Earticle

Nowadays, the number of students in Korea is low due to the low birthrate, while the number of unused classrooms is increasing, and the layout of school spaces is changing to respond quickly to the curriculum to nurture future talent. Therefore, this study explored the new direction of the space that supports creative convergence education by examining theoretical research on creative convergence education and physical environment. Based on the four spatial characteristics of future school space innovation announced by the Ministry of Education, 5 domestic schools and 5 foreign schools were analyzed at the same time, the analyzed results have drawn three characteristics of the physical environment that support the creative convergence education. First, the 'Multiple learning space' must be fluidly changed according to various curriculums and user purposes, and according to individual learning styles, social learning space and independent learning space must exist simultaneously. Second, the 'Convergence knowledge sharing space' is a place where knowledge exchange between various interdisciplinaries occurs, and system furniture for information sharing must be constructed. Third, the 'Community-connected spaces' should be organized as learning spaces for the region by opening certain parts of the school for sustainable learning.

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship among physical environment, brand image, and brand loyaty of family restaurant. For demonstrating hypotheses of this study, the survey was conducted customers who visited the family restaurant in Seoul for one month from March 1 to March 31, 2019. A total of 500 copies was distributed and 480 copies were collected, 2 copies were excluded due to incomplete or insincere response. Finally, a total of 478 questionnaires were applied to the final analyses. The study conducted descriptive statistic analysis, reliability analysis, corelation analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS 23.0 for Window's statistical package program. The empirical results of this research are as follows. First, the relationship between physical environment and brand loyalty showed that all the factors of physical environment had a significant effect on brand loyalty. Second, the result of examining relationship between physical environment and symbolic image showed that five sub factors, cleanliness, service, attractiveness, convenience, and comfort, had a significant effect on symbolic image. Third, the result of the relationship between brand image and brand loyalty turned out that all the factors of brand image had a significant effect on brand loyalty.

본 연구의 목적은 특 1급 호텔 레스토랑의 물리적 환경이 고객만족과 재구매 의도 간의 실증 분석을 통해 그 영향을 분석함으로써 호텔 레스토랑 관리자에게 실무적인 시사점을 제 공하고자 한다. 연구의 실증 분석을 위해 서울 시내 특1급 호텔 레스토랑 8곳을 선정하여 2016년 9월 1일부터 10월 31일 까지 설문지를 배부하여, 총 호텔에 300부를 배부하여, 265부 를 회수였으며, 불성실한 응답의 설문지 5부를 제외한 260부를 본 연구의 분석에 활용하였다. 본 연구의 가설 검증 결과 가설1의 하위요인에서 쾌적성이 고객만족에 미치는 영향이 가장 높게 나타났으며, 가설 2에서는 매력성과 쾌적성 요인만 채택되었다. 가설 3의 고객만족이 재 구매의도에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 가설 3은 채택되었다.

This study is to examine the effects of physical environment of hotel restaurant on customer satisfaction and repurchase intention. A total of 265 survey responses were collected from customers of eight five star hotel restaurant in Seoul. The results of hypothesis testing can be summarised as follows. The results showed that attractiveness, cleanliness, convenience, comfortness factors of physical environments had significant effects on customer satisfaction. and attractiveness, comfortness factors also has a positive effect on repurchase intention and customer satisfaction also has a positive effect on repurchase intention. A strategy should be developed to create physical environment of a hotel restaurant based on customer satisfaction and repurchase Intention the empirical analysis results of this study.

This current research investigated whether job stress mediates the relationship between physical environment and safety behavior of members in organization. Furthermore, we hypothesized that safety climate functions as moderator between physical environment-job stress link. In order to examine the hypotheses, 870 employees in various fields of companies were sampled. Using structural equation modeling(SEM), we conducted moderated mediation model analysis which cab elaborately test the significance of our hypotheses. The results showed that job stress mediated the link between physical environment and safety behavior of members. Moreover, the relationship between physical environment and job stress was moderated by safety climate. The implications and limitations of our study and suggestions for future research were discussed.

