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It has been pointed out that the Greek translation of “parthenos” from the Hebrew “almah” is a misguided one which does not capture the original meaning of virgin. Many Korean scholars like Gangnam Oh and Young-ok Kim as well as foreign scholars such as David Strauss, Bart Ehrmann, and John Spong have claimed and purported that the Greek translation of almah to parthenos was a partially incorrect one. When the notion of immaculate conception, or to put it rightly, when the natality of Jesus came into human consciousness, Christianity had to produce subsequent notions like the Trinity. Trinitarianism is but a derivation and extension of the false and entangled notion of virgin itself, the original meaning of which is “capable of giving births” or productive. The recent argument of Guilia Sissa (1990) indicates that in ancient Greece parthenos meant “the girl innocent of love and the unmarried mother... nothing but a designation of social position or ‘civil status,’” or someone “who seems to be one, outside of any legal cohabitation” (342, 347). Paul Wegner (2011) supports Sissa’s argument differently when he says that in Hebrew and its cognate Aramic language “bethula”(biological virgin in the modern sense) does not mean “virgo intacta,” or untouched virgin (473-476). Contrary to the arguments which advocate that the right word for Hebrew almah is neanis, not parthenos, the socio-textual investigation of the Bible itself shows us that parthenos is actually the right translation for almah, if we agree to the fact that parthenos is the one who cohabitated out of wedlock. The dichotomy of virgin and whore does not work any more, hence the need to demystify the Virgin cult and its exoteric femme fatale phenomenon. Now we can say there is no such thing as virgin or whore because all women have always been “virgin” (productive) regardless of whether sexually committed/experienced or not.

This thesis deals with a theme of relationship between translator and his/her Vorlage for translation referring to the translation of Jude 1:5b of NKT. In NA28, the Vorlage of Jude 1:5b of NKT, Iesous, is mentioned as the subject in relation to the Exodus. However, in NA27, kyrios appeared as the subject, so translators could apply it literally, because it is common knowledge that “Jesus” or “Joshua” was not the guide of the Exodus. The difficulties of this Vorlage were reflected in NKT. In other words, the translator did not translate this part as “Jesus” or “Joshua” faithfully in NA28, but translated into “God made Joshua doing”. Based on the Vorlage, this translation is a complete mistranslation. Furthermore, the translation is virtually unfounded in that it does not have any variant readings. Furthermore, contrary to ECM’s suggestion, it did not follow the argument that kyrios is closer to the original reading than Iesous. This problem occurred when a text that the translator disagreed with was presented even though he/she tried to be faithful to the Vorlage. In this case, the translator has to choose one way of the two. In other words, even if the translator cannot agree with the Vorlage, he/she will faithfully translate it according to the translation principle and explain the difficulty of the Vorlage in some footnotes, or a more appropriate reading is suggested through evaluating of the Vorlage’ variant readings The translation of Jude 1:5b in NKT is a disappointing one in this regard. Nevertheless, this provides an excellent opportunity to think deeply about the relationship between the Vorlage and the translator in the future.

In his 1989 study Oriental Birth Dreams, Fred Jeremy Seligson presented statistical figures on the frequencies of primary dream symbols in conception dreams (taemong) indicating the genders, personality characteristics and future careers of the children they represent. One of the most rapidly shifting and developing socio-economic landscapes in the world, South Korea has gone from one of its poorest countries in 1953 (post-Korean War) to the tenth largest economy in the world today. While the operative dream symbols in the birth dreams collected by Seligson thirty-three years ago reflect a society still highly attuned to the natural world, the author asks: what might occur if the symbolic frequencies of the dream images shift in accordance with Korea’s socio-cultural, technological, and environmental changes? As South Koreans continue their exodus from the countryside to the urban center of the Seoul metro area the IT capital of the world and now the site of residence of approximately half the country’s population (26 million people) the nature-based conception images (such as animals, fruits and flowers) of their ancestors may be increasingly supplanted by the unnatural objects of their immediate surroundings (such as smart phones, computers and characters from video games). With attention to the spiritual, psychological and biological aspects of birth dreams, their medical applications, epistolary, and poetic forms, this paper examines their nature as personal mythologies. It then concludes with a close reading of a recently discovered digital birth dream in order to understand how it might affect the oral tradition of taemong, the lives of those who dream them and those who are dreamt.

