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The author claims in this paper that vowel length in Korean is alive, at least in underlyig representations, if not so much in the surface form of contemporary Korean. The paper examines three phonological phenomena in Korean in order to support the claim: (a) vowel length and vowel contraction, (b) vowel length and vowel raising, and (c) vowel length and the so-called irregular predicates.

In this study, we discuss the basic technology of machine learning of the deep neural network for natural language processing(NLP). We explain the distributed vector representation of words. Distributed vector representation is proved to be able to carry semantic meanings and are useful in various NLP tasks. The recurrent neural network(RNN) is employed to get the vector representation of sentences. We discuss the RNN encoder-decoder model and some modifications of the RNN structure to improve the accuracy of the machine translations. To test and verify the accuracy of Google translator, we performed the translation among Korean, English, and Japanese, and examined the meaning change between the original and the translated sentence. In neural network translation, we showed some inaccuracies of the translation such as wrong relation between subject and object, or some omission or repetition of the original meaning. In order to increase the performance and accuracy of machine translation, it is necessary to acquire more data for training.

This paper throws a question whether Chinese vowel /o/[o] is a monophthong or a diphthong. It is generally accepted amongst phoneticians that Chinese vowel /o/ is pronounced as a diphthong [uo] in everyday life. However, Chinese and Taiwanese Ministries of Education regulate and many Chinese scholars claim that this vowel is a monophthong. To examine why this kind of confusion has arisen, we carried out a production test of this Chinese vowel against Chinese and Taiwanese female subjects and a perception test of the identical vowel with Korean females who can speak Chinese, Chinese and Taiwanese female subjects. The results of the production test showed that there was a discrepancy of the independent /o/ productions between Chinese and Taiwanese subjects. This is because Chinese subjects showed [o] or [uo] productions while Taiwanese subjects produced only [o]. This outcome seemed to reveal that Chinese speakers have two versions of /o/ pronunciation while Taiwanese speakers possess only one version of /o/ pronunciation, [o]. The outcome of the perception test showed more evidence of the different pronunciations of /o/ between Chinese and Taiwanese subjects. While Taiwanese and Korean subjects clearly distinguished the difference between the monophthong [o] and the diphthong [uo], Chinese subjects could not pick up the characteristic of the diphthong [uo] and they perceived it as [o]. It can be claimed that Chinese people treat /o/ as a monophthong in phonemic level while they produce this vowel as [o] or [uo] in phonetic level.

The purpose of the study is to account for vowel-laxing and tensing by suffixation in English through constraint-analyses on the assumption that a vowel was inserted before some suffixes, with or without stress change depending on certain contexts. There is a view that while vowel-initial suffixes cause such phonological phenomena, consonant-initial suffixes are not responsible for them. When we examined some instances, it was observed that several Class I suffixes begin with /i/, such as -ity, -ify, -ic, -ial, -ian, and -ious which were associated with vowel-laxing (Yip 1987:465). Therefore, we identify a possible cause of complex phonological effects as being vowel-insertion in some suffixes (Aronoff 1976, Fudge 1984, Yip 1987, Raffelsiefen 1998), resulting in allomorphs, and -ic containing a stem-forming vowel. To present the basis of vowel-insertion in some suffixes, we consider the suffixes from historical and theoretical perspectives. As for vowel-laxing in suffixation, we look into rule-based approaches, such as Halle and Mohanan’s (1985) collapsed Shortening, Yip’s Pre-Cluster Shortening, and Roca and Johnson’s (1999) mora-based analysis, but these analyses do not provide a satisfactory explanation for vowel-laxing with stress change. Regarding vowel-tensing in suffixation, we also review Halle and Mohanan’s rule, but it does not give us an appropriate explanation for tensing, not to mention the stress change. Therefore, we look for constraint-based approaches as an alternative, and finally can account for the complex phonological phenomena more consistently and concisely than the rule-based approaches.

This paper provides an analytical review of Nanjung Ilgi (i.e., War Diary of Admiral Yi Sun-sin), the most representative “one source, multi-use” material in Korea. Specifically, this paper makes comparisons between the original text of Nanjung Ilgi and several texts that were subsequently created based on the original texts (e.g., novels, movies, etc.) with particular focus on the functional load of characters as defined by the changes in the linguistic signs used in the relevant texts. This paper finally demonstrates that the functional load of the characters played in each of the texts, in turn, determines what each text considers to be Yi Sun-sin’s impression of his victory in Myeongnyang Naval Battle.

The purpose of this paper is to find out humanistic reflection through the use of poetry storytelling. There is a healing function in the narrative structure of poetry storytelling, especially in the poems of autobiographic monologue or confession of self. To this end, this paper analyzed Seo Jeong-ju’s ｢自畵像｣(Self-Portrait), Yun Dong-ju’s ｢自畵像｣(Self-Portrait), and Baek Seok’s ｢南新義州柳洞朴時逢方｣ published in the latter half of the 1930s. Seo Jeong-ju’s ｢自畵像｣(Self-Portrait) shows an artistic aim and permissivism of attitude, Yun Dong-ju’s ｢自畵像｣ (Self-Portrait) represents acceptance and sublimation of continuous inner conflict, and Baek Seok’s ｢南新義州柳洞朴時逢方｣ shows acceptance of fate and recovery of calmness. These poems show not only the humanistic reflection and the use of poetry storytelling but also an aspect of literary therapy such as inner side injury and its recognition, changeover for consolation or healing of injury, and process of accepting or overcoming it.

