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A Critique of the Cultural Philistine in Early Nietzsche's Thought B. T. Yoon (Yonsei University) While Nietzsche's Unzeitgemäße Betrachtungen - Erstes Stück: David Strauss, der Bekenner und der Schriftsteller, 1873, includes his critique of David Strauss' optimism as a mode of the cultural philistine and his mode of description, Nietzsche's Unzeitgemäße Betrachtungen - Drittes Stück: Schopenhauer als Erzieher, 1874, focuses on his evaluation of Schopenhauer's existential conception of man as its alternative. Especially, Nietzsche argues that scholars and philosophers are responsible for the vulgar culture of the era in the Unzeitgemäße Betrachtungen - Drittes Stück: Schopenhauer als Erzieher, 1874. In dealing with Schopenhauer as an educator, he also suggests Schopenhauer's life and attitude as an exemplar of true culture and education. This paper aims first to analyze the philistinism of scholars and philosophers as the ruling class of the culture of the era in Nietzsche's thought before 1875, and secondly to summarize his understanding of the historical conception of man for the conquest of the era and its summit, Schopenhauer's existential conception.

Sexuality, Femininity, and Death: Snake and its Mythic Image in Sumero-Babylonian, Egyptian, and Ancient Judo-Christian Civilizations Seokwoo Kwon (University of Seoul) Snake symbolized wisdom and immortality in the ancient myths and religions including not only those of Sumerian, Egyptian, Babylonian, and Greco-Roman civilizations but even also some traditions of Judo-Christian one. As the civilizations which revered woman-goddesses receded with the advent of the middle Bronze or Iron Age, the civilizations which venerated snake and moon for their regenerative symbols also waned. Instead of attacking and down-playing snake goddesses as fertility gods for the agricultural civilizations, the hunting and cattle-breeding cultures of the Bronze and Iron Age chose to negate snake and moon, and their anthropomorphic implication, women's corporeality and sexuality. Even if we acknowledge the recession of snake and moon as a historical necessity and a part of civilizational shift, the fact still remains valid that snake was and has been a pre-symbolic iconic animal telling the interchangeability and sameness of death and life. It is therefore a regret that contemporary civilization, especially a Judo-Christian one, has been losing the historical and cultural heritage of snake women and lunar goddesses for their uroboric symbol of death and life.

The Study on the Absent Symbolic Father and the Transformation of the Father in the Postwar Novel: On the Focus of Kim Dong Lee's <A Magpie' Sound>, Son Chang Seop's <A Writing in Blood>, Seo Gi Won's <A Blank Map> Yeon-Hee Jeong (Kyung Hee University) This study tries to look into some transformations of a father in father's absence world. Especially, Kim, Dong-Lee's novel <A magpie's sound>, Son, Chang-Seop's novel <A writing in blood>, Seo, Gi-Won's novel <A blank map> are focused. This three novels show 'an alternative of a father' in the post-korean war society when fathers are absent. An alternative of a father means some images of superego that follows a rull of a phallic worship. So, this study tries to research and analyze some aspects of superego. And then, various inner conflicts, like a psychological complication and panic, are researched by a view of psychoanalytics. <A magpie's sound> shows a hopeless close of the subject, who is deficient in a paternal ego-ideal and is overwhelmed by maternal superego in the postwar's situation. Expecially 'the magpie's sound' of the end and the diseased narcissist is overwhelmed by the sound and the figure of “a dark-blue barley field” and the birds flying into the dim light embody the atmosphere, it is unique and fantastic. <A writing in blood>'s 'room' means metaphorically the paranoiac world of the hopeless postwar's situation, it has not reference point that tolerate the objective perspective or the signifiant that establish the new inter-subjective relation. 'The transformation of the Father', to govern the world of the 'room', is embodied by 'Junseok' and is the wicked law of superego. A paranoiac construction in <a writing in blood> deserves attention. The reality in that story is concentrated on the 'room', but it is not the entire reality. The 'room' is described by the paranoiac view-point. <A blank map> show the Father-of-Enjoyment and the shadow of Symbolic Father, that occupied the vacancy of the Father to be denied and destroyed. These two Fathers cannot interchange roles as the Symbolic Father. Two Fathers represent psychophysical chaos of postwar's generation. It is appearance that the postwar's generation has not liberty absolutely in the vacancy of the Father and on the contrary be in dependent on the phallic logic strongly and show a spiritual deadlock as a result of compulsion. The postwar novels involve selfconsciousness called as a common victim in war and the postwar's generation sink under defeatism and nihilism and decadence in the postwar novels. Although, those works hold in common defeatism and nihilism and decadence, but paradoxically express the violence of barbarous days and internal confusion in an extreme chaos. It's meaning that these novels has. As a result, the novels accomplish insight about human and society

