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Daniel Defoe’s case study A Journal of the Plague Year which was written and gave a detailed description on the progression of time and space experienced through 1st person narrative accounts of the ‘Epidemic’ which plagued London during 1665-1666 (published, 1722). This paper examines the ‘Epidemic’ as a specific nature of time is perceived and experienced in the relationship with space, based on Bakhtine's chronotope through Camus’s La Peste and Ionesco’s Jeux de Massacre which were both influenced by Defoe’s studies. The selection of Camus’s La Peste and Ionesco’s Jeux de Massacre, one novel and the other drama was not sorely because of the para-textual nature that the two work represented in relation to Defoe’s Journal but because they presented two different genres which are not easily conciliable due to spatial and temporal restrictions that govern the said genres. Even though, La Peste and Jeux de Massacre represent the same ‘theme line’ the representation of the experience are very different and it is through Bakhtine’s chronotope theory that this paper tries to address the differences through comparing the suggested works by Camus and Ionesco. Comparing the representations suggested in La Peste and Jeux de Massacre are developed in the following order. In Chapter 2, the chronotope of ‘roads’ that collectively refers to cities, streets, and cemeteries, in Chapter 3 examined the chronotope of the ‘threshold’ that distinguishes urban from suburban houses, and separates prisons and camps from the outside world and in Chapter 4, the chronotope of ‘square.’ meaning public hospital are examined through various representations suggested and discernable in the two works suggested. Finally, the paper addresses meaning of a typical chronotope caused by the epidemic, the events and emotions that various characters would experience rapidly, human attributes and the circulation of fate.

Three Sick People was a non-sense comedy that dramatically described an aspect of growth of women’s rights which had been appeared in the time of enlightenment of modern Korea. Assemblywomen was an ancient Greek comedy written in 392 B.C. and it was about women took over the Assembly, the exclusive property of patriarchal social men at the time. In Three Sick People, it was ridiculously described that men concerned about the growth of women's rights even though living in the patriarchal family and society. In Assemblywomen, it was a little far-fetched but women were portrayed as discontinuing their dependence on men and taken a lead in the family and national crisis. A common feature of these works is to require women’s social and political participation by reversing gender roles based on the gender equality. The women’s participating actions were used with the privilege of satire, which is a characteristic of comedy, to speak out complains about oppressive and patriarchal society. In spite of that, the works ended up as just giving a new recognition on the gender equality and an tolerant attitude of men and women living together. The implication of the works is to show a comic will to correct the rigid nature of social authority, which wrapped up imperfect human perfection, with humorous satire and healthy laughter.

This paper speculates the cultural continuum between the late contemporary poet Huh Sukyung’s idea of ‘Nothing Between Man and Men’ and a Goryeo-Korean scholar-poet Mokeun Yi Saek’s neo-confucian idea of ‘Nothing Between Heaven and Man.’ In the process, this paper attempts to illuminate how Yi Saek, developing his original metaphysics of the Principle of the Heaven and the relationship between the Heaven, Man, and Nature, could make a distinction of Goryeo-Korean poetic sensibility from Su Dongpo’s. Secondly, this paper points out the fact that Yi Saek’s metaphysics was succeeded to Joh Shik and help him develop a derivative metaphysics, called ‘Super-fusion of All into One,’ which subsequently nurtured Huh’s idea of ‘Nothing Between Man and Men.’ Lastly, it examines how Huh embodies Yi Saek’s poetic sensibility in her blues poems. By hyper-connecting two poets beyond the time and the space, this paper sheds a light on the cosmopolitan spirit in Korean cultural history which keeps driving creative minds to connect the peripheral to the center and the local to the global.

This research puts the revised Korean and Chinese punctuation rules with reference to the comma in Chinese and Korean. As known, the core function of the Chinese and Korean commas refers to a short pause in sentences. In terms of the function and role of punctuation in written context, a wide range of recent research has paid attention to their disparities and similarities between the two languages. In the educational context, accuracy and understanding of puncutation rules should be educated, for they can represent different semantic changes depending on the context. With regard to the use of punctuation in context, regulations concerning punctuation have recently been amended. Chinese punctuation rules are recently revised in 2011: "General Rules for Function" (GB/T 15834 2011) and the Simplified Chinese, and "Hangul Matchumbeop" in 2017. The research puts forth that the similarities and disparities between the two languages should be increasingly studied, since Korean Chinese learners often make punctuational mistakes in their written works. Conclusively, Chinese learners should clearly understand the accurate function and usage of punctuation, paying attention to semantic differences in written context.

