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The Multicultural Situation of the Greco-Roman World Reflected on Paul's Theological Languages Sung-Woo Chung (Yonsei University) The purpose of this paper is to explore the multicultural characteristics of the Greco-Roman world reflected on Paul's theological language in his authentic letters, especially Romans and 1 Corinthians. According to accounts of Acts, he was not only a Diaspora Jew but also a Roman citizen. He grew up in Tarsus, a Greek-Hellenistic city in the eastern part of Asia Minor. He wrote his letters in koine Greek. It means that Paul was deeply influenced by the Greco-Roman multculturalism. In this regards, it is not strange that he often used the Greco-Roman rhetorical technique to stress his theological argument for his gentile audiences. In the letter to the Romans, Paul employs Diatribe which is a dialogical form of teaching by means of question and answer with students. In Romans 2:1-5, Paul dialogues with an imaginary interlocutor by using diatribal format. Like cynic philosopher, Paul carries on a dialogue with himself, posing rhetorical questions that he then answers in order to get at the issue of God's judgment. Meanwhile, Paul's use of the athlete imagery in his letters echoes the themes and values of his contemporary culture. He employs the language and symbolism of the Panhellenic games, especially Isthmian games which were held near Corinth every two years in honor of Poseidon, god of the sea. In 1 Cor 9:24-27 Paul clearly uses foot-race-in-a-stadium metaphor to describe faithful life as a contest. He says that every athlete must exercise self control in all respects. He also employs boxing metaphor to encourage his audiences. For Paul, the purpose of the metaphor in the multicultural context of the Greco-Roman world is to call the Pauline Christians to exercise of faith in self-control(ἐγκράτεια), an athletic self-denial(αὐτάρχεια) of privilege and rights. During his time, Paul tried to adapt the Greco-Roman culture in order to communicate his theological argument within the Pauline Christians who has a different cultural background. He also makes an effort to break the social barrier between the Jewish and Gentile Christians of Pauline community. Paul emotionally describes this effort as followers: “I have made myself a slave to all, so that I might win more of them. To the Jews I became as a Jew, in order to win Jews...To those outside the law I became as one outside law so that I might win those outside the law...I do it all for the sake of the gospel, so that I may share in its blessings.”(1 Cor. 9:19-23)

Memory and Restriction of Body: Comparing Geboren 1999 with The Giver Woo-hak Lee․So-young Yoon (Konkuk University) This paper deals with two texts of young adult literature: Charlotte Kerner's Geboren 1999 (1989) and Lois Lowry's The Giver (1993). In these texts, memory is a recurring theme, which overwhelms the whole textures of them respectively. The process of controlling memory is shown in The Giver. Jonas, the Giver, is an elected, atypical leader called the Receiver (of memories for others). He and his people are living in a utopian society where there are no wars, fear and pain. However, the community where they are living is like a prison without walls simply because there is no free will on the other hand. Therefore, there is something massively hidden from the superficial reality such as corruption, inhumanity, and concealment. Jonas could uncover the stinky absurdities and leave the community to search for his real identity even though he has magnificent power to control others' memories and deliver some regulated memories to others. In Geboren 1999, Karl seems to have no memory about his mother. In search of his own mother, Karl faces various realities related to his birth. In the end, he found out he was born from an AU(artificial uterus), nurturing donated sperm and egg. It is difficult for Karl to admit an AU is his mother. For that reason, he destroyed the AU by himself. He called this incident “an unprecedented matricide”. In so doing, he makes his own way to establish his genuine identity.

