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This paper discusses the recent use of the foreign origin adverb “wan-chan”. The origin of “wan-chan” is assumed to be the English “one chance”. The adverb “wan-chan” roughly　means “unlikely, but possible”. Although “wan-chan” has a similar meaning to “hyotto-shitara”, “hyotto-shite”　 perhaps, etc., it tends to co-occur less frequently with interrogative forms and marked modality forms such as “kamo-shirenai” and shows relatively free behavior compared to these adverbial phrases. In Japanese, it is rare for a foreign origin word (“gairaigo”)to become an adverb, and in particular, it is extremely rare for a foreign word to appear as an adverb of probability.　The reason for this special situation is the lexical situation of presentday Japanese, in which there is no other adverbial of an inherent word that expresses low probability and is within four mora of an easily usable word.

이 글은 한국어판 「가시고기」와 중국어 번역판 「刺鱼」에 나타난 ‘잘’의 다의적 의미를 한국어와 중국어의 대응 양상을 고찰하였다. 우선 ‘잘’은 <한국어 사전> 4종을 바탕으로 19가지의 대표 의미를 정의하였고, 이를 바탕으로 <한ㆍ중 사전> 4종에서 18개의 중국어 대응 표현을 정리하였다. 또한 <한ㆍ중 사전>에서 제시한 2 가지 뜻풀이는 수정할 것을 제안하였다. 「가시고기」에는 총 55회의 ‘잘’이 등장하였는데, 이중에서 15개는 「刺鱼」에서 번역을 생략하였다. 생략한 15개의 예문은 ‘잘’의 명확한 의미가 표현되도록 대체나 보충한 결 과를 제시하였다. 「가시고기」에 등장한 ‘잘’의 의미는 앞서 제시한 19가지의 대표 의미 중에서 8가지가 나타 나며, ‘잘’과 공기 관계에 있는 동사는 17종 20개가 등장하였다. 본고는 ‘잘’의 다양한 의미를 통해서 한국어 번역에서 다양한 의미를 갖고 있는 한국어 다의어에 대한 번역의 중요성과 정확한 의미의 파악이 필요하다는 점을 지적하였다. 한편으로 ‘잘’은 공기하는 동사에 따라서 다의 적 의미가 발생한다. 그렇다면 ‘잘’과 공기하는 동사의 개수만큼 다의적 의미가 만들어진다고 할 수 있다. 이것 은 사전 기술에 있어서 매우 곤란한 점이다. 이를 해결하기 위해서는 ‘잘’이 갖고 있는 다의적 의미를 공기 관 계에 따라서 재분류할 필요가 있다.

It is ‘Jal(잘)’ looked at the equivocal meaning to Korean version of <Pungitius Sinensis(가시고기)> and Chinese version of <刺鱼>. This paper make out 19 meaning of four kinds of Korean dictionary and four kinds of Korean-Chinese dictionary were summarized in Chinese Corresponding Expression of 18 meaning. In addition, I suggest that the proposed modified two meanings in Korean-Chinese dictionary. There are a total of 55 meetings <Pungitius Sinensis(가시고기)> ‘Jal(잘)’ appeared, 15 are <刺鱼> was omitted from the translation. 15 examples omit the ‘Jal(잘)’ to reveal the precise meaning of the results suggested alternative or supplement. <Pungitius Sinensis(가시고기)> appeared in the ‘Jal(잘)’ is defined as the mean of 8 different meanings were ‘Jal(잘)’ and ‘Jal(잘)’ in co-occurrence relation with the verb is a 17 species 20 kinds. This article is a ‘Jal(잘)’ in such a variety of means to identify and have a variety of meanings in Korean translation for polysemic words grasp the importance and the need for precise meaning was pointed out. Meanwhile, the ‘Jal(잘)’ by co-occurrence verb changed depending on the meaning ‘Jal(잘)’ and the number of co-occurrence as an equivocal meaning of the verb is required, which is very difficult for the writing dictionary. So ‘Jal(잘)’ equivocal means is co-occurrence relation has re-classified and therefore, require careful review.

This study examines Koreans’ production of syntactically ambiguous English sentences with the scope of negation and focus adverbs. In the previous study done by Hirschberg and Avesani (1997) English speakers disambiguate scope of negation by varying the phrasing of the ambiguous sentence. Target utterances produced with wide scope rarely contain phrase boundaries, whereas those produced with narrow scope usually exhibit major or minor prosodic phrase boundaries in the middle of the utterances. In the production experiment we conducted to prepare for this paper, Korean subjects produced the same English utterances with prosodic boundaries in the middle of them for both wide and narrow scope contexts. The Korean subjects’ English competence made little difference in this case. In Hirschberg and Avesani’s study (1997) English speakers produce a focus adverb and the focused word with high pitch accents and deaccent all the other words within an utterance in a narrow focus context. In the case of broad focus context, namely, when a VP, not just a word, gets focused, English speakers produce high pitch accents for both the focus adverb and the whole VP. Korean subjects with good English competence produce the same English utterances like English speakers do, whereas Korean subjects with less English competence produce high pitch accents for most content words regardless of focus and information structure.