The purpose of this study is to investigate different types of errors identified from the essays written by 68 Asian EFL learners at a Korean university. The learner corpus containing these essays consisted of 2498 errors; based on the schemes suggested by previous researchers, those errors were analyzed according to error classification, i.e., sentence fragments, run-ons, comma splices, word order, verb tense, verb form, subject verb agreement, word form, determiners, prepositions, and word choice. Of all the error types committed by college-level learners, word choice had the highest error frequency, accounting for around 33%. Word choice issues in EFL students’ writing could be due to a traditional way of English learning such as rote memorization of vocabulary and purely receptive reading skills. Thus, instructor suggestions on practical learning methods concerning word choice in writing can be certainly helpful and teachers would also need to pedagogically utilize EFL written word choice strategies in a more effective way.

This article examines how the Gothic New Testament translated the personal names of the Greek New Testament(a Greek Vorlage). Having analysed all personal names in Paul’s letters, I show the following facts to be some characteristics of the Gothic translation of Greek proper names. First, in terms of gender, the Gothic translation followed gender of Greek names, which might have been attributed to the gender-distinction in personal names. Second, in terms of declension, the Gothic word-forms did not always correspond to Greek. Although both Greek and Gothic have five categories of declension, i.e., the 1st, 2nd and 3rd declensions, irregular declensions and non-declensions, the Gothic manner of treating declensions of Greek personal names was independent from Greek. This indicates that Gothic maintained its own system of declension in translating Greek personal names. Finally, in terms of pronunciation and orthography, Gothic translation was almost faithful to Greek pronunciation. However, several personal names show a clear difference between Greek and Gothic, for example, Lwij< Laudijai and Silouanoj, Silbanus. Lwij< may be transliterated into Lauis, and Silouanoj, into Siluanos. But Gothic simply did not stick to Greek pronunciation. Instead, such forms, i.e., Loide and Silvanus, are found in Latin translation(the Vulgata) even if there are some differences. This reveals that Gothic translation of Greek personal names was never a blind imitation, but a considerate translation for the receptor language.

This paper attempts to measure the similarity of frequently occurring modal auxiliaries in both L1 and L2 writings. The modal auxiliaries are known to be difficult areas of study for both L1 and L2, due to the overlapping in their use. A subset of TOEFL11 corpus and a subset of PTB(Penn Treebank) corpus were used to capture the similarities among modal auxiliaries within L1 and L2, respectively, and also across L1 and L2. Based on the hypothesis of distributional representation, similarities of modal auxiliaries were computed by applying cosine similarity and mutual information to every pair of words in the corpus, and then finally reducing dimensions with Singular Value Decomposition. The results show that the modals are found to be similar to other modals, and the distribution of modals in the reduced dimensions show that the modals in L1 and those in L2 exhibits different patters of similarities, while the distance among the modals in L1 is further away than the distance among those L2 modals.

This article examines how English words pronunciations were transcribed into Hangeul (Korean letter) in Ahakpyeon, a multilingual lexicon which was originally written and compiled by Jeong Yakyong in circa 1804 and edited again by Ji Seokyeong & Jeon Yonggyu in 1908 with the addition of Korean, Japanese and English annotations for Hanja literacy education for children. It is revealed with many illustrations that English words pronunciations were transcribed into Hangeul in a systematic way that is based on close observation and profound understanding of both Korean and English phonetics and phonology: Firstly, broadly speaking, English voiced stops ‘b, d, g’ were transcribed into hapyong byeongseo ‘ㅅㅂ, ㅅㄷ, ㅅㄱ’, especially in word-initial position which were used for the so-called tense stops in Korean. This means that English ‘b, d, g’ were perceived and produced especially in word-initial position (sometimes erratically) as tense stops to Koreans. Secondly, English fricatives, most of which are not in Korean, were also transcribed into forms of hapyong byeongso again, but this time, as hapyong byeongseo in which o appears on the left side of the byeongso. Transcription of English liquids r and l into Korean is also achieved in a creative, witty and shrewd manner that makes use of positional variants of Korean liquid , that is, ‘으’ is epenthesized in front of a word-initial English ‘r’ but ‘을’ before Englis ‘l’.

This paper studies Korean education and the educational environments concerning children from multicultural families based upon the comparative analysis of the two surveys targeting early childhood teachers carried out in 2011 and 2019. We divided the surveys into two different parts, ‘status of Korean language education’ and ‘noteworthy points for Korean language education’ for exquisite analysis. In the ‘status of Korean language education,’ the 2019 survey compared to that of 2011 shows that negative responses have increased with regard to the number of times of special Korean lessons for children from multicultural families, and language teaching environments are still in a poor situation. Besides, the degree of concern of the parents of multicultural families for their children has decreased, which seems to be the effect of the economic polarization of multicultural families. In the ‘noteworthy points for Korean language education,’ responses for the necessity of intensified multicultural education for early childhood teachers have slightly increased. It is because the level of multicultural education seems to be still staying fundamental. This result also seems to be partly related to the stricter evaluation criteria of the teachers against children from multicultural families as the number of enrolling children from those families is increasing every year. It is strongly suggested that the specialized Korean teaching program should be developed and separate teaching hours be secured based upon our analysis.