Since the middle of the 20th century, the continent of Africa has greeted many “returnees,” the diasporic descendants who moved in or visited in search of their “root.” As the number of returnees increased, marriages between Ghanaians and immigrants increased as well. The Dilemma of a Ghost (1965), written by Ama Ata Aidoo from Ghana, presents one of the rather unsuccessful marriages between a Ghanaian man and an African American woman. This paper analyzes Aidoo’s text based on the social and cultural understanding of Ghanaian society in the 1960s. I draw on early and later writings of W. E. B DuBois’s writing to bring in critical perspectives. Showing how Ato, Eulalie, and Ato’s family deal with the conflicts, Aidoo questions the conceptual “root” of the returnees and the dilemma of both Ghanaians and the diasporic Blacks. Through the portrayal of Ato and Eulalie’s failure to settle in, the play spotlights the easily neglected gap between Africans and diasporic Africans under the vague cover of Black solidarity; further, it suggests a potential solution by letting the uneducated, indigenous, and feminine rather than the empowered masculine elite offer hope by facing and embracing the problems.

After the pandemic, many changes in the performing arts, including the theater education, appeared in various forms. Virtual world implementation technologies such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (MR), and extended reality (XR) are rapidly changing and providing audiences with a completely different viewing experience. In addition, as IT technology as well as 5G mobile communication, the content production environment rapidly has been changed. The field of theater education is experiencing a similar time of confusion and change during pandemic. This paper starts from a problematic consciousness due to changes in the production environment and spectatorship based on rapidly changing technology. Therefore, this paper first examines the production environment and spectatorship that technology has actively changed and diagnoses what changes are needed in the theater education field. And it diagnoses the possibility of changes in theater education through ‘lecture performance’. Above all, the possibility can be found in the characteristics of ‘overriding the position of the actor and the spectator’, ‘communication method in which the sense is prioritized’, and ‘self-reflective knowledge structure.’

The purpose of this study is to examine the directing techniques of the German playwright Peter Weiss. Weiss' documentary theater theory is well known in the field of Korean theater, but there have been few theoretical discussions on his plays. Therefore, this study aims to reveal the overall aesthetic theory of Weiss plays. Weiss was influenced by the historical avant-garde of the early 20th century. He created his own stage production theory by working in multiple media across paintings, prose, films, and plays. He also performed a total play that stimulates not only sight and hearing but also smell by combining his film aesthetics. In particular, the early work Insurance was a sensuous media play influenced by surrealist films, which laid the foundation for the aesthetics of Weiss directing. Therefore, this paper analyzes the stage production method using film techniques, focusing on Weiss' early play Insurance. First, this paper explores the unique principles and methods of stage reproduction of Weiss, and next, examines the function of media production in relation to sensory expression. The finding of the research suggests a new possibility of how the problems of sense and politics, which have been explained only aesthetically in the play, can actually cause an effect between the actor and the audience. This study demonstrates how senses function politically in Insurance by taking philosophical and neuroscience views beyond aesthetics. The main purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the media production method of Insurance and the sense, revealing another way of resistance from the protest performance of documentary plays in Weiss's political drama.