In this paper, I examine adverbs used in the form “X wa,” collecting actual examples and analyzing their formal characteristics with particular attention to their semantic functions. From the perspective of the independent use of “X,” the occurrences of “X wa” can be broadly classified into three types: ＜X / X wa＞, ＜X’ ni / X’ wa＞, and ＜X’ wa＞. The grammatical features of each type are then discussed in detail. The findings can be summarized as follows: In the case of ＜X / X wa＞, two major functions can be distinguished: the expression of a viewpoint and the expression of disclosure. The former includes adverbs such as ‘gutaitekini wa’ (“specifically”) and ‘tadashiku wa’ (“correctly”), which originally denote aspects or perspectives but, when used in the form “X wa,” regulate the content of the sentence while simultaneously influencing its mode of expression. The latter is exemplified by ‘hontō wa’ (“in fact”), which derives from adverbs indicating an extreme degree and functions as a declarative adverb revealing the speaker’s true intention. The adverb ‘jitsu wa’ (“actually”) takes the form ＜X’ wa＞ and conveys the meaning of disclosure, but with the distinctive feature of expressing the speaker’s subjective attitude in revealing something unexpected. Meanwhile, adverbs such as ‘arui wa’ (“or”) and ‘moshiku wa’ (“alternatively”), which denote indeterminacy, as well as ‘yō wa’ (“in short”), which denotes summarization, derive their semantic functions directly from the inherent lexical meanings of “X’.”

This paper discusses adverbs used with the copula “da” or “desu” in predicate usage, focusing on their forms of appearance. Specifically, the usage of “adverb+da” is categorized into two main types: “adverb +da” and “adverb+daga”. The following summarizes the grammatical features that can be inferred at this stage: When an adverb is used in the form “adverb+da”, it is often found expressing time, degree, or quantity. In cases where there is a semantic correspondence to its use as a modifier, parts of the predicate may be omitted, and it can sometimes function like an interjection. On the other hand, when no such semantic correspondence with a modifier is observed , the adverb functions like an adjective predicate to express the speaker’s evaluation or emotion. The adverb can also be used in the form “adverb+daga” as an independent expression or modifier.

In this paper, we considered the misuse of adverbs related to “mada”, which is commonly seen by Korean Japanese learners (hereinafter referred to as learners). In particular, I attempted to approach the background and causes of the misuse of “mada” with the particle “wa” from various perspectives. As a result, the following three points became clear. First, “mada” is an adverb specialized for subjective understanding of the situation, and there is a possibility that a discrepancy in understanding of the situation may occur between the speaker and the listener. Therefore, “mada” is merely an understanding of the situation set by the speaker himself, and it does not guarantee that the speaker will share his/her understanding with the listener. Second, like interrogative words, “mada” cannot be treated with the particle “wa” because it is indefinite. Third, in addition to the above-mentioned grammatical behavior of “mada”, the main cause of learners’ misuse of “mada” is a type of native language interference, that is, the difference between Japanese and Korean. In Korean, even indefinite elements are sometimes accompanied by a particle that corresponds to the particle “wa”, and this may have a considerable influence on the misuse of “mada.”

本稿では、韓国人日本語学習者(以下、学習者)によく見られる副詞の誤用のうち、 ｢まだ｣にまつわる誤用について考察を行った。とりわけ｢まだ｣を助詞の｢は｣で取り立 てる誤用について、その背景および原因について様々な観点からのアプローチを試み た。その結果、次の三点が明らかになった。第一に、｢まだ｣は主観的事態把握に特化 した副詞であり、話し手と聞き手の間で事態把握に対する認識の不一致が起こる可能 性がある。そのため、｢まだ｣はあくまでも話し手自身が設定した事態把握に過ぎず、 聞き手との認識共有までは保証されない。第二に、｢まだ｣は、疑問詞と同様に、不定 のものとして助詞｢は｣をもって取り立てることができない。第三に、学習者の誤用を 生み出す主な原因として、以上のような｢まだ｣の文法的振舞いの他にも、一種の母語 干渉、すなわち、不定を表す言語形式に関する日本語と韓国語の異動が揚げられる。 韓国語の場合、不定の要素でも助詞｢は｣に相当する助詞を伴う時があり、これが｢ま だ｣の誤用に少なからず影響している可能性がある。