Anne Rice's Vampire Myth and Its Gothic Tradition Soyoung Lee (Sangmyung University) Before the familiar image of Count Dracula was immortalized in literary world during the nineteenth-century, the origin of vampires would be traced back to the far-distant, unknowable past. The vampiric being used to be omnipresent in the human world both in terms of time and place; Bram Stoker created a new type of vampire who was disarmed by dropping old vampiric images such as horror and fear. Genealogically, Anne Rice's vampires, Louis and Lestat, succeeds Count Dracula; they are imbued with Romantic idealism and Decadent spirit, rather than the Medieval images. All Gothic elements such as the fantastic, imaginative, immoral, irrational and negative are associated with the Romantic pioneer, Lord Byron. With his work “The Giaour,” he created the first figure in English literature, representing the paradoxical qualities as a Gothic villain-hero. That is, Lestat echoes Dracula, and Dracula echoes Giaour as ‘Byronic Heroes.’ Understanding the social, moral and literary context covers how Rice's vampires embrace generic and aesthetic Romantic conventions. Gothic spirit celebrates the sublime, which is associated with excessive emotions first, and then, with the supernatural, sensational and superstitious fancies. Excessive emotions erase the proper limits of order, and obscure the boundaries of life: Gothic transgressions bring both an overflow of strong creative force and a fear of moral collapse. Endless inquiries about God and Devil, sexual debauchery, the incestuous relationship, and the game-like killing touch the bottom of corruptible fin de siecle notions. As asserted by Horace Walpole, the Gothic spirit is more related with ‘spreading a pleasure’ than ‘producing a lesson.’ A number of the Victorian writers, however, happily adopted the realism techniques based upon probability in life. The majority of Victorian writers wanted to portray their world as it were: exotic settings were displaced with more familiar realms such as the bourgeois domestic world or the new urban landscape. This is also adopted by Anne Rice to portray her vampiric atmosphere in terms of a compromise between the simple, detailed description and the imaginative expansion in writing. Anne Rice, as a Romantic successor to Stoker, sincerely follows Gothic conventions; she also brings her innovative adaptations of these conventions by moving her figures both temporally and spatially. She makes her vampires humanized to bring them into human society. Today, her vampires are not marginal any more. They are just a bit different from human being, as composites of half-human/half-inhuman entities. They do not convey Victorian issues such as darkness, danger and mystery any more.

Bartleby, Gatsby and the American Nightmare Sahng Young Moon (Yonsei University) Herman Melville's “Bartleby, the Scrivener: A Story of Wall-Street” (1853) and F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby (1925) share a vision related to one of the most important themes of American literature, that is the American dream. More precisely, Melville and Fitzgerald share their vision of the American nightmare in terms of their disenchantment with, and their critique of, America's complacent self image. In this paper, I explore thematic links between Melville and Fitzgerald by highlighting and juxtaposing the sociohistorical contexts of their texts. Bartleby and Gatsby share a number of more than superficial features. The death of these characters represents their authors' critique of America, one about the mid-nineteenth-century and the other about the 1920s America respectively. Both Melville and Fitzgerald portrayed darker aspects of their society especially when their contemporaries were to a large extent imbued with optimistic beliefs in the progress of their nation undergoing territorial expansion and rapid industrialization (in Melville's case) or an unprecedented postwar economic boom (in Fitzgerald's case). In both texts, the portrayal of New York as a closed space in terms of class, race, and ethnicity, is significant not simply as the local setting of these works but also as a metonym for American society. In particular, both Melville and Fitzgerald seriously deal with issues such as poverty or the ever-growing gap between the rich and the poor in America. In other words, they address the core American ideals such as liberty, equality, and democracy.

Beckett and the Hypertextual Age: An Aesthetical Enquiry Gi Chan Yang (University of Suwon) The values of literature and the identification of what can be constituted as a work of literature is a problem that is widely acknowledged in the domain of literature today. Distinguishing between what can be considered as literature and what is not literature lies at the very core of the identification process. The problem of identification faced by the academia today, in essence, deals with how to define the changes and the corresponding expansions in the field of contemporary literature today. In a wider perspective, this identification process of literature in hypertextual age is a question related to and founded on the very differences that one finds in each and every society since what is accepted by the said society defines the very nature and the subject of what is accepted as literature, be it text, audio or images. The question of how to discern what can be, or should be defined as belonging to the domain of literature in the strict sense of the meaning might seem somewhat obscure in the light of the changes and developments we are witnessing in today’s literary domain. Therefore distinguishing the very nature of literature in the hypertextual age is a question that should be answered through a theoretical approach, which will lead to relevant parameters from which to judge and identify literature in this hypertextual age. The paper will develop the argument through examining the relevance of Beckett’s works in respect to the hypertextual age. Becketts writings can be defined as being the first serious literature that opened the doorway to the hypertextual age in literature. This paper will try to discern the hypertextual aspects in Becketts works. Becketts works are actually referred to as belonging to the spectrum of modernity to post modern depending on the Researchers. The identification of the volubility that we find in Becketts works will lead to the identification of literature in the hypertextual age that we live in today. Defining what is literature is largely based on from what perspective one approaches the said materials that can be suggested as being literature. Becketts works in perspective not only narrows this field and is suggestive of the literature in the hypertextual age. Finally, the perspective of how to discern literature in this hypertextual age needs an objective approach rather than a subjective one, because the corresponding dilemma of discerning and locating literature in the hypertextual age of today has become a problem confronting not only the individual but also the subtle changes that one witness in today’s society.

