Earticle

The religious aspect of Japanese life has a prominent place in Bird's Unbeaten Tracks in Japan. And her lengthy explications of the irreligious state of Japan contributed greatly in popularizing the image of the passive "Oriental" as they were quoted by those interested in disseminating knowledge on the religious plain of the “Far East.” Despite the importance of religion in Unbeaten Tracks, there are no focused studies of Bird's interpretation of Japan's indigenous religions such as Shinto and Buddhism. This study explores how Bird, even as she acknowledges Japanese modernity, demotes the Japanese to second-rate citizens in the hierarchy of peoples. The double role Japan plays as the modern subject and the “uncivilized Oriental” reveals the flexibility of the Victorian triad, and allows Bird to widen the gap between Japan and the “properly civilized” nations of the West. While there are vociferous locals who refute the premise of the triad, Bird sutures the holes they puncture in her Eurocentric narrative by using plural temporalities.

In this study, topic modeling technique, which is one of big data analysis techniques using artificial intelligence, was applied to the investigation of the research trends of Quebec literature in North America. The data collection was done through the Web of science, and 421 Quebec literature-related papers published in North America over the last 20 years were collected. The data consisted of the titles, abstracts, and keywords of these papers, and LDA, an algorithm for topic modeling was used to analyze the data. According to the Word Cloud result, it was found that the genres of ‘novel’ and ‘poetry’ were the most studied. As a result of the LDA analysis, eight topics were created, and the topics were : ‘Quebec identity and immigrant litterature’, ‘Short story and essay’, ‘Translation and various cultures’, ‘Quebec novels and authors’, ‘Contemporary Quebec theatre and drama’, ‘Poetry’, ‘History of Quebec literature’, and ‘Quebec women's literature’. The results of this study are significant in that they attempted to analyze a vast amount of literature research papers by applying big data analysis techniques based on artificial intelligence, and are expected to serve as a stepping stone for similar studies in the future.

The term ‘Communion’ is only one of the many expressions of the Greek κοινωνί α, but has particular significance because of its association with walls (boundaries) and the fearful Christian punishment of excommunication. The idea of excommunication or being out of communion with one’s fellows can be seen in many literary works that describe outcasts who wander far from their native lands, as in Homer’s Odyssey or the Old English epic Beowulf. To be excommunicated means not to be able to share a meal together and to be driven out of the community’s walls. In this paper, I argue that Milton’s Paradise Lost depicts a created Universe that is one giant intestine system, with all creation participating in a giant communion. As has been warned in 1Corinthians, to approach the communion with greed is a way not to participate in communion. Milton shows that Satan (and through him Eve and Adam) is excommunicated (purged) because of his excessive greed.

This study analyzes Virginia Woolf’s 1915 novel The Voyage Out by adopting a corpus-based stylistic methodology. Woolf scholars have not reached a consensus on how to distinguish the novel in terms of literary genre an adventure or a female domestic novel tradition, and recently this text has increasingly been defined as a failed bildungsroman due to its slow narrative development and the tragic plot in which the female protagonist dies without achieving self-fulfillment. This study intends to investigate whether a quantitative methodology can supplement the current scholarly discussion of Woolf’s novel and see if this new methodology can help analyze lengthy modern texts more efficiently and objectively. First, using Stylo software through R, I will map out the genre of The Voyage Out among a large number of 18-19th century literary texts. After testing the legitimacy of corpus-based genre classification through a detailed reading of the novel’s lexical patterns sampled through AntConc tool, this study continues to explore the stylistic characteristics of this transitional modernist text as an incomplete coming-of-age novel.

Translation universals hypothesizes that translational languages have conventional yet unique features of translations, distinct from those of non-translations, and these features are universally present in all translations regardless of language pairs. However, the verification of translation universals has been restricted mainly to genetically close language pairs, such as English and closely related European languages. To confirm its universality, this article investigated Korean-into-English translations in the literary genre, which have remained mostly unexplored in translation universals studies. By constructing an approximately 500,000-word comparable corpus the Comparable Corpus of American — and Korean Novels—this study tested four major sub-hypotheses: simplification, explicitation, normalization, and leveling-out. Setting aside the lexical density of simplification indices, the results from all the other indices—mean sentence length, proportions of high- and low-frequency words, normalized frequencies of connectives and lexical bundles, and standard deviations of lexical density and mean sentence length—supported the translation universals hypothesis, indicating its high generalizability.

