Earticle

The status of ‘name’ in Korea has been considered to preserve the historic origin. It symbolically indicates the prestige of a name in this country. In order to treat a person and his family with courtesy the name has to be honored carefully. In the case of the surnames they are from Chinese origin and are usually preceded by a place name designating the family lineage. The other part of a name - given name - also shows a unique feature by the way of containing a generation marker. Of disyllabic given names represented with two Sino-Korean characters, one is used to mark the generation according to the rules of hangnyol (行列), to be described immediately below. Also, a person could retain pseudonyms in addition to his own personal name, and he could hold at most 13 names, which shows the great interest of Koreans toward a name. Although, in the past, the naming practice has been concerned only with hangnyol and the semantic contents of the characters in the name, recently everyone is not just a member of his clan or state but also of the international community. He has to divert his own consciousness of the meaning of a name. When they compose names, they need to attend to the following aspects of a name: euphony of names, ambiguity accompanied by phonological alternation, pronounceability in Romanization and names in Hangul.

In most Asian areas Chinese writing and characters had been used as a unique recording device. The way to account for the circumstance related with the writing system could be twofold. Firstly the races inhabited around Sino-territory actually neither used the type of languages as Chinese - not isolating type but agglutinative one - nor established any independent writing letters. Secondly those people who belonged to the races accepted the writing system of China due to the frequent cultural and economical interchange between them and Chinese people. In Korean peninsula the same situation of linguistic phenomenon had been pervasive. The aborigine of the territory who acquired to use Chinese writing applied their knowledge of the second language to record the facts related with the management of the country. But the grammatical structure of Chines writing and native language showed the remarkable contrast; so, the people of the peninsula managed the specific letter system - in other words, the discrepancy between language and writing. This difference carried on the huge influence on the way of using Chinese writing and characters in Korea. Some scholars of historical linguistics of Korean language considered the alternation of Chinese writing system and characters as “the procedure of nativization” - in which the inflow of characters into Korean and the same one continuously used in China illustrated the large gap of the phonological aspects. The method of reading Chinese characters came to be named as Sino-Korean Pronunciation. In the categorization of Chinese characters’ pronunciation Sino-Korean Pronunciation was also categorized as the Eastern Pronunciation(東音). It indicates the sound of Chinese characters which has been historically adapted to the phonological system of Korean language. In this paper the main point is to survey the procedure of reception of Chinese writing and characters and that of establishment and alternation of Korean phonetic feature of Chinese writing and characters.

The main driving force behind Chomskyan theory of language that is gaining ground under the title of the "minimalist program" has been the urge to reduce the variety of languages and to formulate the strongest possible hypothesis about linguistic structures. This has led to a long series of proposals of ever greater abstractness, with concomitant modifications in a number of theoretical constructs. The minimalist approach is the latest development of these constant changes, for which there is really “only one computational system and one lexicon,” the differences among languages being reducible to parametric variation in “nonsubstantive parts of the lexicon” (Chomaky 1995:169-70). Chomsky thus differs, now more than ever, from other linguists by his sweepingly programmatic, rather than empirical, approach to language. The proposals he makes are too complicated to discuss here in any technical details. We rather focus on a series of lectures delivered by an ardent adherent of the minimalist program, with the view to demonstrating how this theory may mislead and distort the whole prospect of linguistic investigation. The rationale of the so-called 'minimalism' per se will be called into question.

China, the nation which reigns the society consisted of several ethnic groups, has been interested in universal virtues since its early eras, due to the social demand for their integration. Confucianism, therefore, traditionally has been executing this function as a transcendant world, and at present the Marxism takes its role instead. After its reformation and opening, the market economy was allowed to set in China, which means that the traditional ideology of integration comes to face the crisis occurred by new trend of the individualism which is gradually spreading.The people who make the policies and the intellectual people in China who noticed these phenomena, are trying to make measures to cope with this contradiction. Despite of their trials, they are destined to find nothing but powerlessness in front of the powerful marketing strategy of the commercialism which adroitly adapted to their measures. In this situation, the transcendant world to reach, which these people are appealing again is the totalitarian ideology that persistently has been maintained through history of China. The movie, Hero, is the one of these attempts. This paper offers you the analysis of this cultural agony of contemporary China.

This paper concerns different forms of poetic thinking, each of which attempts to investigating truth of being on the ground of its idiosyncratic feature. The horizon evoked via these practices, however, is the Absolute where any plausibility of communication be fundamentally blocked off. Poetry, for instance, relinquishes its semantic auto-referentiality in order to be expressive of something unsayable. Poetic diction, coming-into-being, and sound with no meaning are those three expressive modes that I will examine in terms of the so-called “poetic thinking.”

