social media disaster' in Korean local autonomy governments. For the introduction and utilization of social media, and for the prevention or recovery from social media crisis, many foreign local governments announce 'social media policy'. Thus, this study tries to analyse 18 cases of foreign local governments' social media policy with boundary analysis and Pareto analysis. As a result of literature survey, this article recommends that 6 mandatory elements should be included in social media policy of local governments. These elements are social media department guidelines, account management and manager guidelines, employee user guidelines, contents guidelines, security guidelines, record management. And 4 selective elements can be included. Selective elements are agency/department procedure to introduce social media, citizen guidelines, and useful materials and tips.

Northeast Asia environmental cooperation regime still remains in an early stage. This article reviewed the current state of the yellow sand wind/storms in Northeastern Asia and explored the possibility of building a sustainable regime of regional environmental cooperation in their own ways. It has been witnessed that the governments of Korea, China, and Japan have established a mechanism for exchanging information and solving environment problems through intergovernmental networks such as TEMM, NESPEC, etc. Building up a more systematic environmental regime is suggested in this paper. Cooperation among the interested parties in the Northeast Asia region to solve the yellow sand storms problem may be difficult because the most important functions are carried out by intergovernmental national actors with a selfish motive. It may be helpful to construct a bilateral cooperation, because it will provide a discussion channel for establishing an environmental regime in this region. Yet, transnational environmental problems like the yellow sand storms issue urge nongovernmental actors to take a more aggressive role in dealing with itself. The different role played by various actors in the environmental cooperation network may make the building of an environment regime easier. In order to solve a regional problem like that of yellow sand storms in Northeast Asia, therefore, transnational solidarity between civil societies must be promoted. In this respect, a coordination organization and regional leadership that can manage cooperation networks and promote solidarity among Northeast Asian countries are required.

This study is analysis of social enterprise support in the policies of UK, Japan, and Korea. It shows three different categories of social enterprise. Which are institutional support for social enterprise, social resource and network support, and support in company capacity development. First issue is the field of institutional support for social enterprise. All three countries have all the laws for social enterprise. UK, Japan, and Korea recognize the importance of both the management consulting. And also has been actively supporting management consulting. Secondly, social resource and network support. On the field of cooperation with external organizations; the UK and Japan shows broad cooperation with civil society, government, and extensive corporation. On the other hand, in Korea, autonomous community is related, but cooperation and support is weak between civil society and an enterprise. The funding and mobilization, in the UK, has operated regional development finance and community development venture fund. Japan operates financing to support, and Korea operates such as Mi-So Finance and small business owners’ support are operating. Finally, support in company capacity development. The UK operates at national and local level. Japan operates through NPO Center, and Korea is operating through social enterprise support agencies. The UK is very active to spread awareness of social enterprises, Japan is relatively weak, and Korea is still behind.

The objective of this research is to find out the policy implication through a comparative analysis on industrial growth change of metropolitan city. The case study was performed for five metropolitan cities in Korea, which play an pivotal role in Mega-Econoimic Regions. A Shift-Share model was applied to investigate the industrial growth change of metropolitan city during 1999-2009. The data of census on basic characteristics of establishments and on establishments are utilized for the model. The analysis result of this research represented that the industrial growth change of metropolitan cities in recently 10 years had been driven significantly by the national growth effect, not by industrial mix effect and regional share effect. The positive value in total change effect for the analysis on industrial growth change for five metropolitan cities was observed largely in distribution & center service industry. In addition, business service, education service and health & social welfare industry showed positive value in regional growth effect. Incheon, Daejeon, and Gwangju metropolitan cities exhibited comparative advantage in service industry. Gwangju metropolitan city represented comparative advantage in finance & insurance industry. Daejeon metropolitan city showed comparative advantage in public administration, national defense & social security administration. Industrial policies to be able to foster high-tech manufacturing industries are highly necessary to continuously develop the service industry of metropolitan city.