현대중국어 ‘A地V’구문의 형용사 부사어는 동작이 진행되는 상태나 방식을 수식하 는 서술성 특징을 띠고, ‘V得A’구문의 형용사 보어는 어떤 동작으로 인해 야기된 상황을 보충, 설명하는 묘사성 특징을 지닌다. 본고는 ‘A地V’구문과 ‘V得A’구문의 호환 관계에서 관찰되는 비대칭성 현상에 대해 분석하였다. ‘A地V’구문과 ‘V得A’구문은 서로 호환이 가능한 공통점이 있지만 두 구문 의 호환 관계에는 일정한 제약 조건이 존재했다. 이를 밝히기 위해 본고는 우선 사건 구조적 대립 양상에서 호환 여부를 결정짓는 기본 조건인 ① 정도와 결과에 따른 사건 구조적 제약, ② 화용적 관점에서 본 의미 초점의 차이, ③ 형용사와 결합하는 경계성 동사의 조건에 대해 분석하였다. 분석의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 형용사가 지닌 정도와 결과의 의미자질 차이로 인한 비대칭 현상으로 정도를 기 술할 수 있는 형용사는 ‘A地V’구문으로 구현할 수 있고, 결과성을 함의한 동사와 결합하 는 형용사는 ‘V得A’구문으로 구현할 수 있었다. 둘째, 호환이 가능한 ‘A地V’와 ‘V得A’ 구문 간 의미적 초점의 차이가 존재했는데, ‘A地V’에서 의미 중심은 서술어에 있었고, ‘V得A’에서 의미 중심은 보어에 있었다. 그러나 ‘V得A’구문의 서술어에 형용사 보어와 동일한 의미를 함축하고 있다면 ‘V得A’ 구문은 성립될 수 없었다. 셋째, ‘A地V’구문과 ‘V得A’구문 간호환 관계가 성립되려면 전치 부사어와 결합하는 경계성 동사의 조건을 충족해야 했다. 즉, 형용사와 결합하는 경계성 동사의 조건에는 ‘시간의 경계’를 지어줄 종결점이 필요했다. ‘A地V’구문에서 동사 ‘V’가 순간 동사일 경우 시간의 경계를 지어 줄 경계성 표지 ‘了’를 부가하든지 서술어에 다른 목적어를 부가하여 경계성에 대한 구 분을 명확히 지어주어야 구문이 성립되었다. 본고에서 진행한 ‘A地V’와‘V得A’구문의 비대칭성 연구가 앞으로 중국어 교육 현장 의 교수･ 학습 현장에서 활용할 수 있는 유익한 툴이 되기를 바란다.

The adverbial modifier in the modern Chinese 'A地V' structure characterizes the state or manner in which an action is carried out, while the adjective complement in the 'V得A' structure supplements and describes a situation caused by an action. This study analyzed the asymmetry observed in the compatibility relationship between the phrases “A地V” and “V得A.” Both phrases share a common point that is compatible with each other, but certain constraints are imposed on their compatibility. To elucidate this aspect, this study first analyzed the basic conditions for determining compatibility in the aspect of the structural confrontation of events. As a result, compatibility was determined according to whether the predicate verb or adjective possessed the semantic properties of the result. Moreover, the study observed a difference in semantic focus between compatible “A地V” and “V得A” phrases. Asymmetry Study on the Modern Chinese Phrases “A地V” and “V得A” this study found that the center of meaning of the prepositional adverb in the phrase “A地V” was in the predicate, whereas that of the latter was in the phrase “V得A.” To establish a compatible relationship between the phrases “A地V” and “V得A,” meeting the conditions of the boundary verb combined with the prepositional adverb is necessary. If the verb “V” is an instant verb in the phrase “A地V,” then the boundary marker “了”that will define the boundary of time must be added, or another object must be added to the predicate to clearly distinguish the boundary. We hope that the asymmetrical study of the 'A地V' and 'V得A' structures conducted in this paper will become a beneficial tool for use in teaching and learning Chinese in educational settings in the future.

In the studies of event telicity, it is well known that a property of an object such as quantity is associated with a telic interpretation of an event. In English, for example, an object with quantity like ‘four apples’ can contribute to event composition so that an event with such an object can be telic. However, there are some data from other languages that indicate that elements other than a quantity object can contribute to event composition. For example, in Slavic, a preverb that appears as a prefix on a verb is associated with a telic event. This paper discusses several languages that indicate telic events by means of linguistic elements different from English, namely Slavic, Korean, and Mandarin. In these languages, the role of a quantity object is found to be very minor in indicating a telic event, compared to English. In some cases, an event with a quantity object does not show an absolute telic interpretation. In others, the presence of a verbal morpheme such as a preverb or an auxiliary verb can indicate a telic event, even without an object. This paper also discusses how the different means discussed in this paper can mark the same semantic property of an event, telic. It is suggested that like a quantity object in English these different means mark a predicate with the feature [quantity].

