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In the Diamond Sutra, there are more than thirty instances of the peculiar declarative sentences which I propose to call “the statements of expression-reference.” For instance, “World is not world. Therefore is it called world.” or “Particles of dust are not particles of dust. Therefore are they called particles of dust.” Those statements have made the reading of the Sutra notoriously difficult, not only for the common readers but also for the commentators of the Sutra. I suggest that the linguistic distinction between “use” and “mention” be applied to the statements of expression-reference: “‘World’ is not a world. Therefore is it called ‘world’.” or “‘Particles of dust’ are not particles of dust. Therefore are they called ‘particles of dust’.” Rewritten this way, the statements of expression-reference turn out pretty mundane utterances, with nothing difficult to understand. They simply indicate the basic linguistic fact that the verbal expressions only refer to particular things in the world, rather than identifying themselves with the things. Then the question arises why Lord Buddha utters such mundane linguistic facts in his sermon. I suggest that Lord Buddha tells us the limitation of a human language: it is of no use to explicate the Buddhist Truth in a language and so you had better abandon the language in your efforts to learn the Truth and reach enlightenment. I refer to Buddha's way of explication of this type as a “transcendental mode of explication.” However, Wonhyo (617~686), one of the foremost Buddhist monks and scholars in the Shilla dynasty, points out that one can only abandon one's own language only by means of the language. This paramount paradox is part of Wonhyo's Buddhist teaching known as the Logic of Hwajaeng, literally “harmonious quarrel or dispute.” Based on Wonhyo’s Logic of Hwajaeng, Shin (2003b) proposes a new way of approaching the semantics of human language: a “transcendental semantics” as opposed to our usual empirical semantics. I see a possibility in his proposal that transcendental semantics organized in terms of the logic of Hwajaeng can lead to the “Buddhist semantics of noble silence” beyond visible and audible utterances. However it is yet to be explored how we establish a full-fledged theory of transcendental semantics.

This paper aims to briefly differentiate views on war as represented in Western Literature and Philosophy. War was revered in Western Philosophy as “naturally rational and sublime”(Kant), “ethical and necessary”(Hegel), and “instinctive and naturally recurrent”(Nietzsche), to name a few Western philosophers. But Western literature, especially that of World War I expressing each individual’s pain and suffering in its concrete form, has begun to stand apart from the religious and philosophical tradition of “sacred war” or “just war” in the Hobbesian world of “homo homini lupus.” Herein lies the dichotomy of pro-war philosophy vs. anti-war literature, a bit oversimplified and hackneyed topos dating from Plato’s denigration of myth and literature. Literature has not always been anti-war, nor has philosophy always been pro-war. Besides, such a dichotomy is no longer tenable in the 21st century when nuclear warfare implies total annihilation of mankind. Total abnegation of “the other” through nuclear war is in effect the total annihilation of “the self,” thus nuclear war nullifies the concept of war itself. The rise and spread of civilization through war’s side effects, such as scientific discovery and technological development, comes to an end with nuclear war, especially when civilization turns out to be barbarity itself, if we follow Walter Benjamin

This essay argues poisoning frequently staged in early modern England resonates anxiety as well as curiosity of the contemporaries toward still mysterious and ungraspable human body. Along with the Reformation, human body posits a battleground for discourses of sacredness and secularity, whereas the poisoning as a technologically skilled and highly intelligent crime boldly challenges human body, a sacred work created by God. Furthermore, the process to solve criminal cases of poisoning intrinsically involves Protestant humanistic urge to seek truth through visual proofs while debunking superstitious and deceptive images produced by Roman Catholic Church. Staging poisoning, thus, is to provide solid narratives largely identifying “invisible” effects of poison and unclear identity of the poisoner and ultimately to relieve the anxiety around the uncertainties poisoning arouses. This essay looks at The White Devil by John Webster, which contains varied representations of poisoning, and discusses visualizing poisoning on stage is basically grounded on anti-Catholic sentiments but also exposes Protestant dilemma on representation, the recurring skepticism of misrepresentation or impossibility to represent what is true.