This paper investigates paylye ‘caring’ from the perspective of Positioning Theory (Davies & Harré 1990/1999), and in so doing, explores the potential of Positioning Theory to cast new light on future research and education. The first part of the paper argues that the long research tradition on paylye across various disciplines stands in contrast to the relative lack of research attention on its linguistic aspect. It is, therefore, argued that the notion requires language-centered investigation, for which Positioning Theory deserves a serious consideration as a theoretical, methodological, and pedagogical candidate. Second, paylye is examined and in terms of its synchronic bidirectionality, horizontal relativity, vertical multidimensionality, diachronic fluidity, and agentive selectability under the framework of Positioning Theory. Third, the emergence and negotiation of paylye as a discursive process is also explored and explained in van Langenhove & Harré’s (1999) five positioning modes: self- and other-paylye modes; first-order, second-order, and third-order modes; performative and accountive modes; moral and personal modes; tacit, deliberate, and forced modes. In so doing, the study demonstrates that Positioning Theory offers a promising theoretical, methodological, and pedagogical framework for research on paylye that pivots around language at no expense of its moral aspect.

This paper is a first attempt to understand “Chiac” and its goal is to determine the degree of linguistic interference between French and English in a language contact situation where French is the minority language. To this end, we analyzed about 5,000 dialogues in France Daigle’s novel <Pour sûr> and revealed the following two facts through a series of discussions centered on “borrowing scales” and “integration.” First, through corpus analysis, we confirmed that the lexical categories most sensitive to borrowing are nouns, followed by verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in the order of how greatly they are influenced by English. Conjunctions, interjections, prepositions, and pronouns were also borrowed from English but the frequency of their borrowing was less high than those of the higher-ranking lexical categories. Second, in the case of adjectives, conjunctions, and verbs, even if they were borrowed from English, they were often assimilated into the unique grammatical rules of French, which differed from English. In the case of adjectives and verbs, inflections according to gender, number, and derivation according to person appeared; in the case of conjunctions, there was no morphological change but they did not have the power to ruin the grammatical structure of French. From the above two facts, we found that in the case of Chiac, factors such as function of words in a sentence, morphosyntactic differences, and complexity of grammar can affect the degree of language interference. This study hopes to resolve the serious imbalance in domestic studies and promote a broader understanding of French in North America.

Traditionally, consonants are classified in terms of place and manner of articulation. In this article, it is claimed that a third parameter called mode of articulation is needed in some languages. In Korean the two modes are the mode of occlusive articulation and the mode of centrifugality. The two modes are in a tangential relationship, the latter mode deriving from the former mode. Thus, as the central region in the oral tract is clogged, articulation is pushed toward the peripheral regions, that is, labial and velar areas. In places of articulation then, Korean consonants are divided into two classes: central and peripheral. In this paper, several phonological phenomena showing the preference of the peripheral articulation are presented. (1) In progressive assimilation, central consonants assimilate to peripheral consonants, but not vice versa (e.g., 준비→줌비, but 삼도→*산도). (2) In umlaut, the intervening consonant must be a peripheral one (e.g., 어미→에미, but 언니→*엔니). (3) epenthetic consonants in hiatus and additive consonants in texting are usually peripheral consonants (e.g., 소아지→송아지, 하네요→하네욤, 아닌데→아닌뎁. (4) In consonant cluster simplification, of two coda consonants, it is usually the peripheral consonant that survives and the central consonant that deletes (e.g., 없다→업다, *엇다, but 젊다→점다, *절다). (5) In Chinese characters whose coda is ㄹ, the following central consonant is tensified, but not if it is a peripheral consonant (e.g., 일도(一度)→[일또] [ilt'o]; 일장(一章) [일짱] [ilʧ‘aŋ], *[ilʤaŋ], but 일과(日課)[ilgwa], *[ilk'wa]; 일분(一分) [ilbun], *[ilp'un]. Why this is the case is not yet known.

The purpose of this study is to analyze confirmation hearings for Prime Minister Nominees from the perspective of institutional conversation analysis, to identify what types of questions politicians use and their effectiveness related to the institutional context. The data consist of confirmation hearings for the 45th former Prime Minister Lee Nak-yon and the 46th former Prime Minister Chung Sye-kyun, and were transcribed and analyzed based on the transcription system suggested by Gail Jefferson. The findings show that a confirmation hearing is a highly institutionalized conversation that has legal regulations on the turn-taking system and time limit for speaking with a clear purpose of verifying the qualification of bureaucrat nominees. Questioners set topical agenda and strategically used questions in the form of polar, alternative, and close-ended with prefaced statements implying specific presuppositions to limit the nominees' answers. Questioners recognized and performed their role under the institutional context, and at the same time played the role of an intermediary relaying the answer to the listener outside the conversation situation. Questions have significance in that they are being used as an effective means to achieve the institutional purpose of the confirmation hearing system.