본고는 たくさん의 전형적인 용법인 명사의 수량을 나타내는 たくさん이 연용용법에서 사용되는 경우와 연체용법으로 사용되는 경우의 차이점을 고찰하여 교육현장에 적용할 수 있는 たくさん의 사용방법을 기술하는 것을 목적으로 한다. たくさん의 3163 예 중에 명사의 수량을 나타내는 たくさん의 용례들을 조사한 결과, 연용용법 용례의 70% 예가 ｢が격｣명사의 수량을 나타내는 예이고, 존재를 나타내는동사를 포함해 ｢움직임｣을 나타내지 않는 동사와 공기하는 예가 매우 많은 것을 알 수있었다. 한편 연체 용법의 경우 공기할 수 있는 동사의 유형에 제한이 없고 확실히 명사의수량이 많다는 것을 나타낼 수 있기 때문에 が격 이외의 ｢を격｣｢に격｣의 용례 수도 많았다. 또한, ｢움직임｣을 나타내지 않는 동사와의 공기에 있어서는, 수량이 많은 것을 나타내는 명사에 수식어가 있는 경우에는 연용용법이 사용되고, 수식어가 없는 경우에는 연체용법이 사용되는 것도 확인할 수 있었다. 이상의 결과를 통해 일본어 학습자에게 명사의 수량을 나타내는 たくさん의 지도방법으로 우선, ｢が격｣명사의 수량을 나타내는 たくさん은 존재를 나타내는 동사와 같이 ｢움직임｣의 의미를 나타내지 않는 술어와 같이 사용하도록 지도한다. 그리고 ｢움직임｣을나타내는 서술어의 경우 たくさん이 ‘동사의 계속량‘이나 ’동사의 빈도‘으로 해석될 가능성이 있기 때문에 연체용법으로 たくさん를 사용하도록 지도한다.

This paper considers the differences between the case where “takusan” is used in the adverbial form and the case where it is used in the attributive form when expressing the quantity of nouns, which is a typical usage of “takusan”. I would like to describe how to use “takusan” that can be presented to Korean learners in the field of education. As a result of the investigation, 70% of the examples of adverbial form are examples of the quantity of the “ga-case” noun. And it was found that there are many examples of co-occurrence with verbs that do not represent “motion” such as examples that co-occur with verbs that represent existence, the example of the change verb “shiteiru” and the example of the action verb “shitearu”. In the attributive form, the number of “ga-case” nouns was the most common, but the ratio was lower than that of the adverbial form. It was found that the percentage of the number of “wo-case” nouns, the number of “ni-case” nouns and the number of “to-case” nouns represented was high. In attributive form, there are no restrictions on the types of verbs that can co-occur, so it seems that there are many examples other than “ga-case”. In other words, among the examples of adverbial form, there were many examples that did not represent “motion”, such as examples that co-occur with verbs that represent existence. This is because these examples are unlikely to be interpreted as “quantity of motional continuation” and “frequency of motion”. In addition, since “takusan” in attributive form can be clearly expressed without any restrictions on the types of verbs that can co-occur, it seems that there were many examples of “wo-case”, “ni-case”, and “to-case”. Also, in sentences that co-occur with verbs that do not represent “motion,” the adverbial form is used when there is a modifier in the noun that indicates a large quantity, and the attributive form is used when there is no modifier.

今回の調査では、｢たくさん｣の典型的な用法である名詞の数量が多いことを表す場 合の｢たくさん｣が、連用用法で用いられる場合と連体用法で用いられる場合を比較 し、教育現場で韓国人学習者に提示できる｢たくさん｣の使い方について記述すること を目的とする。 調査には、現代日本語書き言葉均衡コーパス(BCCWJ)からの3163例をデータとし て用いる。今回の調査は名詞の数量を表す｢たくさん｣を対象にしているため、｢たく さん｣によって数量の多いことが表される名詞の格を基準に、連用用法の用例と連体 用法の用例とに分類した。調査の結果、連用用法の用例の70％の例が｢が格｣名詞の数 量を表す例で、存在を表す動詞を含め、｢動き｣を表さない動詞と共起する例が非常に 多いことが分かった。一方、連体用法の場合、共起できる動詞のタイプに制限がな く、確実に名詞の数量が多いことを表せるため、｢が格｣だけでなく、｢を格｣や｢に格｣ の用例数も多かった。 このことから、日本語学習者に名詞の数量を表す｢たくさん｣の使い方を指導の際、 まず、｢が格｣名詞の名詞の数量を表す｢たくさん｣は、存在を表す動詞など、｢動き｣の意味を表さない述語といっしょに使用するように指導する。そして、｢動き｣を表す述 語の場合には連体用法で｢たくさん｣を使うように指導する。