A Study of Novels in Yojagye Nam Il An (Korea University Center for Korean Studies) Under the Japanese imperialistic rule, Korean students in Japan were engaged in various activities for enlightenment through a national awakening and cultural discourse. The students, playing a significant role in the contemporary intellectual class, established organizations to prepare for national advancement through the unity of overseas students and academic progress, in the hope of reclaiming the lost sovereignty through enhancing the national capacity and enlightening people. The publication of the magazine Yojagye (Women's World) in 1917 was the outcome of the intellectual collaboration among Korean female students in Japan. In this paper we examine how the women of that time developed their own opinions and what kinds of literary works they wrote, focusing on the novels published in Yojagye. The general trend of the novels collected in Yojagye can be summarized as follows. The characters of the novels embodied various discourses related to women's issues in the form of editorial writing. Enlightening subjects were dealt with through sentences of near-colloquial styles using a variety of descriptive methods and comparisons. The colloquial styles were familiar to woman readers, who could re-live their own experiences through the novels and reflect their mental states on the main characters of the novels.

Split of Subjects by Disciplinary Power and Problems of Education: From the Perspective of Hermann Hesse's Unterm Rad Hyo Chan Choi (Yonsei University) Revealing the strategy of disciplinary power, Hermann Hesse’s Unterm Rad, arouses circumstances of armed education to train an ideal man to serve the state and a destroyed humanity. Furthermore, he implies criticism of disciplinary power reproduced by the school. This is showed at the end where Hans Giebenrath (the main character) returned home because of nervousness caused by not adapting to the theological seminary and was found drowned. It is the disciplinary power producing modern subjects that brings on the split of subjects and ends up the collapse. This shows the shift to new modern subjects refusing to rituals. Hans Giebenrath refused to the destiny committed to ‘place’ of the birth and ‘mimesis’. He resisted the ritual discipline where people traditionally relied on and worshiped the supernatural being. It drives to the split of subjects. Walter Benjamin defined Newborn modern subjects as the shift from ‘ritual’ to ‘demonstrative’. It is a refusal to the traditional subjects performing rituals. In addition, Unterm Rad is a warning to dehumanized circumstances by school disciplinary power and a reflection on the disease of today's education beyond the time and place of transition.

A Medical Philosophical Reflection on the Concept of Disease Byung Tai Yoon (Yonsei Universitiy) Nowadays we tend to consider the whole process of life as disease. This tendency depends upon the ideology according to which medicine cures everything. In this context, this paper aims to investigate the philosophical significance about disease. To do so, I wish to pinpoint the classical understanding of the disease concept and identify what meaning and value it might assign to the empirical definition of disease. I also intend to do a critical examination of today's tendency which interprets the whole phase of disease from the mechanism viewpoint under the name of science. Futhermore, I shall figure out how patient and doctor, the two social factors in disease, are related. Hopefully, this would be helpful in exploring the possibility of establishing the concept of disease suitable for nowadays.