Négritude, as the social movement initiated by Francophone colonial writers and intellectuals in the 1930s, sought to debunk the longstanding myth of ‘blackness’ that had been invented and propagated in order to justify the histories of slave trade and colonial rule. Though Léopold Sédar Senghor and Aimé Césaire, the co-founders of Négritude, shared the agenda of decolonizing the mind and rebuilding black consciousness, their means to achieve it were not identical. While one had nostalgia for a ‘pure’ and ‘authentic’ African culture of the pre-colonial past, the other accepted the given condition of colonial hybridity as a point of departure for anticolonial resistance. This essay examines how Césaire put his political theory of Négritude into literary practice in A Tempest, an adaptation of William Shakespeare’s colonial romance The Tempest. For Césaire, Shakespeare was not simply the Bard of English literature but also an icon of Western cultural hegemony that served to rationalize the unequal power relations between colonizer and colonized. Césaire’s writing back to the representative Western canon from an Afro-Caribbean perspective had both aesthetic and ideological purpose. By making ‘the imperial canon’ a site of intercultural dialogue, by using the English text and the French language in the non-European context, Césaire suggested that appropriation as well as rejection can be a means of cultural resistance. Further, Césaire’s challenging experiment in A Tempest provided a viable model of cultural hybridity for his succeeding postcolonial critics like Frants Fanon, Edward Said, and Homi Bhabha.

The concept of “gender sensitivity” serves as one of the political currencies for the emerging Korean MZ generation of women to censor a variety of words and activities of public figures from all walks of life. However, the imported term “gender sensitivity” has not yet been consolidated in the Korean socio-cultural practices, thereby causing adverse chain reactions among users. Given language is a social contract reflecting the history of the source language, this paper raises a necessity to examine how such concepts as “feminism,” “gender sensitivity,” and “woman-hatred” came to serve as key currencies among Gen. MZ’s women and/or feminists. While citing most of Adrienne Rich’s feminist perspective and poems, this paper also provides a Japanese feminist, Ueno Chizuko’s perspective, while giving a voice to Korean youth feminism. Further, it illuminates a senior liberal Korean feminist’s perspective, providing a historical continuum of smart, stong, and self-reliant women and the unique Korean language that provided some space for women’s autonomy. Finally, it suggests a future direction of Korean youth feminism, taking an example of Rich’s feminist vision of a doorframe, asking for the MZ generation of women to adapt it to the lived reality of ordinary women and envision an inclusive and constructive future for the entire generations rather than to exclude and shut down the rest.

This research explores the appropriate use of ‘em-dash’ or ‘long dash’ among Chinese to Korean or Korean to Chinese learners. As an indicator of punctuation use, it has a few roles in sentence. The main function is to indicate annotations, supplementary explanations, or word meaning changes. Dependent on the perspective, this research also analyzes its appropriate functions in use. The analysis demonstrates that the ‘em-dash’ is one of the most error-prone punctuation marks in translation. The misuses or errors can be classified into two cases: One is that translators do not put the mark wherein it should be employed or vice versa. There were many errors in using brackets where brackets should be used to indicate annotations or supplementary explanations. Basically, the functions of the two are similar; however, they differ in usage. This implies that translators should pay attention to the accurate usage in translation. In addition, Chinese learners should fully understand the classification of usage for ‘em-dash’, ‘colon’ and the ‘ellipse. Due to these differences, they should employ an appropriate translation strategy in translation between Korean and Chinese. For example, the low frequency of ‘em-dash’ in Korean should be appropriately employed of the fulfillment for naturalness in translation. Conversely, the mark should be appropriately inserted when transferring Chinese to Korean. The findings put forward that Korean Chinese learners should be aware of the function and usage of the mark for more accurate natural translation.

Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR) has been well known to elicit a sense of psychological stability and calmness. Kim and Kim (2022) found that ASMR can be represented in the core affective space of valence. Using this data set, I investigated if ten emotion adjectives (angry, fearful, irritated, happy, calm, gay, sad, anxious, gloomy, and peaceful) which were used as ratings scales also can be represented in the affective space of valence and arousal. Correlation analyses, multidimensional scaling, and vector fitting were performed. The results showed that emotion adjectives were significantly represented on both dimensions. In sum, I confirmed that emotion words as well as emotion-eliciting stimuli are mapped onto the affective space, consistent with the core affect theory (Russell, 1980).