일본어 의사소통능력의 향상을 위해서는 의성어와 의태어에 대한 교육이 충분히 이루어질 필요가 있으며, 일본어 의성어와 의태어 사용에서 나타나는 특징에 대해서도 더욱 연구하고 이 해할 필요가 있다. 본 논문에서는 한국인 학습자의 일본어 의사소통 능력을 더욱 향상시키기 위해 일본만화 의 용례를 분석하고, 이를 바탕으로 의성어와 의태어의 교육 방법을 제안하였다. 본 연구에서는 의성어와 의태어의 실제적인 사용 방식을 알아보기 위해 만화 ‘ワンピース’ 를 대상으로 분석했다. 분석 결과 의성어의 형태는 의성어와 의태어 모두 단순 형태가 가장 많았으며, 다음으로 ABAB 형태의 어휘가 많이 나타난다는 점을 확인하였다. 음절수에서는 2~4음절 어휘가 의성어는 전체의 93.3%, 의태어는 전체의 94.7%로 다수를 차지하고 있음을 확인하였다. 의태어의 의미적 측면에서는 행동을 나타내는 어휘가 전체의 85.4%로 다수를 차 지하고 있음을 확인하였다. 본 연구의 분석 결과와 선행연구 결과를 바탕으로 현재의 일본어교육에서 의성어와 의태 어를 더욱 효과적으로 교육하기 위한 방안을 다음과 같이 제시하였다. 첫째, 일본어 교육에서 제공되는 의성어와 의태어 어휘수를 늘일 필요가 있다. 둘째, 의태어에 비해 의성어의 어휘 비중을 늘이는 것이 효과적이다. 셋째, 어휘를 제공할 때 단순 형태, 2~4음절인 어휘를 중심 으로 제공하는 것이 효과적이다. 넷째, 의태어는 의미적으로 행동을 나타내는 어휘를 제시하 는 것이 효과적이다.

In order to improve Japanese communication skills, education on onomatopoeia and mimetic word needs to be sufficiently provided, and further research and understanding of the characteristics of using onomatopoeia and mimetic word in Japanese is needed. In this paper, to further improve the Japanese communication skills of Korean learners, we analyzed the examples of works and suggested ways to educate onomatopoeia and mimetic word. In this study, the cartoon “One􋹲piece” was analyzed to find out the actual usage of onomatopoeia and mimetic word. The analysis found that both onomatopoeia and mimetic word had the most simple forms, followed by more ABAB􋹲type vocabulary, and that onomatopoeia accounted for 93.3% of the total and 94.7% of the total. In terms of the meaning of the inborn language, 85.4% of the total vocabulary representing behavior was confirmed. Based on the analysis results of this study and the results of the preceding study, a method was proposed to educate onomatopoeia and onomatopoeia in Japanese more effectively. First, it is necessary to increase the number of vocabulary. Second, it is effective to increase the vocabulary of onomatopoeia compared to mimetic word. Third, when providing vocabulary, it is effective to provide vocabulary centered on simple form, 2 to 4 syllables. Fourth, it is effective to present vocabulary that semantically represents behavior. Fifth, it is effective to use data for effective education. Cartoons can be a good tool.

This study focuses on chotto among the adverbs that are interjectionally used and describes the process of how the meaning and function of adverbs has derived from adverbial usage to interjectional usage in case of increased subjectification. (1)Chotto precedes the predication and indicates low degree or small quantity. (2)The acquisition of affective meaning by chotto is probably enabled by contexts in which speaker’s negative feelings or attitude to the addressee. In such uses, it appears to have lost its original meaning, small extent as an adverb. Chotto occurs without a predicate as a response but it is not procedural with interjectional meaning. (3)Chotto is used as an interjection to call someone casually. It occurs in clause-initial position. Moreover, it can stand alone as an utterance. It functions at a discourse expressive level. As addressed above, chotto illustrates increased subjectification; originating in a clause-internal degree modifier (i.e. propositional function), it comes to show the speaker’s emotional involvement as an interjection (i.e. expressive function).

This paper focuses on the features and tendencies that can be seen in the change from the adverbial usage to the interjectional usage, by taking the examples of “ikanimo”, “nakanaka”, and “makotoni” used in affirmative response utterances. As a result, the first common feature found in all three words is that the interjectional usage was used in the Middle and Early Modern Japanese, even though the initial examples of the adverbial usage represented different meanings from each other. Second, the response utterances by these three words do not have only the function corresponding to the counterparts such as “hai” and “ee” in the response- only format, it expresses the content that it is right and also has the function of showing consent and agreement about what the other person says. Third, the interjectional usage of three words was the response utterances to YES-NO Interrogative Sentences (only one example of WH Interrogative Sentences). Fourth, examples of modifying a noun predicate that does not have relative degree was used in the process of changes from the adverbial usage to the interjectional usage.