Government officials's appeals are controlled by Central Appeals Commission and Local Government officials's appeals are controlled by Local Appeals Commissions which are installed in the Province or City. We can know the below three things after examining the results of both Appeals Commissions' determination from 2006 to 2010. First, there was a big deviation in the rate of relief. Second, there was also a big deviation in the determination about the type of similar illegal activities. Third, there is also a deviation in the rate of relief among 16 Local Appeals Commissions. This problem generates because controlling function in Province is insufficient. In other words, the tendency to be generous toward the Local Government officials can occur because disciplinary punishment and appeal affairs are controlled by the same Province. Like the illegal and unfair administrative measure is judged by the Administrative Appeals Commission as a higher-level office and an independent adjudicator, appeals judging as a kind of administrative judgement should also be carried out by higher-level office or an independent adjudicator. It is the best way to promote the objectivity and fairness of judgement. So I propose the jurisdiction problem between Central and Local Appeals Commission and the establishment of Appeals Judgement Law.

Korea has competitive know-how and experience in educational field, and Korean economic development is attributed to education. Many developing countries catch up Korean economic model, and especially they want to learn Korean education system and know-how through education ODA from Korea. Education ODA of Korea is increased and education ODA is highly requested from developing countries. However, the researchers say that most education assistance are one-time assistance, and the effect of assistance is problematic because of shortage of post project management. In this paper, Korea education ODA is overviewed, and improvement measures in education ODA is suggested as follows through evaluation of Souphanouvong University ODA project in Laos. Firstly, Education ODA needs to be supported through continuous post-project assistance. Secondly, Education ODA needs to be supported to make self-sustainable through continuous expert consulting. Thirdly, Education ODA needs to reflex industry prospection, labour supply and demand. Fourthly, Education ODA can be more effective through education specialist's close relation with government officers of recipient country.

The social economy, including community business and social enterprise is hard to institutionalize just by unilateral support of governments, because it is on the sector which private and public sector are mixed. The most important roles of community business are to share of local problems, to create new job opportunities, to supplement services necessary in localities, to make community regeneration. This objective of this article is to propose developmental direction of community business through comparative approach between Japan and Korea. Analytical factors are motive and perception level, support system, intermediary supporting agency, leader and residence participation, network of community business. Analytical ranges are community businesses of Japan and Korea(especially Chungnam Province). operational requirements for the acctualization of community business in Korea are as follows. 1)support of public agencies and private enterprises, 2)reorganization of supporting organization and funding system, 3)support from government and intermediary supporting agencies, 4)leaders' role and positive participation of residence, 5)systematic networking.

The elected as executive officers in local governments are very important actors in local administration and local politics. Most previous studies as to them focused on their personal traits to explain who were elected and what kinds of policies they produced, but they did not synthesized various studies and theories systematically as one model, so this made those researches fragmentary and the implications of the results limited descriptively. Based on it, this paper tried to build an integrated model for research on the elected. Our integrated model, in this paper, is composed by three steps and in each steps the elected's personal traits are used as an independent and dependent variable. The model included several moderate variables in each steps, such as the Party governance and partisan's traits, election ratio, the competence of local government etc, to measure and explain the influence of personal traits of the elected on dependent variables. Then this paper analyzed five traits of the elected from the 1st to the 5th local election descriptively and proposed several implications for the model and future research.

The purpose of this study is to find the most suitable way to build regional input-output tables. To achieve the goals, this study was based on the standard model of the 2005 Regional Input-Output Tables built by the Bank of Korea, and then compared models created by non-survey methods with the use of the 2005 national Input-Output Analysis. Through the comparative analysis, this study investigated the suitability of the estimate method. SLQ, CILQ, RLQ, FLQ, AFLQ, and RAS methods, which have been widely used by researchers, were used for estimation, and as for the suitability test, Correlation Analysis, Correlation Coefficient, the sum of MAD, and Chi-Square Analysis were performed in the study. As a result, RAS method turned out to be the most excellent one, showing that its Correlation Coefficient was 0.977, the sum of MAD was 1.479, and Chi-Square was 2.651. Six methods, however, had serious problems in building Regional Input-Output Tables. Therefore, to address the problems, it is necessary to find a method of building Regional Input-Output Tables.