This article aims to analyze various rhetorical devices of military unit slogans of the ROK Army. For this purpose, we describe the figurative modes and their implications from 343 military unit slogans of 277 regiment-sized troops across different branches of the ROK Army. The 502 figures, which were applied to 343 units slogans, were divided into 2 figurative modes, such as figures of thought (76.9%) and figures of language (23.1%). The former then was classified as trope, figures of association, and figures of citation. For the trope, the symbol was mostly used, for the figures of association the hyperbole, and for the figures of association the allusion. The latter then was classified as figures of structure and figures of rhyme. For the figures of structure, the ellipsis was mostly used and for the figures of rhyme the alliteration. The most preferred figures among military unit slogans was the hyperbole (179 slogans, 35.7%). This type of rhetorical device demonstrates the combat power and the military spirit of the unit, and emphasizes their pride against the enemy.

This paper aims to explore French animal figurative expressions focused on « chien(dog), chat(cat), cheval(horse)» and to examine how their meaning extension can be categorized based on conceptual metaphor. French language is reported to be rich in figurative expressions, especially animal figurative ones are heard nearly in everyday situation. In the field of cognitive semantics, there has been much research (domestic and foreign) concerning idioms, metaphor and body terms based on various individual languages. However, relatively little attention has been paid to animal figurative expressions and few studies have dealt with them in French. In this study, the figurative meanings containing chien, chat, cheval were analyzed based on conceptual metaphor as well as on semantic molecules related to ‘animal’, and their meaning extension was categorized. Our findings through this study showed that firstly, three animal figurative expressions as well as their extended meanings could be categorized. Which related to human beings, cognition, appearance, attitude, action, situation or relationship with others. Secondly, there were differences in semantic categories of figurative expressions by animals. Chien expression usually referred to negative properties, chat related to both positive and negative ones. Also, cheval expression was represented by positive properties as well as qualities (e.g. ways, means). Furthermore, animal expressions demonstrate different French speakers’ modes of thought compared with Koreans.

This paper reviews some discussion on the ontology of time and investigates relevant issues of tense logic and temporal relations. It seems that most of modern tense theories are in B-theoretic terms of time, which are later/earlier than. Reichenbach’s tense theory clearly shows such characterization of tense, which is intuitive and influential, and it may be tied to our conception of time.

This paper reviews approaches to speech rhythm which is defined as patterned recurrences of events in time. The paper provides a bird eyes’ review that earlier failed attempts to rhythm metrics which have been devoted to finding periodicity led to the conceptual shift that speech is not isochronous and that the rhythm of a language is the product of its linguistic structure such as syllable structure, vowel reduction, and accent-induced lengthening. It is also summarized that quantitative and stochastic approaches to linguistic rhythm has been accompanied by the conceptual shift, and that various rhythmic metrics such C, %V, and Δ PVI are proposed. The paper ends with the suggestions that much endeavor needs to be made in order to find rhythmic constancy by including wider phonetic features such as locating rhythmic domains, finding an automatized way of locating stress or accents in the stretch of speech signals, and including pitch, intensity, and spectral features as well as the consonantal and vocalic durations.

This study reviews two opposing theories regarding human language competence, i.e. the logical nativism vs. empiricism, which is reminiscent of the so-called ‘nature vs. nurture’ dispute originating from Plato’s dialogues. Generative grammar is the representative linguistic theory that embodies the idea of logical nativism, whereas Constructivist theory is the typical experience-based linguistic approach. Connectionist model (deep learning), the leading methodology of current NLP(natural language processing), is reconsidered with respect to the two theories of language competence aforementioned and the empirical nature of deep learning devise is confirmed. By reviewing possibilities and limitations of integration of the empirical approach of connectionism and the rule-based approach of theoretical linguistics discussed by Pater (2019) and others, it is concluded that a hybrid approach is in need. Two additional factors supporting the hybrid approach are provided, one for a proper explanation of the difference between native language acquisition and foreign language acquisition and the other from the empirical nature incorporated in Montague semantics which is fundamentally a rule-based linguistic theory.

Method for providing a human interface for media services in a user equipment. In order to provide the human interface, the background screen of the human interface may be formed from at least one image. Each image of the at least one image may represent a respective one of the retrieved media services. The human interface having the background screen formed from the at least one image may be displayed. A desired image may be selected from the at least one image of the displayed human interface, and a desired media service corresponding to the selected desired image may be played.

