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In this study, we discuss the basic technology of Text Summarization based on the deep neural network for natural language processing(NLP). The text summarization task is divided into an extractive summary and an abstractive summary. The extractive summary is a method of extracting a summary of the words used in the input document in the output text, and the abstractive summary is a problem of understanding the input statement and generating a sentence of the same content. The abstractive sentence generation system is based on the encoder-decoder model with attention mechanism, and a selector that can select input sentence is added. The Copy network and Pointer network are the special mechanisms for selector. Such selector systems can make text summarization to be the hybrid form of abstractive and extractive summary. In the future, we expect that accuracy of text summarization will be improved by adding reinforcement learning method.

This research aims to explore characteristics of ‘engineering writing’(often called, ‘technical writing for engineers’) as well as analyze texts written in the related field based on language register. Three main components utilized in this study are concerned with ‘field of discourse’, ‘mode of discourse’ and ‘tenor of discourse’. It is generally known that ‘engineering writing’ is related to two key competencies. The first is the ability to understand technical language in related fields and the second is being able to express their knowledge in a clear, concise, and coherent way. Even though engineers are a great of technical knowledge and technical people, that does not necessarily mean they are good enough technical writers to convey important outcomes. Recently, domestic and overseas studies regarding engineering writing and related texts have focused on WAC or WID. However, there is still a lack of systematic researches on education contents, teaching methods, and case studies about lecture practice in the field of engineering writing. Therefore, various studies and discussions are still needed. The main results of this study are as follows. Firstly, various textuals related to ‘field of discourse’ could be extracted as the IMRAD format, discourse purpose and technical terms, etc. and their more sophisticated analysis is required. Secondly, according to ‘mode of discourse’, engineering writing and texts belongs to the text type with literacy, opposed to orality. Third, regarding ‘tenor of discourse’, engineering texts made use of the relationship between the addresser and the addressee, in terms of ‘formal’ and ‘impersonal’ distinctions. Through the results of this study, it is recommended that extended engineering texts should be analyzed in more detail.

Since Klaus Schwab mentioned the keyword of the fourth industrial revolution in the Davos Forum, revolutionary changes have occurred in all areas, ranging from information communication, manufacturing, transportation, finance, healthcare, education, and military. While these changes are anticipated to be a positive change in technological productivity and enhance the convenience of human life, there is also a significant downside to the anticipated problems of job insecurity and the dangers of military abuse. In particular, the innovative development of artificial intelligence due to deep-learning techniques implies serious social problems as they begin to replace much of human intelligence. In this paper, we discussed the role of the humanities in terms of both artificial intelligence and its social influence and its underlying trends, and discussed the role of humanities.

The main goal of this thesis is to analyze the systematic characteristic of the ‘Seongju-puri’17) text and sematic structure within the correlation based on Greimas' theory, focusing on schema of narrative and actantial model. And through this, to understand the practical implication and function of the text possessed by the patterns of ‘Seongju-puri’. To carry out these works, first the considerable number of preceding studies related to ‘Seongju-puri’ indicated that it studied the ‘Seongju-puri’, but there was no study done based on the semiotic methodology. The narrative analysis of the ‘Andong Seongju-puri’ starts from recognizing the deficiency element of ‘Seongju’(Housegod) and ‘Seongju’ experiences qualification hardship, actual hardship, honor hardship due to deficiency element ‘home’. ‘Seongju’ meets a helper during the hardship process and overcomes conflict. Furthermore, analyzing this via actantial model, ‘Seongju’, who wants to build homes for homeless human beings in the human world, becomes the main agent and the home becomes the subject and ‘Seongju’ prays to the mountain spirit, and the Great Jade Emperor(sender) who receives the delivery gives ‘solssi’(pintreeseed) and ‘Seongju’(recipient) takes on the role of the main agent to the homeless human beings. ‘Seongju’ is able to build homes with the help of the mountain spirit(supporter) and overcomes the complicated human world(opponent) in building homes and becomes seated. The narratives of ‘Seongju-puri’ possesses semantical relationship within the mutual relationship, as the premise and understood the makeup of potential value based on system and it is evident that the meaning develops in various ways based on new perspective.