This study was to investigate the effects of physical environment factors of hotel restaurants, mediated by employees' psychological responses, on their organizational commitment. First, through the factor analysis on physical environment and employee's psychological responses, five factors of physical environment and two factors of employee's psychological responses were identified and labeled as ambient factors, spatial layout/functionality, aesthetics, safety/cleanliness, convenience; emotional response, cognitive response, respectively. All 15 hypotheses on the influential relationships among physical environment factors of restaurants, employees' psychological responses, and their organizational commitment were accepted. In addition to the contribution to development of further theoretical foundation, this research will make a practical contribution to hotel management by supporting that the effective design and management of physical environments produce a positive effect on employees' psychological responses and finally increase employees' organizational commitment.

Due to the development of medical technology and advancement of lifestyle, it has increased in senior citizens in the world. It's a same situation in Korea. Especially, it's resided apartment complex more than half of the people in korea. But it's not easy that searching a physical environment for the elderly except a hall for the aged and some rest area in apartment complex. So the purpose of this study is to suggest fundamental data for leisure activity of the elderly in apartment complex through the survey of physical environment and comparing of the owner, scale, quantity of apartment complex. The result of this study is as follow. 1) Most of the elderly enjoys conversation and rest with friends without owner, scale, quantity of apartment complex. Also, it has increased in their's interest of recreation and education. 2) As a result of comparing of owner, scale, quantity of apartment complex, it's different from coefficient of utilization and satisfaction rate. But, in general, rental housing and multiplex apartment complex are active in leisure activity of the elderly. 3) There is a deep connection between landscape in apartment complex and senior's satisfaction.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how the physical environment of bakery cafes affects customer satisfaction, customer value and revisit intention. In the research structure, the physical environment was divided into atmosphere / space layout / decoration and art. Customer satisfaction, customer value and intention to revisit were one factor. The results are as follows: It has a positive effect on customer satisfaction in order of hypothesis 1, atmosphere and space layout among physical environment factors. Among hypothesis 2 and physical environmental factors, mood and space layout have a positive effect on customer value in order. Hypothesis 3, customer satisfaction have a positive effect on customer value. Hypothesis 4, among physical environmental factors, atmosphere and spatial layout have a positive effect on the revisit intention. Hypothesis 5, customer satisfaction has a positive effect on the revisit intention. Hypothesis 6, customer value will have a positive effect on the revisit Intention. The study found that the physical environment of bakery cafes is a source of customer satisfaction, customer value and intention to revisit. This study contributed to the development of bakery cafes for practical implications and academic use.

본 연구는 커피 전문점 물리적 환경이 충성도 및 구전의도에 영향을 미치는데 있어, 새로운 심리적 요인으 로 ‘소비감정(Consumption emotion)’의 매개역할을 규명하고 관계성을 파악하고자 하는 연구로써 커피전문점의 점포 내 물리적 환경 변화를 통한 고객만족과 구매의도를 증대시키는 마케팅전략 대안을 제시하는데 연구목적이 있다. 물리적 환경과 관련된 연구들을 종합적으로 고찰해볼 때, 크게 두 가지 관점으로 정리해 볼 수 있는데, 즉, 물리적 환경이 고객만족, 품질지각 및 기타 소비자 반응(구매의도, 재방문의도 등)에 미치는 직접적인 효과와 물리적 환경이 고객 감정 혹은 가치지각을 매개로 소비자 반응에 미치는 간접적 효과로 나누어서 볼 수 있다. 본 연구는 커피전문 점 이용경험을 가진 이용객중에서 321명을 표본으로 4개의 가설을 설정하고, 실증분석 하였다. 실증분석은 SPSS 17.0 통계 패키지와 AMOS 17.0을 이용하여 공분산 구조분석을 실시하였다. 가설 검증한 결과 1개의 소가설을 제외 하고 나머지 가설들을 채택되었다. 거부된 하나의 가설을 점포내환경중에서 상징성만이 긍정적 소비감정에 정(+) 영 향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 매우 의외적인 결과라고 연구자 판단되는데, 커피점을 이용하는 고객들이 콩다 방, 별다방이라는 표현을 사용하여 커피전문점 심벌이나 상징을 많은 소비자들이 표현하는데 이런 표현이 실제적으 로 소비자 마음속에 긍정적 소비감정에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 판단이 된다. 채택된 가설들을 통해서 최근 제품 이나 서비스의 표준화를 통해서 제품이나 서비스 차별화가 사라지는 추세에서 소비자들에게 긍정적인 소비감정이나 충성도를 향상하기 위해서는 점포내 물리적환경과 같은 부차적인 요소에 대한 관심과 관리가 필요하다.