Hospitality and Global Imagination: Multicultural Poetry in the 2000s Moon Jae Lee (Kyung Hee Cyber University) Traditional communities in the world are now changing into multiethnic societies. Different identities are competing against each another even in peripheral communities. Korean society is also facing a new problem of redefining itself for its future, particularly because multiethnic phenomena are rapidly being foregrounded in this traditional society, which has long been uniquely considered homogeneous racially and culturally. In this context of redefining identities, multiculturalism and postmodernist discourses have been suggested. Multiculturalism and post-discourses as theoretical concepts for new identities, however, have fundamental limits because they cannot imagine beyond the boundaries of the human. If we keep ourselves within the concepts related to modern industrial capitalism, we will face greater unprecedented disasters: climatic changes, exhaustion of fossil fuels, and shortages of food resources. These issues cannot be resolved by attempts to redefine and reestablish relationships in and among the members of the human: it requires a new imagination which can think beyond the anthropocentric one. This study analyzes several concepts of modern subjectivity and the other and, through a reading of multiculturalist poems produced in the 2000s, will suggest an alternative species of imagination that can overcome the negative effects of the Western modern/ity on modern worlds. This paper particularly suggests a turning inside-out of the concept of empathy and personification, the two major literary devices used in modern anthropocentric prosody. Literary imagination can be defined as the ability to understand the pains of the other. This paper focuses on the interdependencies of the inter-subjective　individuals and expands the concept of the other so that it includes the land/Earth, the human, and the life itself. This study will reintroduce traditional daily rituals of ‘friendship and hospitality’ as an alternative imagination to overcome the Western morden/ity. A new ‘global imagination’ based on friendship and hospitality will let us rediscover the worth of the land by extending the concept of the other beyond the realm of traditional one/other. It is also a way of retaining the ‘ancient futures’ that will create a new relationship among the land, the human, and the Earth itself. We find hints of this new ‘global imagination’ in the multiculturalist Korean poetry of the 2000s.

Fantasy, Paradox and the Virtuality of Animal Images in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland: A Reading from the Deleuzean Concept of Becoming Youngjeen Choe (Chung-Ang University) This essay explores how Gilles Deleuze's notion of “becoming” operates in Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. For this purpose, it attempts to analyze the text in terms of the notions such like fantasy, paradox and the virtuality of animal images. In this essay, the notion of fantasy deals with Deleuze's speculation on how the memory of retended pasts can create virtual images in the fantasy space. Viewed from this approach, the narrative structure of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is open to all kinds of queer events in Alice's imagination by serializing them in the form of virtual images latent within her dream. As Deleuze mentions Alice is becoming bigger and smaller simultaneously, the notion of paradox can express temporality as a whole, which is a process of movement between the present and the virtual memory of the past. By this way, the complexity bewteen the actual and the virtual can gain access to the understanding of fantasy as a “becoming.” In other words, fantasy can function as a circuit resulting from the confrontation between the actual and the virtual. In this respect, the fantasy world in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland expresses the interstice between the imaginary and the real, the virtual and the actual by defamiliarizing the objects and animals of the ordinary world in an uncanny way.

Postdrama and New Narrative: Crimp's Fewer Emergencies Yongeun Lee (Sungshin Women's University) The aim of this article is to determine what exactly 'postdrama' and 'the contemporary narrative' are, through a reading of Martin Crimp's Fewer Emergencies. Traditional works of drama are representations of reality, and they function through the use of tension, development, climax and resolution. However, these techniques are not used in the postdramatic theatre, which also completely ignores the representative aspect of traditional drama. Writers of postdrama seek neither synthesis nor logical linearity. Instead, postdrama is characterized by a lack of synthesis, and by parataxis, episodic composition and dream-images. The first part of this article concentrates on the question of why Fewer Emergencies is a good example of postdrama. The work is devoid of naturalistic details and discourse backgrounds such as the characteristics of the characters, the social conditions of the characters and the causes of events. Fewer Emergencies is composed of very short episodes that are divided into fragments. Therefore, the work is neither consistent nor synthetic. Furthermore, the story is filled with parataxis so that no episode can be evaluated as superior or inferior to other episodes. The stories of the shooting, the mailman's son and the mailman in his bed are not connected causally, but are simply arranged and presented in a row. The second part of this article shows that in Fewer Emergencies it is difficult to arrive at any definite and certain meanings, because its narratives continuously nullifies what has come before and sometimes what is taking place. All the narratives are incomplete, thus precluding any certain and fixed meanings. The narrative moves from one unconnected story to the next. Therefore, as the story fragments are not concluded, the meanings become diluted and are subject to change.