This study aims to analyze various linguistic usage of the military unit slogans of the ROK Navy. For this purpose, we explain the structures and meanings of the military unit slogans. The result of the research is summarized as follows: First, the military unit slogans are defined as phrases that implicitly express the mission, characteristics, history, tradition, and core values of the unit. These also function as perlocutionary acts that persuade slogan receivers (soldiers) to change their thinking and behavior. Second, the most commonly used structures of military unit slogans are: the written letter of <Korean>, the structure of <expression+name of unit>, and the compositional pattern of ‘phrase pattern’. Third, looking at the meaning of military unit slogans, among the core values of the ROK Navy, ‘courage’ > ‘devotion’ > ‘honor’ are used in the order of frequency in military unit slogans, and expressions of superiority are the most common pattern of meaning delivery in military unit slogans. Based on these results, this study emphasizes the need for research on military unit slogans, and it also suggests a policy that can contribute to the expansion of research subjects and the systematic analysis thereof.

The purpose of the present study is to investigate apology strategies in commemorative speeches held by three Federal Presidents of Germany, i.e., Christian Wulff, Joachim Gauck and Frank-Walter Steinmeier. This study examined three different presidential speeches delivered in Poland in 2011, 2014 and 2019. The term ‘Gedenkrede’, which means in German ‘memorial speech’ has a special meaning in Germany. It is not a simple memorial speech, but a speech that commemorates victims of the Nazis’ atrocities and remembers Germany’s Nazi past. The analysis of the speeches showed several important things. First, they mainly consist of the following components: listing the specific facts of the crime, empathizing with psychological wounds, recognizing responsibility for the past, promise to prevent recurrence, call for participation and asking for forgiveness. These are important steps for a true apology. Second, the attitude toward Nazi past and Germany's responsibility for the past differ from President to President. Third, many think that commemorative speeches are expressive, but they are more commissive than expressive.

France has the particularity of having strong language laws tradition which have forced the exclusive use of the French language in all public documents including laws, bylaws, contracts, etc. since the 16th century. These laws have been often interpreted as a fruit of protectionism or purism of French language. However, from the beginning, French language laws stand for people who had difficulties in understanding public administrative message. The Ordonnance of Villers-Coterêt, The Speech of Barême during the Convention period, The Law Toubon, The French Enrichment Committee and finally, COSLA’s activities aimed that all public understand the law and administration so as to exercise their own civil rights. All French people has the right to understand and get knowledge through their own language, which is the foundation concept of Law Toubon. Nowadays the gap between administrative and general language is mainly caused by terminology. So the efforts against terminology-jargon, terminology-forexperts are another important pillar of French language policy. The French Enrichment Committee enforces to regulate difference between specialists and the public language so that all members of society can coherently use same nomenclature. And then came the COSLA which is a real organization dedicated for simplification of the administrative language, which can compare with Plain Language Campaign of U.K. The Vocalulary and the Guide to writing were elaborated to enhance the simplicity, clarity, logic, and human respects of administrative documents.

The aim of the paper is to .... The aim of the paper is to examine our lives in the 2010s, when the [X-Jok] neologisms emerge and are the most actively coined about people, by considering their social linguistic meanings. The objects of analysis in this study are the [X-Jok] neologisms in the neologism collection of the 2010s that has been investigated by the National Institute of Korean Language. The research methodology is to examine the [X-Jok] neologisms’ classification by type and their characteristics of sociolinguistic meaning by each type. [X-Jok] neologisms are, in the first place, classified into target types and field types, and then the target types are classified specifically by age and gender. By doing so, the sociolinguistic meanings reflected in each type are examined. The field types are subdivided into three sectors like the following; first is food, clothing, and shelter. Second is economy, education and environment. Third is culture. According to each sector, its sociolinguistic implications are examined. Besides, [X[HON x]-Jok] [X[PYEON x]-Jok] [X[x KANGS]-Jok] are coined in series by being repeated, reproduced, and enriched like the way ‘meme phenomena’ is. Therefore, the repeated patterns of [X[HON x]-Jok], [X[PYEON x]-Jok], [X[x KANGS]-Jok] are studied.