The Epic of Gilgamesh drew heavily upon Mesopotamian literary tradition. Sin-leqe-uninni, the editor of Standard Version of the Epic of Gilgamesh in 13th century B.C.E. adopted the Old Babylonian version as well as older Sumerian tales about Gilgamesh. He also was very successful by extensive use of materials and literary forms originally unrelated to Gilgamesh. The epic opens with a standard type of hymnic-epic prologue.This study lens a measure of vindication to the theoretical approach by which Morris Jastrow recognized the diversity of the sources, which underlies the epic and succeeded in identifying some of them. Thanks to the ample documentation available for the literary development of the epic, we can trace the steps which its author and editors took with the result that the epic inspires fears and aspirations for more than three thousand years.

Up to January 2003, the amount of English translated works of Korean Literature are 399, among which 170 are translated abroad, 189, in Korea, and 40, abroad as well as in Korea at the same time. Like other language speaking countries, the 1980s and the 1990s are peak not only for the translation of Korean Literature but also for its scholarly attention. The statistic analysis of information, accumulated in various databases such as The Harvard Korean Studies Bibliography, Hawaii Korean Studies Bibliography, and MLA International Bibliography, shows that up to February 2004, 33 books, 16 dissertations and one thesis, 200 articles, and 84 reviews are wholly devoted to the study of Korean Literature in English speaking countries. However, why certain works of poets like Kim Sowol, Han Youngun, So Chungju, and novelists like Hwang Sunwon, Han Moosook, Kim Dongri are mostly translated in English speaking countries remain to be analysed in their socio-political details in breadth and depth. Likewise, why the works of So Chungju, Yi Kwangsoo, Kim Manjoong, Han Youngun, Kim Sowol, Chung Jiyoung are mostly taught and studied in English speaking countries are open to further scholarly discussion and debate.

The difference between presentation of cities in the European modern drama and its counterpart the American modern drama denotes and comes from two very different images of cities. While the European modern drama presented cities that were desolate and fantastic to certain measure, the American modern drama presented the images of actual cities that can be identified by the spectators and readers. Although one cannot ‘actually’ identify any actual representation of cities in both the European and the American dramas, the images of cities can be discerned in the dialogues of the characters in the plays themselves. In this perspective the images of cities that are represented in any work of modern drama are actually represented through metaphors and connotations. The images in this instance rests and can only be identified within the boundaries of psychology. The dialogues are means through which the author communicates with the spectators. Because drama is above all categorized as being a work of text before representation, deciphering drama also falls in to same cadre as any other literary texts. Through the means of ‘décontextualisation’ the reader/spectator identifies with the associated images that the text proposes.

The decade of the 1960s in Korea is normally regarded as a transitional period, but this transition has been consistently viewed in either economic or political terms. In this paper I examine the 1960s and the 1970s as a period of cultural transition―from a neo-Confucian emphasis on “high” art to a broader, more inclusive acceptance of “popular” forms of cultural expression. Although these two realms of cultural production are often viewed as fundamentally antithetical, I argue that there is actually significant continuity in terms of both artistic expression and cultural engagement. In particular, I look at the trajectories of Korean national literature and cinema and their areas of confluence. I examine the career of Kim Sŭng-ok, who in the 1960s was the preeminent literary voice of a new generation and who in the 1970s was the screenwriter for some of the most popular films of that era, and I show how Kim’s career changes track parallel changes in both literature and cinema. Artistically, Kim continued his literary expressions of a new sensibility in his screenplays, bringing to cinema a new infusion of seriousness and respectability. Culturally, Kim continued his explorations of the ways in which rapid changes in Korean politics and the booming economy led to miscommunication and chaos in society. By consistently exploring processes of national identity formation and re-formation, Kim’s 1960s literature can be seen as crucial instances of Korean national literature (minjok munhak). In the same manner, Kim’s 1970s screenplays can be seen as foundational moments in a Korean national cinema.