Capitalist World Economy System and the Myth of World Literature Jihee Han (Gyeongsang National University) Even though Said criticized Orientalism inherent in the gaze of Westerners about thirty years ago, his notion provides a still relevant critical viewpoint in examining the discourses of world literature. Western scholars continue to imagine the “world” in world literature consists of Western countries and ‘Oriental’ countries. They select, appropriate, and reduce non-Western literary works when they represent the images of the Other in the Western mind and when they are palatable to the sophisticated tastes of European readers. Given this persistent Orientalism and cultural imperialism, it is now high time to look into the nature of the current discursive rise of world literature. Considering the present academic situation in which the gale-force winds so-called ineffective, low-yielding humanities departments in the universities all around the world, it is difficult to understand the revival of world literature discourses separate from the globalization of English and the capitalist world economy system. In particular, the debate over the original of world literature among the comparativists in American academia suggest the naked truth of the ideal World Republic of Letters which has been turned into a battle ground of capitalist desires. In exploring the ways to introduce Korean literature as a world literature, therefore, it is all the more necessary to be aware of the cold reality of current world literary market and prepared to engage in the discursive war with the myth of world literature.

Contemplation on the Possibility of Globalization of Chinese Characters [1] DaeWon Suh (Yonsei university) How did China form and maintain a gigantic empire for a long period of time? This is a very interesting and at the same time a very earnest research subject. Although this problem is undoubtedly very complex and requires contemplation in various directions. The characteristics of ‘Hanzi’ (漢字 : Chinese characters) is also regarded as one of the significant elements. In order to examine the possibility of globalization of ‘Hanzi’, this thesis has researched the characteristics of ‘Hanzi’ and the partial reason for the worldly transformation of the past Hanzi Tianxia(天下). ‘Tianxia(天下)’ is a Chinese concept that refers to the ‘whole world’ which is similar in meaning to the current ‘globalization’ and can become the basis for fundamental understanding of possibility of future globalization. Hanzi is composed of 3 characteristics. For example, ‘國’ is 字形, ‘country’ is 字義, and ‘guk(in korea)’ is ‘字音’. Such ‘Xing-Yin-Yi’ (形․音․義 : shape- sound-meaning) form the 3 elements of 'Hanzi. When observing the history and reality of ‘Hanzi’, character shape and meaning tend to be very stable while the sound is fluid. This is because ‘'Hanzi’ has been adapted to the public composed of several ethnicities that uses several languages. ‘Hanzi’ is relatively distant from language and close to meaning. This signifies that ‘'Hanzi’ possesses favorable conditions for adapting in the world composed of several cultures and languages.

Heidegger's Critique of Democracy and Aesthetic Community En Jung Lee (Yonsei University) This paper examines Heidegger's critique of democracy and the aesthetic community he proposes as an alternative. In his later period, Heidegger pointed out some problems characterizing today's democracy's and the global extension of technology. The point of his criticism is that modern thought based on the subject-object dualism determines the usage of technology, swaying the whole world in an imperialistic way. Heidegger compared this democracy as Americanism, which, according to him, has three characters. First, it shows un-conditional will to represent the world as one figure. Second, it produces democratic plebeian by joining subjectivism to objectivism. Third, coupled with Christianity, Americanism produces an a-historical atmosphere and blocks the self-questioning. The end-result of this peculiar version democracy is imperial combined with capitalism. Heidegger's 'aesthetic community' is an alternative whereby to surmount the crisis of today's democracy. He suggests that present political problems can be overcome by resorting to Art, which shares its origin with technology. In proposing this new form of community, he conceives of the possibility of producing poetic art that does not lead individuals into a mass but turns them into Etrangers, who form a commune for going back to homeland for arche. In this respect, Heidegger's aesthetic community is also the community of Etrangers who resist to be the subjects and become the Ex-sistenz for itself. This community can also be called the 'poetic community' in the sense that the language in it is not simply a tool for communication but the home of Being (das Haus des Seins) shared by all the members of the community.