This study aims to analyze the mechanisms of the formation of some lexical units or terminology related to COVID-19 and its geographical use in Spanish-speaking countries, geosynonymy. For the collection of terms we have used the Google Trends to see if this terminology shows an upward search trend. The terms that we have analyzed are ‘coronavirus (COVID-19)’, ‘mask’, ‘hand sanitizer’, ‘PCR test’ and ‘endemic’. For the analysis we have based on data base (Corpus) and different bibliographical references. In addition, to find out more authentically we have used government materials and online shopping websites. According to results, with respect to the formation mechanism, there are loanwords, complex lexicalized forms, ellipsis, disjunction, etc. Regarding to geosynonymy, to refer to the mask, ‘mascarilla’, ‘tapabocas’, ‘barbijo’, and ‘cubrebocas’, etc. are used depending on geographical area; in the case of hand sanitizer, we have found ‘gel hidroalcohólico’, ‘alcohol en gel’, and ‘ gel antibacterial’. Through this analysis we have seen the variety of word formation and geosynonyms. In addition, we have reflected on the applicability of different types of materials in Spanish language education and translation and interpretation.

This study introduces the so-called Problem of Universals, which was a very controversial issue among medieval philosophers and theologists regarding the question of which is the real substance between the universals and the particulars, and the two opposing views on it, i.e., the Universal Realism that considers the universals to be more fundamental and the Nominalism that views the particulars but not the universals to be real. It is shown that this debate is deeply related with the meaning of language, especially the differences of meaning between Korean and English nouns, and reflected in Catholicity and Buddhism and also in the difference of Asian and European views on the world.

This paper discusses the language problems of the discourses related to COVID-19 in China, focusing on the WAR metaphor, Stigma, and Infantilization of language from the perspectives of their use, adverse effects, and solutions. Official reports have used a lot of war-related words like '降伏', '阻击战', '歼灭战', '决战', '酣战', making the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 like a war. The abuse of WAR metaphors violated individual privacy, caused social panic, and made us lack reflection on COVID-19. To address this, we can follow the #ReframeCovid initiative by using other metaphors to replace the WAR metaphors in COVID-related discourses. Stigmatization has become more severe. People use '鄂人', '湖北人', '武汉人' and '羊', '小阳人', '🐑', '投毒', '毒王', '跑毒' to stigmatize Wuhan, Hubei and patients of COVID-19. Stigma intensified regional conflicts, encouraged cyberbullying, and made confirmed patients reluctant to receive medical treatment, increasing the risk of spreading infection. In terms of solutions, it is necessary to calm the social panic through scientific dissemination of COVID-19, reporting the disease in neutral language, and creating a more friendly social atmosphere. Furthermore, the infantilization of language is shown most obviously on the internet. During the pandemic, netizens use various childlike expressions like '大白', '毕业', '中队长'. As a result, people were de-personified and did not receive sufficient attention and consideration. Moreover, by using these childish expressions, people will forget that they are the first responsible person for their health, making the whole society a big baby. In light of these, mainstream media should not cater to this trend, education institutions should strengthen Chinese language education, and we should chase intelligence and maturity, fighting against Anti-intellectualism.

This study aims to analyze the structure and modes of expression of Army core values by scrutinizing the lyrics of the ROK Army unit songs. For that purpose, this study delves into the rhetorical structure and core values expressed in the song lyrics of 117 brigade level and above commands. The in-depth analysis of the song lyrics confirmed the followings. ① The Army unit songs correspond to the linguistic form of military symbolic culture, and a unit’s identity, core-values, history, and mission are implicitly represented in the lyrics. ② The lyrics of different unit songs conform to a structural pattern which consists of beginning, middle, and end(refrain). ③ The core values of the ROK Army are found to have sub-values such as “loyalty,” “courage,” “responsibility,” “respect,” “creativity,” and etc, and these values are expressed in different lexis associated with each value. ④ Among the values found in units songs, “unity,” “loyalty,” “devotion” are the most frequently expressed values.