Aesthetics of ‘personal intertextuality’ and minimalism in Jon Fosse‘s Draum om hausten Jai-Ung Hong (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies) Jon Fosse, the contemporary Norwegian author and dramatist, is widely considered as one of the world's greatest contemporary playwrights. He is apparently described as the Beckett of the 21st Century. Fosse has been even compared to Pinter and Ibsen. Fosse's style is short, clipped and repetitive dialogues. This paper aims to contribute to the analyses of a play by Fosse, Draum om hausten(Dream of Autumn). What is apparent in Draum om hausten is Fosse's intertextuality and minimalist aesthetic. Fosse's intertextuality is very personal and he links his play to his pre-existing plays. It is a technique that follows the post-modern approach to borrowing from his old works to create a new one. Fosse's typical characters from a narrative point of view are not defined by their atrributes but by their social standing, occupation and ideology, i.e. their condition. Their most important attribute is how they function in relationship to other characters. With its repeated phrases and deft imagery, Fosse gives his minimalist theatrical languages. His dialogue is hypnotic and incorporates hesitations, repetitions and the unsaid, creating both musicality and an atmosphere of anxiety and foreboding. Even a spare vocabulary and minimal stage directions, it's what is happening in between. Fosse attempts to throw the viewer into a state of turmoil with the barest possible means, leaving space to be filled, awkwardness and frustration that weren't always spoken. Fosse establishes a mood of mystery and ambiguity which is crucial to his postmodernist tendencies, infiltrating the whole play.

Mythological Analysis on <Pan's Labyrinth>(2006) & <Woo-Chi>(2009): Laying stress on the Hero's Journey Model Hye-Jung Cho (Graduate School of Arts, Chung-Ang University) Myth, the collective dream of human beings acts as the archetype of every culture and the source of imagination. Myths have been mixed with historical facts and fictions, reality, fantasy in the process of being passed down and orally transmitted ending up most enchanting stories. Therefore, myths are fascinating materials for movies, stories, or character patterns for sure. Future, formalizing the monsters, giants, or dwarfs appearing in the myths is much easier thanks to the development of CG and special visual effects, which is realistic even more than our imagination leading to the myths being used more in making movies. In this thesis , mythological analysis were done for the two movie texts, <Pan's Labyrinth>(2006) & <Woo-Chi>(2009). The mythological analysis was carried out in three aspects such as analysis on narrative, characters, on expressive pattern of mythological imagination as the archetype of mythological characters. In narrative analysis, the Hero's Journey Model was applied to the two movies and its results showed that they were the follower of “heroic myth”. Myth may be divided largely into creation myth and heroic myth, and the former focuses the origin of universe and the place of god who control the place, while the latter moves its focus from gods to human beings. Heroes in the myths are different from men of course in the way most of their parents were either god, goddess, half-man, half-amazing or the descendents of kings. Their were born mysteriously or abandoned immediately after their birth which are very different from common growth process. But the heroes (or destined to be heros )had to complete their tasks to prove they were heroes and had to take adventure. They went through hardship, troubles and even experienced death and revival and then returned with trophies or “elixir” to which will benefit the world/human beings. Those heroes were enthroned as heroes “wholly” through adventure and even won absolute “divinity” I found out through this study that myth was holding its persistent life force through cultural contents, especially through movies, and acting as the source of imagination. Besides I newly confirmed seeing the myth being reborn repeatedly through modification and reprocess as the origin of stories that the myth also take the role of “the source of creation”.