This paper will assess current project-based Korean classes to pinpoint and reveal the lack of principle in evaluating students’ range of achievements in class, and then suggest effective principles and methods for the process-oriented evaluation of the class. Section 2 examines the characteristics of the project-based classes and the evaluation methods for those Korean classes. Section 3 builds off these characteristics and focuses on the analysis of project-based classes in the institution of Korean education. Section 4 establishes the evaluation principles for the project-based Korean classes, which include the integration of learning and evaluating, constant evaluation, evaluation using various methods, clarity in evaluating criteria, and the reinforcement of individual feedback. The detailed process and methods of the evaluation on the project-based Korean classes are suggested. The project-based Korean classes are designed to help students not only improve their Korean language skills, but also develop their critical thinking, problem solving, and collaboration skills. The assessments should be a continuation of this learning and should be conducted for the purpose of helping students acquire Korean communication skills and become competent in many other ways. The process-based assessments in project lessons will help students learn, and the information gained from the process can be used to improve future lessons. This paper is meaningful in that it presents the principles of process-based evaluation in the project-based Korean-classes and guides the evaluation design. The development of specific evaluation methods, detailed evaluation strategies, various evaluation data and evaluation forms for various types of projects should be further researched.

It is necessary that cultural education in integrated textbooks is implemented for Korean language learners who need to acquire the basic cultural background for adapting to Korean life, as well as functional education of language. The cultural factors are extracted, analyzed, and compared from selected integrated textbooks which are utilized as the main channel of actual cultural education, and the most frequent living culture items are intensively examined and compared with the cultural domain of Internationally Accepted Standard Model . In addition, as conducting a survey and analyzing its results on the preference and demand for cultural items focusing on Korean language learners who are studying at the international exchange centers of three universities, the complement factors are presented which are expected to be reflected in the 'Standard Model' and the integrated Korean textbooks of universities. Also, this study aims to suggest the detailed items of living culture, as designing them to be proper to the needs of international students.

In this study, we analyzed 60 Korean learners’ suprasegmental features from the OPIc speech data administered by the ACTFL committee. According to the evaluation method prescribed by the ACTFL committee, the data are classified into six grades from the lowest IL to the highest AL, and it is meaningful that they can examine the spontaneous speech of Korean learners. Pauses, speech rate and F0 range were analyzed using the Praat speech analysis program. Pause duration was measured by detecting the silent period over 250ms. The speech rate was calculated by dividing the time spent on speaking sentence by the syllable per sentence. The F0 range was measured as the pitch curve of the sentence. The result of the study can be derived as follow: Factors that differ among the six groups of different grades and that appear to have high influence on grading are the inter-sentential pause duration, intra-sentential pause duration, and speech rate. In other words, the higher the grade, the shorter the duration of the pauses and the faster the speech rate. There were no statistically significant differences between the grades in the intra-sentential pause frequency and the F0 range.

This paper has examined the fundamental reasons why Korean students have difficulties in pronouncing Japanese initial stops. Some textbooks say that this is because Korean stops, unlike Japanese stops, have no voicing contrasts. However, what is said by these textbooks is inappropriate to explain why the pronunciation of English stops which have voicing contrasts like Japanese is not a serious problem for Korean students. Through the observation of VOT which is an important feature for distinguishing voicing contrasts with the stops of three languages, this paper has noticed the followings: First, the VOT of Japanese voiced stops showed only negative values in the past, whereas the VOT of English voiced stops can show positive values. Second, when compared with the VOT of English voiceless stops, the VOT of Japanese voiceless stops is relatively short. The VOT of English voiceless stops is closer to Korean aspirated consonants, and the VOT of English voiced stops to Korean lax stops. Thus, there is no big problem, even if Korean aspirated/lax stops are pronounced for English voiceless/voiced stops. However, the VOT of Japanese voiceless stops is short and it is much closer to Korean lax stops and, thus, if Korean students pronounce Korean lax stops for Japanese voiced stops, this sounds as voiceless stops to Japanese native speakers, and the Japanese native speakers' pronunciation of voiceless stops is heard as Korean lax stops to Korean students and recognized as voiced stops to them. The difficulties Korean students have in pronouncing Japanese stops should not be regarded as a consequence of the nonexistence of voicing contrasts but should be explained with the specific aspects of VOT. The presentation of the aspects of VOT will help Korean students' comprehension.

The aim of present research is to examine translation errors that occur with Korean to English translations on Korean statues in a public place located in Seoul. The authors collected data of the English information boards on the statues three times during the period of 2013-2019, which included August 2013, March 2015, and February 2019. The translation error patterns of these three different versions on English information boards were compared. Through careful investigations, the format errors, grammatical errors, and contextual errors were detected in the revised versions as well as in the original version. Furthermore, it was also found that there was little improvement with the revised versions of English information boards. As a result, this paper proposes that thorough preparations and planning should be implemented when information boards on statues are translated from Korean into English.