영어와 한국어 초점사에 대한 기존의 연구는 다양한 학문적 접근 속에서 이루어져왔다. 초점사에 대한 이론적 연구는 이들의 통사적, 의미론적, 화용론적 복잡성을 드러냈고, 실험연구에서는 모국어 습득 유아들(4-6세)이 초점사 발달과정에서 어려움을 겪는 것으로 보고하였다. 이러한 습득지연은 이론적 연구에서 발표하였듯이 초점사가 다양한 언어학적 지식들의 결합으로만 이해 가능한 복잡성을 지니고 있기 때문이다. 다량으로 이뤄진 모국어 습득과는 달리 제 2언 습득 분야에서는 초점사 연구가 거의 이루어지지 않았다. 두 언어가 상이한 초점사 형태를 지니고 있는 것을 감안하여 볼 때 제 2언어 습득과정은 그들의 상이성으로 인해 간섭을 받을 것으로 추론된다. 그러나 이와 관련한 연구실행에 앞서 두 언어의 초점사가 통사론적, 의미론적으로 상이한지 아니면 유사한지를 밝히는 기초연구가 선행되어야 한다. 본 연구의 목적은 영어와 한국의 다양한 기존 연구에서 추출된 초점사를 포함한 문장들을 대상으로 두 언어의 초점사를 통사적, 의미론적 관점에서 비교 분석하는 것이다. 비교 분석 결과, 한국어와 영어는 형태론적으로 상이한 초점사 표기법을 지니고 있음에도 불구하고 성분통어 제약에 기인한 통사적 행동이 공통적으로 관찰되었다. 본 논문은 초점사 비교분석을 통하여 두 언어가 가지는 언어 보편적 또는 언어 특수적 특징들을 밝혀내고 더 나아가 인간의 언어 수행이 어떠한 메카니즘에 의하여 초점화된 정보를 처리하는지를 살펴보는데 기여한다.

The investigations into focus particles of English and Korean have been made from a variety of academic approaches. Theoretical literatures have shown the complexity of their syntactic, semantic and pragmatic features(Horn, 1969 ; Kay, 1990 ; Ross, 1979 ; Konig, 1990 ; Quirk, 1985 ; Sohn, 1999). Empirical and experimental studies regarding focus particles also reported that the process of comprehension of sentences containing a focus particle requires the complicated knowledge of interfaces at syntax, semantics and pragmatics(Crain et al., 1994 ; Paterson et al., 2003 ; Gualmini et al., 2003 ; Kim, 2011, 2015 ; Matsuoka, 2004 ; Höhle et al., 2009, 2016 ; Notley et al., 2009). Relative to a great deal of work for each focus particle in L1 acquisition, however, it is very recently that there have been attempts to extend it to the second language acquisition. Taking into consideration that English and Korean have different focus marking systems, it is expected that there would be more differences than similarities between them. Prior to the discussions regarding this, it is fundamental to explore how two languages differ from each other or are similar with each other in terms of the operations of focus particles. The purpose of the current study is to compare and contrast focus particles of English and Korean with focus on their syntactic and semantic characteristics. No attempts have been made to explore whether or not there are any similarities that underly the operation of focusing constituents in a sentence. This comparative study can make contributions to discover any language-universal or language-specific features in how the focus particles behave, which shades light on how focus markers are operative in human mind. (Tongmyoung Unverisity)

This study analyzes the communicative function of inferential adverb　きっと(kitto). The inferential adverbs have some grammatical features that deeply related in morphologic rules with other elements of the sentences. In this reason, the former studies mainly discussed it with the grammatical point of view. But it has the limit to explain the concept of 'modality' in the inferential adverbs, so we use the pragmatic approach to this study. So we examine the principles of language usage reflected in the inferential adverb with a polite strategy point of view. We look at the process of the inferential adverb used as a tool to realize the politeness The study for the communicative function of きっと(kitto) suggests the pragmatic knowledge for the improvement of the communication skill that make us to manage language. And finally it will provide the valuable viewpoint that is available to the Japanese language education.

本稿では話し手の主観的な態度を表す日本語の副詞｢きっと｣の意思疏通のための機能について統語・意味論的観点に語用論的観点を取り入れて考察しよとした。先行研究と収集したデータを分析した結果、話し手の意図が過不足なく伝わるように、かつ聞き手との関係を望ましい形で維持できるように｢きっと｣が使われていることが分かった。このような点を考察するために、従来の統語・意味論的観点に言語使用の立場から言語事実を捉え、文法の外在的な原因にその説明を求めようとする語用論的観点を取り入れて考察しようとした。語用論的観点の一つである会話の契約として見たブラウンとレビィンスンのポライトネス理論を取り入れて考察した結果、｢きっと｣が何の緩和策も講じずにむき出しのまま(bald-on-record)FTAをするために、または、積極的ポライトネスを使って、表に出して(on-record)FTAをするために、意思疏通の手段として使われていることが分かった。本稿は｢きっと｣の意思疏通機能を考察するに当たって、統語・意味論的観点と語用論的観点がどのようにかかわり合いつつコミュニケーションを成り立たせているかに重点をおいて分析したという点で有意味である。一方、このような｢きっと｣の意思疏通のための機能は実際の意思疏通過程で意思疏通能力の向上のための外國語としての日本語敎育に活用できると思われる。

The purpose of this paper is to establish the characters and the scope of the Adverbial Clause in Korean. The characters of the Adverbial Clause are basically equal to those of Adverb in Syntax. But, because the construction of Adverbial Clause is the sentence form, it has more concrete than Adverb in meaning and can't distribute in the position of Head in Adverbial Phrase Construction. Also, Adverbial Clause has more constraints than Adverb in combining with Auxiliary-Particle. The construction and the semantic character of Adverbial Clause can show as Proposition(the content of ‘EVENT’)+{-ge(-게), -dorok(-도록, -deus(i)(-듯(이))}(the marks of Adverbial Clause deciding the class of Adverbial meaning. The marks of Adverbial Clause are defined with the final ending ‘-ke(-게), -dorok(-도록), -deus(-듯)’.