This paper considers the phonological characteristics and type frequency of spelling variation in English SMS abbreviations. We argue that spelling variation is not random but phonologically motivated. Showing that vowels are more likely to be deleted than consonants, we claim that word-intial vowel deletion is closely related to the trochaic rhythm of English, while word-medial vowel deletion is associated with word-initial prominence. We also show that word-final e is deleted only when the preceding vowel is short. Among consonants, gh and h are most frequently omitted, and r is deleted only in coda position, reflecting the /r/-deletion rule in Modern English. Meanwhile, geminate consonants are degeminated after a tense vowel, but degemination is optional after a lax vowel. We also show that ‘8’ is the most frequently used number homophone, and that only th and ks are subject to substitution. With regard to frequency, we assert that deletion (57.42%) occurs most frequently, which is followed by number homophone (13.23%), letter homophone (12.58%), substitution (9.68%) and alphanumeric homophone (1.94%) in that order. Besides, we also argue that spelling variation may result from assimilation and word-final e-insertion, though rare (1.29% each).

This paper aims to examine TED speeches’ mechanism and their characteristics, and to analyze two TED speeches – selected from ‘The most popular talks of all time: 25 most popular’ - based on rhetorical strategies. Three strategies utilized in this study are concerned with ‘invention’, ‘style’ and ‘arrangement’, which have been proposed by Aristotle. TED with its moto of ‘Ideas worth spreading’ is a “nonprofit organization devoted to spreading ideas, usually in the form of short, powerful talks (18 minutes or less)”. Most previous domestic and overseas studies on TED speeches, have focused on either the application of language education aiming at enhancing English competence as well as their educational effects, or the analysis of TED based on 'storytelling methods'. However little attention has been given to TED speech itself and its persuasive strategies. Our findings through this study showed that firstly, various rhetorical strategies in TED speech are required, which differs slightly from what is known about TED speech. Secondly, according to our analysis of two selected speeches, they had similarities and differences, too. They aimed to spread what speakers got to know through empirical evidence, and belonged to ‘deliberative speech’ using ‘exemplification’. Thirdly, regarding ‘style’, TED-1 took advantage of ‘questioning’, while TED-2 was organized based on storytelling methods.

What does the revolutionary science and technology industry mean to us, which has already begun and is progressing at a much faster rate than it feels in our reality? This article examines the essential meaning of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and attempts to develop it further through the text. The difference between the 4th Industrial Revolution and the previous 3rd Industrial Revolution lies not in merely digitalization of information technology, but in the fact that innovative transformation based on technology combination and re-examination of business methods of existing socio-economic subjects are necessary. The future of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, reflects common goals and values of haman being's and depends on developing a comprehensive and shareable perspective. In this respect, our future must be human-centered, and technology must be changed; but direction must be maintained. The process of the Industrial Revolution is to innovate the future in the direction of changing the value of human life from the direction of pursuing industrialization or technological progress through physically and cognitively enhanced human beings. Ultimately, the future industry of intelligent information technology should prepare for the future, paying attention to the need to understand users who are the subjects of technology and to satisfy their needs. The socio-economic changes of future industrial society caused by the representative intelligence information technology of the 4th Industrial Revolution and the interaction between technology and human in it are important. In particular, the value of human experience, not technology itself, at the heart of automation, intelligence, and mechanization was emphasized. This emphasis is a key issue in 232 인문언어 제19권 제2호that human experience is more important than the simple change in technological progress, which leads to the qualitative innovation of the 4th Industrial Revolution to produce a revolutionary intelligent information technology industrial society.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution requires environment in which technologies such as the IoT, AI and Big data are changing the way we live and work. With this method, It has become a term representing the new age based on ICT. The fourth industrial revolution, mainly focused on hyperconnectivity and super intelligence, is considered to be more advanced than the previous industrial revolution. In this paper, I argue for a new paradigm focusing on human-centered design to think, and understand human. I deal with speech engineering design based on human information processing and smart city of next generation integrated whit ICT platform in human -centered design service.

The intelligence defined by the cognitive science of the past was a kind of function, that is, the analogy of the input, processing, and output of the information processing machine. The embodied cognition is a phenomenon in which individual human beings strictly distinguish between the inside and the outside of the system by organism of 'body' as an individual unit, self-generated autopoiesis and self organizing. This defines the more advanced and radical constructivist aspects of intelligence. This means that intelligence is not merely the ability of problem solving. By overcoming the definition of intelligence based on the information processing theory of the 1950s and by extreme constructivist view that everything is alive and constantly evolving through self-generation, thinking and body, Humberto R. Maturana, Francisco J. Varela and Niklas Luhman have developed the connection between them. What is ultimately important in the cognitive science of this embodied cognition is the phenomenon of communication that communicates each system, not each of the thought, the body, and the world – environment. At the bottom of this idea is the Information Theory, which deals with entropy and information. This is because the information is a phenomenon and existence that has meaning and information volume only through communication. The essence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, which creates space for all things to live and think, is the information and communication.