The separation of dispensary from medical practice policy is an important case of attempting a substantive approach regarding the change of decision-making in studying policy decisions and changes, which is vital question. Despite a series of policy discussions for about 40 years, the policy mix of medical practice and dispensary was continued, and was converted to the separation of dispensary from medical practice ("SDMP"), which as remarkable change. This study is trying to analyze it by policy network approach. Based on both policy actor's involvement and policy actor's exclusion, it was analyzed as to how policy decisions were affected by the characteristics of policy actor and the dynamic relationship between these. Analysis result showed that major feature of SDMP's policy network was divided into 2 groups, core and periphery, in terms of policy actor's involvement and it was confirmed that the policy decisions and changes were decided by the core of policy actors. In addition, these relationship formed dynamic relationships at the center of policy interests, which could have an impact on policy decisions. At this time, it was also confirmed the open issues in the network strengthened the dynamic relationship more, rather than a closed policy community. In conclusion, it was confirmed that the continuation and change of policy decisions regarding SDMP showed institutional characteristics of the policy network.

The analytical focus of this study centers on how to treat the missing values in public administration research. Examining the mechanism of missing values in data gathering, the paper constructs a regression model for ordinal categorical data of the survey by the KOSSDA numbered A1-205-0040. Applying four solutions for missing values such as complete case analysis method, EM technique, regression methodology, and multiple imputation, this paper tries to approach the focus of the research. Results confirm that the complete case analysis method can not be an appropriate solution for missing values in reality. The higher the percentage of missing values in data set, the riskier the application of this solution. On the contrary, the other three solutions turn out to be the appropriate remedies for missing values in general. Especially, the usefulness of EM technique and regression methodology can be highlighted. In short, future research should accommodate the necessity/accessibility of scientific techniques as well as investigate the mechanism of missing values in a given data set.

The occurrence of conflicts between governments in decentralized and fragmented societies may become an impedimental element such as the waste of time and cost and the like but perform a positive role in inducing a reasonable solution by exposing the problems of unreasonable resource allocation and use. This study tries to find whether there exists any relationship between characteristics of conflict and choice of conflict management strategies. therefore, this study aims at researching the conflict management strategies of intergovernmental policy conflicts and policy suggestion. To achieve this aim, this study analyzes policy conflict of Jeonju-Si water service running water ratio improve project between Jeonju-Si and Jeollabuk-do and 'Okjung-Ho' water protection area between Imsil-Gun and GimjeJeongeup-Si. Jeonju-Si water service running water ratio improve project and 'Okjung-Ho' water protection area used negotiation as a tool to solve influence conflicts and interest conflict such as intervention of the third party and the press. It is best to pursue satisfactory resolutions of conflicts between stakeholder but sometimes it is unrealistic. we need to find a suitable solution that fits the real world.

This study aimed to see how life stress and self-esteem affected suicidal ideation for the elderly and if social support had moderation effects on each variable On this basis, an attempt was made to present a systematic and practical strategy to prevent the problem of suicide for the elderly. To identify factors affecting suicidal ideation for the elderly, the results of the survey conducted with 308 people aged 60 years and older who were using domiciliary community welfare facilities in Gyeonggi Province were analyzed. Age, living with family, health status, and living standards among socio-demographical characteristics of the elderly and self-esteem and social support among independent variables were found to affect suicidal ideation for the elderly, and the variable of social support was shown to have moderation effects on that of self-esteem. On the basis of these results, it is necessary to activate various projects for preventing the elderly from committing suicide on an institutional and practical basis in order to reinforce social support and self-esteem for the elderly with such problems.

There have been many changes in the world, China and the relation between the U.S. and China over the past 30 years. Mankind has made efforts to accomplish the diversity of international society, the globalization of economies and the revolution of science, since overcoming the cold war system, a form of extreme confrontation and conflict caused by ideology. The pursuit of prosperity, peace and mutual cooperation between nations over the world are an unquestionable important stream thought throughout international society. China has emerged as a New Power, and the U.S. has remained a Superpower. China differs from the U.S. in its acceptance of changes to the international system and its approach to treating the various problems of international society. Both countries also differ in choosing foreign policies toward each other. It is an undeniable fact that the U.S. and China are the driving forces to have the greatest affect on the international system. The change of the international system also affects foreign policies and relations between these two countries. However powerful the U.S. and China may be, they cannot refuse the forces in the international society and the international system, as the demands of the time persist as well as change. The Power Transition Theory is used for the basic paradigm for research in this paper. The issues reviewed in this paper are, The Power Transition of international society, the U.S. and China's recognition of the International System. Also their evaluation of each other's foreign policy and strategic choices including strategic relations between the two countries.