In modern Japanese, the adverb, 'mushiro' and 'isso' are commonly used when you want to compare and choose between the　former and the latter. Generally speaking, 'mushiro' always seems to refer to the latter rather than the former after comparing the two, but it does not necessarily mean to deny the former. On the contrary, 'isso', although it is similar to 'mushiro', has a nuance of choosing the extreme. As mentioned above, 'mushiro' and 'isso' are regarded to be interchangeable. However, there is no detailed study on the difference of nuance when each of the two adverb are used. This paper reflects the research on the usage and the meaning of the two adverbs through the works of 'Ozaki Koyo', a representative writer in the Meiji era. In his works, 'mushiro' and 'isso' were used interchangeably when the verb, 'shinu'(die) was modified. But, 'isso' was used more often with the extreme words, such as 'shinu (die)' or 'korosu (kill)'. And, these were switched when used in front of or behind the hypothetical or conditional sentences. Although the adverb 'isso' carried the meaning of selection, it was used only when there was a reason or cause for the selection. And, it had a strong nuance of self-abandonment, carried the meaning of 'giving up', and was accompanied by the particles, 'tomo' and 'demo'. The adverb, 'mushiro' was used when you emphasized and exaggerated the second one rather than the first one. And it was used together with the words that expressed self-willingness, such as 'omou', 'kangaeru', and 'oboeru'.

This paper investigates the difference in the distributional patterns of four types of adverbs between native speakers and Korean EFL learners. An on-line grammaticality judgment task constructed based on the syntactic analysis for adverb placement was administered to 58 college students in Korea and 39 native speakers. Following Cinque (1999), we assume that adverbs are base-generated in the specifier of hierarchically ordered functional heads, and the data analysis supports the proposal. The findings in this study present both theoretical and pedagogical implications. Firstly, the data of native speakers on adverb placement support Cinque’s proposal. The positions above T were rated high for the high adverbs, such as evaluative and epistemic adverbs, and the lower positions below T were rated high for the low adverbs, such as frequency/habitual and manner adverbs. Secondly, unlike the native speakers, the Korean EFL learners did not tend to differentiate adverb types. Regardless of the adverb classes, they preferred sentence-marginal positions. Thirdly, although the complete developmental picture was not captured in this study, it is suggested that as learners advanced to higher proficiency level, they converge with native speakers judgments in adverb distribution patterns.

Language is the supreme tool for people to express their thoughts, the link to maintain the nation, and the treasure house of history. Dialects are the important sources of the continuous enrichment of a nation’s vocabulary, providing fresh nutrients for the enrichment and development of the vocabulary of the language. This study analyses the usage of the degree adverb “zei” ( ) in a Chinese Northeast Dialect from the aspects of syntactic distribution, semantic characteristics and pragmatic functions. Syntactically, “zei” is used to modify verbs, nouns and adjectives. However, there are special requirements for the structure and meaning of the words after it. Semantically, “zei” can be used as a noun, verb, adjective and adverb in the ancient and modern Chinese, but usually contains derogatory meanings. However, when used in the northeast dialect, it can play a role in adjusting the degree, and can modify words with both commentary and derogatory meanings. Pragmatically, “zei” can be used for exaggerating feelings and emotions and highlighting the focus of the topic. The study is helpful to promote the development of teaching Chinese as a foreign language, so that teachers and students can deeply understand the diversity of the language itself and accurately use these words.

본고에서는 대조언어학적 관점에서 한국어 부사 ‘다’와 중국어 부사 ‘都’의 의미 확장 양상 을 다루었다. 부사 ‘다’와 ‘都’는 기본적으로 두 가지 용법이 있다. 하나는 전칭양화부사로서 복수성을 갖추는 사람/사물/사건들을 총괄하고 ‘남거나 빠짐없이 모두’라는 객관적인 의미를 나타내는 것이다. 다른 하나는 어조부사로서 화자의 주관적 태도/평가/감정 등을 드러내는, 즉 주관적 의미를 나타내는 것이다. 부사 ‘다’와 ‘都’의 의미 확장 및 대응 양상은 네 가지로 요약된다. 첫째, 전칭양화부사로 쓰이는 경우 부사 ‘다’는 대체로 ‘都’와 대응된다. 둘째, 정도 성 강조의 의미를 나타내는 데에는, 부사 ‘다’도 ‘都’와 대응 양상을 보인다. 셋째, ‘의외성이나 반기대’의 양태적 의미를 실현할 때에는, 한국어는 부사 ‘다’를 흔히 사용하지만, 중국어는 부 사 ‘都’에 비해 부사 ‘还’이 더 자주 쓰인다. 넷째, 한국어 부사 ‘다’는 ‘실현할 수 없게 된 사태 가 이미 이루어진 것처럼 반어적으로 나타내는’ 반어법 용법으로도 쓰이기는 하나, 중국어 부 사 ‘都’가 이런 용법으로 쓰이지는 않는다. 부사 ‘다’와 ‘都’는 모두 객관적 의미에서 주관적 의미로, 덜 추상적 의미에서 더 추상적 의미로 의미 확장이 일어난다. 이 과정에서 부사 ‘다’와 ‘都’의 의미가 점차 허화(虚化)되는 경향이 있는데, 이와 같은 의미 허화의 과정에서 주관화가 한 몫을 한 것으로 생각된다.