Professional coffee shops are trying to increase customers' satisfaction and to invite more customers by providing the differentiated services. The existing researches show that the effects which the physical environment in shops has on customers' satisfaction and word of mouth intention are appealing to people's attention. In comprehensively examining the studies related to the physical environment, they can be summarized into two main perspectives, that is, the direct effect that the physical environment has on customers' satisfaction, quality perception, and other customers' responses (purchase desire, revisit intention, etc.) and the indirect effect that the physical environment has on customers' responses by means of customers' emotion or value perception. This research established 4 hypotheses by sampling 321 customers of those who have visited professional coffee shops, and empirically analyzed them. The empirical analysis carried out the structure analysis of covariance by using SPSS 17.0 statistics package and AMOS 17.0. As a result of the hypothesis qualification, the other hypotheses excluding one little hypothesis were adopted. The one refused hypothesis is that the only symbolism of the environmental elements in shops doesn't influence the customers' emotion positively (+). This is considered as a very unexpected result, and yet many customers who visit coffee shops express the symbols of professional coffee shops using the expressions such as 'bean coffee shop' or 'star coffee shop', but these expressions seem not to influence customers' mind positively in practice.

Traditional markets located in local small towns have effected local economies and culture for a long time, but their current situation is not so good. In this context, this paper tries to find out the physical characteristics and problems of local traditional markets and to extract some suggestions to improve them. For this, I selected three traditional markets as case study areas such as Mugeuk, Samseong, and Boeun located in local small town in Chungbuk Province. Using the diverse survey methods including theoretical review, basic data analysis, field survey, and questionnaire study, I examined physical features such as location, spatial structure, type of business, streetscape, and convenient facilities in the designated markets. Finally, based on this, I proposed some suggestions on the improvement of traditional markets located in local small towns as followings; expand and improve the convenient facilities, enforce the image of entrance, boost and form groups of specified business, reflect the local characteristics, and amend the related institution etc.

The purpose of this study is to verify the influencing relationship between physical environment of dessert café and customer value, consumption emotion, and behavior intention. For the research, this study composed the physical environment with design factor, ambient factor, and social factor while composing consumer value with function value and emotional value. The consumption emotion and behavior intention were composed of single factor. This study conducted a survey on customers using the dessert café located in Seoul and Gyeonggi regions and this study used convenient sampling among the non-probability sampling methods. Based on the collected statistical analysis, this study verified the hypothesis using SPSS 18.0 package and AMOS 18.0. The hypothesis verification results were as follows. First, in hypothesis 1, only social factor among physical environment had positive influence on function value among customer value. Also, ambient factor and social value had positive influence on emotional value. In hypothesis 2, consumption intention had positive influence on customer value. In hypothesis 3, only function value among customer values had positive influence on behavior intention. In hypothesis 4, consumption emotion had positive influence on behavior intention. The study results suggest practical implications on marketing strategy of food service industry and academic implications on consumer behavior theory.

The purposes of the study were to examine the relative effects of s including ambient, design, and social factors on the store images such as functional, experiential, and symbolic store images and the store images on the store loyalty. Total 310 valid data were used to analyze the relationships between these variables. It is confirmed that the physical environment is classified as ambient, design, and social factors as Baker suggested. Only ambient factor among the physical environment is likely to impact on the store image. It is also confirmed that the store image is classified as functional, experiential, and symbolic store images. All three store images are likely to influence on the store loyalty for the family restaurants while only symbolic store image for the franchise Korean restaurants.