This paper aims to study the view of abortion in Islamic world and the current state of abortion in MENA countries. First, the researcher studied Islam’s outlook on marriage as a premise for understanding this paper. All countries except Israel in the MENA region forbid abortion based on the religious reasons although the Quran and Hadīth don’t speak clearly about abortion. Islam insists that killing an innocent person is like killing the entire human race. Because abortion is a crime of murder, the researcher has come to the conclusion that the population of Islamic countries is increasing. Abortion in Islam is not a generalized topic because it is considered haram (prohibition by Allah), so it belongs to the domain of Allah rather than human beings. It is impossible to determine abortion standards as a standard of western society. However, there is a view that it is necessary to reconsider the traditional concept of abortion due to westernization and the expansion of education due to the influence of SNS. Nevertheless, Islam is deeply rooted in the base of Islamic societies, and the possibility of abortion tolerance in the future seems unlikely. All of Islamic juristic schools agree that abortion is permissible in order to save the life of a pregnant woman, and even though abortion is allowed until the end of four months of pregnancy, it is never encouraged for Muslims. As we see in table 2, it has been noted that Tunisia, Bahrain and Turkey are tolerant countries for abortion, and other countries are strictly against abortion because of religious reasons. However, the success rate for contraception is expected to increase relatively in the future.

This study investigated Korean high school students’ critical reading ability in English as measured by the SAT, with reference to their levels of English reading ability assessed by the Korean College Scholastic Ability Test (KSAT). A stratified sample of students was presented with two sets of the critical reading section of the SAT. The results indicate that the two tests assess qualitatively different constructs of reading ability; those whose KSAT grades were comparatively high were not more likely to earn high grades on the SAT. In respect of item type, many students were able to make use of contextual clues to identify the main idea of a given text but were not competent enough to read it in depth beyond the surface level of understanding so as to infer the writer’s true intention revealed in the specific wordings. Furthermore, they showed a better understanding of the narrative structure in which a story proceeds along the timeline of experiential events from the author’s point of view than fiction in which multiple perspectives and storylines are convoluted in a more equivocal way.

The aim of the paper is to develop classification models of the prompts of the TOEFL essays in the TOEFL11 corpus. The corpus is a collection of TOEFL essays written in response to one of 8 prompts of various topics and by test-takers of different proficiency levels who are from 11 different countries. The number of essays is 11,000 for each language (that is, 121,000 in total). The paper aims at developing prompt classification models using an automatic method of Support Vector Machine (SVM), to which a number of different features are fed: The input features to the model include high frequency words which are observed in the raw essay texts, and high frequency nouns which are extracted from a POS-tagged essay texts. High frequency nouns among three different proficiency levels are also used as input features. The results indicated that even though high frequency words taken from raw textual materials performed quite well with an accuracy of 90.4%, the words tagged as nouns did even better with an accuracy of 97.3%. The inspecting of high frequency nouns revealed that the words were independently distributed among prompts with nearly no overlapping across different prompts. The classification test of essay samples of different proficiency levels confirmed that the accuracy rate of automatically classifying prompts by observing the frequency occurrence of nouns in texts increased in general as the proficiency levels of the essay samples increase. The paper serves as a foundation for further details studies on topic modeling used by learners of English.

This paper throws a question whether Chinese vowel /e/[] is a monophthong or a diphthong. It is generally accepted amongst phoneticians that Chinese vowel /e/ is pronounced as a diphthong [ə] in everyday life. However, Chinese and Taiwanese Ministries of Education regulate and many Chinese scholars claim that this vowel is a monophthong. To examine why this kind of confusion has arisen, we carried out a production test of this Chinese vowel against Chinese and Taiwanese female subjects and a perception test of the identical vowel with Korean females who can speak Chinese, Chinese and Taiwanese female subjects. The results of the production test showed that there was a discrepancy of the independent /e/ productions between Chinese and Taiwanese subjects. This is because Chinese subjects showed [ə] or [] productions while Taiwanese subjects produced only []. This outcome seemed to reveal that Chinese speakers have two versions of /e/ pronunciation while Taiwanese speakers possess only one version of /e/ pronunciation, []. The outcome of the perception test showed more evidence of the different pronunciations of /e/ between Chinese and Taiwanese subjects. While Taiwanese and Korean subjects clearly distinguished the difference between the monophthong [] and the diphthong [ə], Chinese subjects could not pick up the characteristic of the diphthong [ə] and they perceived it as []. It can be claimed that Chinese people treat /e/ as a monophthong in phonemic level while they produce this vowel as [ə] or [] in phonetic level.