Investigating Directives in Korean: Advice and Suggestion Jee-Won Hahn (Kyung-Hee University) Even though it is based on a small number of responses, this study provides some interesting findings and implications for two directive speech acts. Advice and suggestion are examined from three aspects: conceptual, situational, and linguistic. These speech acts are shown to present similarities and differences as well. From a conceptual aspect, a set of semantic features are identified to distinguish advice and suggestion. The situational dimension offers the insight into the speech act theory (Searle and Venderveken 1985) to understand the condition for determining directive speech acts. Finally, linguistic realizations present various strategies employed for performing an act. Compared to advice, due to weakening illocutionary force, suggestion tends to be simplified in types of linguistic strategies. In addition, this study argues that a sentence-based approach needs to be complemented by a variety of pragmatic devices when it comes to the English-learning environment.

Taeyoung Jeong․Kyungsik Shin․Jin Huh (Korea Military Academy) This study purports to investigate a grammatical error pattern that a group of college-level EFL students exhibited in an English oral proficiency test. To achieve this goal, 1,208 speech samples of 619 college-level EFL students were transcribed from text recorded with a computer-based speaking test system called K-COPI (Computerized Oral Proficiency Interview) developed at Korea Military Academy. Then, the researchers concentrated on the grammatical structure ‘be ～ing’ to investigate through focus group discussions among the speaking raters and English conversation instructors within the Korea Military Academy faculty. The transcribed text files were analyzed with the corpus analysis tool WordSmith using the Concordance and Keywords functions. This compare and contrast analysis displayed the frequencies of various erroneous patterns in which the ‘be’ verb was missing, in contrast to the correct patterns in which the ‘be’ verb was included. In terms of descriptive statistics, the structures containing a pronoun + ‘be ～ing’ showed generally lower error rates than the ones containing a modal verb + ‘be ～ing’ did. Then, a series of X2 tests were conducted using the students’ level of reading comprehension scores as the independent variable, and the oral patterns of erroneously omitting the ‘be’ verb as the dependent variable. Based on these X2 results, EFL students with a higher average score of reading comprehension are likely to omit the ‘be’ verb -- when saying the ‘I am/was ～ing’ and ‘you are/were ～ing’ structures -- at a significantly lower rate than students with a lower average reading comprehension score.

Rethinking Multiculturalism in Korea Kyung Seok Oh (Hanyang University) This paper argues that multiculturalism debate should be revitalized in spite of various criticisms on the current discussion of the concept in Korea. What is important is to find methodology to transform the current debates based on assumptions to ones on reality. Chapter one reviews several criticisms on the current discourse of multiculturalism in Korea. Chapter two introduces some characteristics of Korean multiculturalism debates that are contradictory. They are a strong penetration of the state initiative, a segregated approach on migrants, and a popularity of assimilative programs based on a primordial concept of culture. Chapter three presents several perspectives on why such contradictory characteristics of multiculturalism in Korea have been produced. These are a problem of multiculturalism concept itself, unilateralism of the state initiative, and the absence of the subjects in the debates. Chapter four introduces Amartya Sen’s criticism on plural monoculturalism. Warning the danger of emphasizing ‘diversity of values themselves’, Sen suggests multiculturalism based on ‘reasons and individual freedom of choice.’ Chapter five proposes several new topics to revitalize the current debates on multiculturalism in Korea. They include a relationship between multiculturalism and structural criticism, a way to politicize minorities of Korean society including migrants, and Sen’s alternative to overcome plural monoculturalism. The last chapter recommends several methods to avoid making multicultural debates into another pressure for assimilation: an adaptation of utopian realism, a separation from master discourse, and an introduction of methodology of public sociology.

Globalization of Japanese Culture Seen through the Publication Youn Ju Moon (Ajou University) This paper aims to present problems of western-oriented Japanese culture that has been deepened since Japan's modernization. In order to do that, it is examined first that the process and present condition of globalizing Japanese culture in terms of the translation of publications and its international distribution. Discussions on the contemporary globalization propose overcoming the western- oriented cultural trend with a reflection on the modernity. It becomes more possible in the world that the new public sphere transcending a nation-state is formed through digital media which are bilateral, dynamic, mobile, and deterritorial. ‘The publication network of East Asia,’ formed due to digitation of publication in this new trend of globalization, is significant in the following three senses; ⅰ) the share the Asian humanities, ⅱ) the emergence of a new public sphere which intends to globalize the Asian humanities, and ⅲ) a case of the transnational practice of Asian culture.