Dans cet article, nous discutons de certains problèmes syntaxiques en ayant recours à la théorie linguistique de Milner. Nous remettons en question l’indépendance et l’identité de la structure syntaxique, la relation entre le plan syntaxique et le plan lexical, le caractère de la géométrie de la syntaxe, etc.. La discussion est non seulement linguistique mais aussi interdisciplinaire et épistémologique, dans la mesure où nous examinons la nature de l’entité syntaxique et la méthode “scientifique” de la syntaxe qui donne accès à l’entité syntaxique.Selon Milner, il faut distinguer la place du terme lexical avec la position syntaxique qui est l’entité syntaxique. La première n’est pas syntaxique à strictement parler, mais elle, observable contrairement à la seconde, sert à conjecturer la dimension syntaxique, c’est-à-dire le système positionnel. Le dispositif théorique dans la théorie linguistique de Milner n’est rien d’autre que l’ensemble des propositions qui permet, en absence d’observatoire, de conjecturer le système positionnel sur la base du système des places.Dire l’indépendance de la structure syntaxique revient à dire qu’il y a une coupure entre le système positionnel et le système des places. Autrement dit, sans cette coupure, on ne peut parler de l’indépendance de la structure syntaxique. Ainsi distingués, les deux systèmes en cause se mettent en relation soit naturels soit non naturels ou par distorsion d’après Milner. La relation naturelle est une relation lexico-syntaxique née au moment où un terme lexical occupe une position syntaxique dont la catégorie est identique à celle de son occupant. A la différence de cette relation d’occupation naturelle supposée chez Milner comme une tendance du langage naturel, la relation d’occupation non naturelle est “paradoxale” dans le sens où elle est produite dans la rencontre plus ou moins “anomale” entre l’occupant lexical et l’occupé syntaxique. Le degré de l’anomalie qu’une langue autorise peut être mesuré empiriquement et doit être varié en fonction de la langue concernée.Le caractère géométrique de la syntaxe amène à remettre en cause, entre autres, l’empiricité et la matérialité de la géométrie syntaxique. En ce qui concerne ces sujets, nos thèses sont les suivantes : la nature de la géométrie syntaxique n’est pas a priori mais empirique ; la géométrie de la syntaxe peut et doit être construite à l’aide de la logique “empirique”.

It hasn’t been long time since English language was introduced in Korea. At the end of the 18th century the importance of the way of using English properly started to be recognized as Chosun (former country in Korean peninsula) began to conclude a treaty with foreign countries. A lot of Koreans could learn the western culture by the acquired knowledge of English. One of the main factors opening the secluded nation to the world was the member of missionary from outside of Korea. As the number of missionaries increased those who already came to Korea found the necessity of wiring a sort of guidebook of Korean language for the newly dispatched missionaries. The book 'Korean English Grammar'(written by Horace Grant Underwood in 1890), was the first one that linguistically compared the part of speech and the clausal structures of Korean and English. The revised one of the same book was written by the son, Horace Horton Underwood, in 1914. The revised one newly included the phonetic aspect of Korean language. In this paper the phonetic part of the book will be considered carefully in order to find how recent phonetic methodology has been applied to account for the Korean phonetic features.

전후 상이한 정치, 경제적 체계를 발전시킨 양독에서 민족어는 단순한 언어적 차원이 아니라 모든 사회적 행위의 틀 속에서 규정되었고 변화되었다. 따라서 분단기의 민족어 연구는 해당 언어 자체의 구조적 특성 못지않게 분단 상황에서 맞이한 사회적, 정치적 역동성을 고려해야 보다 온전하게 수행될 수 있을 것이다.여기서는 전후 1945년부터 1990년 사이 독일의 정치적 그리고 영토적 분단을 통해 야기된 독일 민족어의 변화를 당시 독일의 언어 외적 상황과 관련하여 살펴보았다. 전후 독일에서 나타난 민족어의 상호 이질적 변화를 새로이 관찰하려는 시도는 언어와 사회 변화 사이의 고전적 문제를 새롭게 생각해 보는 기회가 될 수 있을 것이다.

In recent years there has been much discussion about whether there is a critical, or sensitive period for language acquisition. Research on a critical period provides an excellent example around which we can organize a discussion of the behavioral and neural evidence. In this paper, the early history of critical periods and evidence for the existence of critical periods in various domains of human cognition and learning are reviewed. Followed by this overview, evidence for a critical period in both linguistic and nonlinguistic area are presented. The paper then provides some unresolved questions regarding a critical period in language acquisition and states what the outcome of this issues mean for an understanding of language acquisition. Finally the paper concludes with some educational implications of a critical period for practice.

This study aims to analyze problems of teaching English reading based on a teacher-centered approach and to apply a learner-centered approach through small group activity to teaching English reading for improving a learner’s satisfaction and maximizing learning effectiveness. Our traditional English education had focused on a Grammar-translation method and a Reading method for reading and grammar for a long time. But the methods had been criticized a lot because of lack of English speaking and listening ability. Therefore, a communicative approach was introduced and we have emphasized on speaking and listening ever since. But these days we need an English reading ability again in order to read lots of information and gather them through an Internet and materials. As a result, we need a new approach of teaching English reading, and we need to develop and improve it. This study will contribute to the approach to be able to improve a learner’s English reading in EFL.