Politeness is a linguistic strategy used to assign value to a hearer by mitigating the face-threatening acts that a speaker commits to the hearer or lowering the self value of the speaker. Using positive and negative politeness are significant strategies to alleviate face-threatening acts, but are not being applied universally throughout all languages. Maintaining the face of the hearer reflects the individualism and egalitarianism that is aligned with a Western view, so it can be challenging to apply that view to some Eastern languages possessing honorific expressions. This is because communication functions not only to exchange information between individuals, but also serves the important role of complying with the order and the roles assigned to each individual in a society. Therefore, certain utterances may be decoded differently according to one's cultural background, or to the extent to which they may offend the hearer. Politeness as a value transaction overcomes the limits of the concept of politeness of face. The most coherent answer to questions in TOEIC's indirect utterance type is not approached from the viewpoint of the speaker-listener's face-threatening level, but from the view of the value of the requested information. Although the correct answer does not seem to consider the speaker’s face, it plays a sufficient role if minimum value to the required information in each question is provided. In this way, politeness can be recognized as a useful device for people from different cultural backgrounds beyond only the problem of courtesy.

Language is the supreme tool for people to express their thoughts, the link to maintain the nation, and the treasure house of history. Dialects are the important sources of the continuous enrichment of a nation’s vocabulary, providing fresh nutrients for the enrichment and development of the vocabulary of the language. This study analyses the usage of the degree adverb “zei” ( ) in a Chinese Northeast Dialect from the aspects of syntactic distribution, semantic characteristics and pragmatic functions. Syntactically, “zei” is used to modify verbs, nouns and adjectives. However, there are special requirements for the structure and meaning of the words after it. Semantically, “zei” can be used as a noun, verb, adjective and adverb in the ancient and modern Chinese, but usually contains derogatory meanings. However, when used in the northeast dialect, it can play a role in adjusting the degree, and can modify words with both commentary and derogatory meanings. Pragmatically, “zei” can be used for exaggerating feelings and emotions and highlighting the focus of the topic. The study is helpful to promote the development of teaching Chinese as a foreign language, so that teachers and students can deeply understand the diversity of the language itself and accurately use these words.

This study focuses on local assimilations like place, laryngeal, and manner assimilations in Marathi. Progressive and regressive directions apply to place assimilation; only onset-driven assimilation occurs in laryngeal and manner assimilation. Leftward place assimilation arises when adjacent consonants with the coronal place feature do not have identical anterior features. So a more marked retroflex in syllable coda transmits its [-ant] feature onto the following dental or alveolar consonant. Laryngeal assimilation is induced by an onset obstruent and anticipatory manner assimilation only occurs between two sibilants with non-identical manner features, rendering sibilant geminates. To explain all types of assimilation, we propose one unified constraint ranking that can account for types of assimilations in Marathi.

This paper constitutes the initial phase of a large-scale research project that aims to explore the relationship between inter- and intra-individual difference factors in foreign language (L2) acquistion. In an effort to lay the groundwork for a systematic approach to this burgeoning area of research, the present study overviews previous theoretical insights and empirical findings associated with the potential constructs of linguistic sensitivity and proposes a tentative model that is practically useful for designing a measurement tool. The model consists of four dynamic dimensions: mode-sensory preferences in language processing and use, sensitivity scales in each component of linguistic competence, inclinations in language function, and finally metalinguistic consciousness and strategic control for development. Based on this model and data collected from interviews with L2 learners and expert reviews, a self-reporting questionnaire with 62 items is constructed that can effectively address the needs of profiling learner characteristics in classroom settings as well as the goal of subsequent research efforts to investigate the role of linguistic sensitivity in L2 learning and teaching.