This paper studies the semantic expansion of the Korean adverb “da(다)” and the Chinese adverb “dou(都)” from a comparative linguistic perspective. The adverbs “da (다)” and “dou(都)” have two basic usages. One is as a universal quantifier that includes plural people/things/events, indicating the objective meaning of “all”. The other is as a modal adverb that expresses the speaker's subjective (usually negative) attitude/evaluation/emotions, representing subjective meaning. The semantic extension and corresponding mechanisms of the adverbs “da(다)” and “dou(都)” can be categorized into four types. Firstly, when functioning as a universal quantifier, the adverbs “da(다)” and “dou(都)” exhibit a basic correspondence. Secondly, when expressing emphasis on degree, a corresponding relationship also exists between the adverb “da(다)” and “dou(都)”. Thirdly, when conveying the modal meaning of “mirative or counter-expectation”, the Korean adverb “da(다)” is frequently employed in this usage, whereas in Chinese the adverb “hai(还)” is more commonly utilized in comparison to “dou(都)”. Fourthly, the Korean adverb “da(다)” can be employed in an antiphrasis usage to convey that an unattainable state appears to have been achieved, yet the Chinese adverb “dou(都)” lacks this usage. In general, both adverbs “da(다)” and “dou(都)” have undergone a semantic expansion from objective meaning to subjective meaning and from less abstract meaning to more abstract meaning. During this process, the meanings of the adverbs “da(다)” and “dou(都)” tend to gradually become virtual, and subjectivisation plays a certain role.

본고는 현대중국어의 시간부사 ‘正’, ‘正在’, ‘在’의 時相(Tense and Aspect) 자질에 대한중한 대조 분석을 통하여 이 부사들의 시간 표현의 같음과 다름에 대해 규명하고 동시에 중국어와 한국어 통사구조 상의 같음과 다름도 규명하여 시간부사 ‘正’, ‘正在’, ‘在’의 변별적 자질을 찾아내 한국인의 중국어교육 즉 CSL 교육에 참고가 되도록 하고자 하였다. 시간부사 ‘正’, ‘正在’, ‘在’는 서로 다른 時相 자질을 갖고 있고 이들과 대응되는 한국어 時 相 자질 역시 서로 다르다. ‘正’은 시제 자질의 하위 범주인 ‘과거시제’를 타나내고 우리말의‘_었_’으로 대응되며 상 자질 또한 갖고 있다. 상 자질을 나타낼 때는 우리말의 ‘_고 있었_’으로 대응이 되는데, 이는 ‘진행상’과 ‘과거시제’를 모두 아울렀다. ‘正在’는 시제 자질의 하위범주인 ‘과거시제’, ‘현재시제’를 나타내기도 하고 상 자질의 하위 범주인 ‘동작상’과 ‘동태의 지속 상’을 나타내기도 하는데 우리말의 ‘_고 있_’으로 대응되기도 하고 ‘_고 있었_’으로 대응되기도 한다. 우리말의 ‘_고 있_’은 ‘진행상’을 나타내고 ‘_고 있었_’은 ‘과거시제’와 ‘진행상’을 아울러 나타낸다. ‘在’는 상 자질의 하위 범주인 ‘동작상’과 ‘동태의 지속상’을 나타낸다. 우리말의 ‘_고 있_’으로 대응되는데 ‘진행상’을 나타낸다.

This article through to the modern Chinese Time Adverb ‘Zheng(正)’, ‘Zhengzai(正在)’, ‘Zai(在)’, Tense and Aspect comparative analysis, to explore the similarities and differences between them. At the same time, the syntactic differences between Korean and Chinese are also analyzed and studied. So as to find the semantic difference between them. Hope that this study can be helpful for Korean Chinese learning. ‘Zheng(正)’, ‘Zhengzai(正在)’, ‘Zai(在)’ has different characteristics of Tense and Aspect. They correspond to the Korean Tense and Aspect features are also different. ‘Zheng(正)’ is past tense, corresponding to it is Korean ‘_었_’, but it also has Aspect characteristic, equivalent to Korean ‘_고 있었_’，‘_고 있었_’ and Tense and Aspect. ‘Zhengzai(正 在)’ also has both Tense and Aspect feature. Corresponding to it is the Korean ‘_고 있_’ and ‘_고 있었_’, it has Tense and Aspect. ‘Zai(在)’ has the Tense feature.