Humanistic perspectives on the movie 󰡔Avatar󰡕 Heechae Park (Sungkyunkwan University) The movie rewrote the history of cinema by recording No.1 at the box office and received various discourse and criticism by experts in different fields. The main plot of the movie is to solve the problem of energy depletion on earth where the Resource Development Association(RDA) plans to collect mineral resource which are only obtainable from the faraway planet Pandora which intern causes conflict with the local natives ‘Na’vi’. The RDA agents finds difficulties in work places due to the poisonous atmosphere so they create a Na’vi avatar to communicate with the Na’vi. This leads to communication between the human ‘Jake Sully’ and Na’vi ‘Neytiri’. The reason this movie was a great success comes first from the breakthrough development in imaging technology and computer graphic(CG) technology. Director Cameron utilizes this technology well and succeeds in making all of his imagination come to life in a great piece of work. Also, the narrative structure related with various eastern philosophies, which interested the asian audience as if the story was their own. 󰡔Avatar󰡕 showed the audience the existence of the ‘avatar me’ in a virtual world, instead of ‘me’ in the real world through a medium symbolized by a ‘link’ and created a unique language of the Na’vi to realize the existence of aliens. Director Cameron said, “The real theme is to look at others with your hearts open” regarding various criticisms on 󰡔Avatar󰡕. This statement by Cameron can be taken as meaning that the communication between humans and others species is imperative, and that to survive in the near future one must learn to coexist with nature. The method of communication by the Na’vi in the movie is based on understanding the harmony and the nature between energies. The bond between humans and animals, plants and all living things on earth, exchange energy with each other, which makes up nature. One can state that all species cannot survive by themselves alone but rather as a part of nature itself. The picture tries to make aware of various conflicts and the solutions that surrounds our daily lives while increasing our awareness of the future.

Ideals in Translation and Translation Analysis Jungjoon Park (Yonsei University) This paper examines the diverse views concerning translation theories. In the philosophical viewpoint the paper has taken into consideration theories put forward by Schleiermacher, Benjamin and Derrida which distances itself from the traditional translation methods such as the literal translation or the liberal translation methods. This distancing can be well noted in the opinions of Derrida through his lecture titled 'Qu'est-ce qu'une traduction relevante?'. Venuti used Derrida's methodology in translating Derrida's french paper into english, and used the chance to analyze the end results. Venuti known as theoretician and professional translator translated Derrida's lecture papers using philosophical perspectives. In opposition, the translation theories put forward by ESIT bases its methodology on reality and experiences for translations. The third part of this paper also utilizes the methodology and theories based on experiences put forward by ESIT in analysing Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. The paper by examining the methodology and the results of translated work through inductive and deductive reasoning tried to contemplate from the metaphysical perspective the philosophically based theories in translation and also examine through empirical perspective how the translation is actually realized in reality. As long as there are different cultures with different languages and different customs translation will always be a key element in human history.

Study on Literary Translation and Cultural Translation in Dramatic Texts Gi chan Yang (The University of Suwon) Translating from one language to another in literature is a process of understanding the culture related to the work in question. Without the understanding of the basic societal cultural viewpoint of the work concerned, the translation will only mislead the reader or in the case of the stage the audience. The prominent dangers in translation is that a misinterpretation of the work by the translator not only effects the reader/audience of the work but also may significantly diminish the values that the work represents and is credited for in the context of literary history. The paper denotes the problems and as to why understanding of culture in translation is a necessary and a required/must skill. The Homecoming by Harold Pinter which had been translated in Korean is an example of how knowledge and understanding of culture is an important tool and how one word mistranslated can actually misdirect the reader/audience from the original work and thereby diminish the value of the work in question.

Relaxing Fossilization of Word Order for Adult EFL Learners: Using CP Phase Sang-Hee Bae․Sung-Hun Kim (Dankook University) This paper will suggest Using CP Phase for Relaxing Fossilization of Word Order for Adult EFL Learners. Through the experiments, the fossilized respects have been reviewed first and then critical factors observed. As a result of them, significant factors have been determined through the syntactic differences between the first language and English. First of all, this paper uses CP Phase as a basic technique in terms of biolinguistics according to Berwick & Chomsky (2008). Namely, if the human language faculty can be reasoned to be a part of the organs and can be activated, adult EFL learners under the restriction of UG can expect to acquire English just as English native learners do as well by resetting parameters. Thus the issue of relaxing fossilized English word order is discussed by suggesting Relaxing Fossilization of Word Order for Adult EFL Learners by CP Phase.