A study on the effect of physical environment of theme park on urban image and behavioral intention. The purpose of the study is to promote tourism in the area through the urban image and behavior intention by physical environment of the theme park. There are 2 hypotheses based on Environment, Image and Intention reviews. Then we tested the data from questionnaires using SPSS 22.0. the data were collected for a month from March 15 to May 28. First, according to analysed result, Two out of five as affective facts of The Physical environment influenced on Emotional(Unique) image of The Urban image. And five out of five as affective facts of The Physical environment influenced on Emotional (Dynamics) image of The Urban image. it is also four out of five as affective facts of The Physical environment influenced on Emotional (traditionality) image of The Urban image. Lastly, one out of five as affective facts of The Physical environment influenced on Emotional(Comfort) image of The Urban image. Second, Three out of four as affective facts of Emotional image of The Urban image on The Behavior intention(Revisit intention) and four out of four as affective facts of Emotional image of The Urban image on Behavior intention(Recommend intention). As the result of this study, Hwaseong-si will have to develop diverse tourism resources, and actively marketing activities, and develop unique and intriguing attractions. In addition, we should actively develop information systems, services, and public relations so that they can be easily recognized and comfortable to tourists. so when you want to get away from the routine, and when you search for cities you want to visit, and there will be times when you make a recommendation to revisit and to an acquaintance and relative. At that point, the perception and images of visitors may be reminiscent of Hwaseong-si.

The purpose of this study is to identify the effect of physical environment of a fast food restaurant on customer satisfaction and return visit. The questionnaire was distributed over a three weeks period from May 2nd to 23rd of the 150 distributed questionnaire 138 copies were used in the analysis. The results of the study were as follows. First, it was found that perception of customers regarding physical environment of a fast food restaurant are indoor character, cleanliness and convenience. Second, it appeared that physical environment of a fast food restaurant had partially an influence on customer satisfaction and return visit. To put it concretely, the factors of cleanliness and convenience had an influence on customer satisfaction, the factor of convenience had an influence on return visit. Third, it also indicated that customer satisfaction had an influence on return visit. Through this, it is proved physical environment is a very important variables that can sustain customer continuously. They have to invest their resources more efficiently making changes to physical environment to increase the customer satisfaction and return visit.

This study constructed menu quality, restaurant environment, convenience and service quality as a concept of physical environment of Chinese food franchise restaurant. The relationship between empirical value and emotional response and behavioral intention was analyzed by mediation factor. Based on the results of the analysis, we proposed efficient management of Chinese restaurant franchise restaurant. From march 1 to march 30, 2018, the data was collected. Total 400 copies of questionnaires were distributed, 356 copies of them were collected, and 340 copies excluding 16 which were faithlessly responded were used to analyze as effective samples. The results of hypothesis verification are as follows. First, menu quality, restaurant environment, convenience were found to have significant influence on experience value. However, service quality did not significantly affect the value of experience. Second, menu quality, convenience, and service quality have a significant effect on emotional response. However, the restaurant environment did not affect the emotional response significantly. Third, menu quality, convenience, and service quality have a significant effect on behavioral intention, but restaurant environment does not have significant effect on behavioral intention. Finally, the emotional response has a significant effect on the behavioral intention. However, experiential value did not significantly affect the behavioral intention. Therefore, based on analysis results, it suggested useful implication to Chinese restaurant franchise restaurant.

To contribute to the development of age-friendly cities in South Korea, which has entered a super-aged society, this study systematically analyzed trends in academic research regarding the physical environment accumulated in the fields of architecture and urban planning from 2010 to 2025. The 36 detailed physical environment checklist items from the WHO Age-Friendly Cities guidelines were utilized as the analytical framework. The results indicate a surge in research since 2017, aligning with the policy demands of local governments. Research subjects exhibited a dual structure, polarized into “mixed” research addressing the city as a whole and research focusing on specific spaces. In terms of research types, research on the development of planning principles and tools accounted for the highest proportion. The analysis by WHO checklist item confirmed that while research was concentrated on key items such as greenspaces and walkways, safety, roads, and design, areas such as transportation service operations and housing retrofitting and maintenance were identified as gaps with relatively insufficient research. This study confirms that domestic research has focused on single-facility improvements and hardware-centric approaches, lacking integrated perspectives at the living-sphere network level. Accordingly, this study suggests that future research must shift toward practical directions that integrate hardware and software and ensure organic connectivity centered on the living sphere.

최근 들어 대학들은 취업률에 총력을 기울이고 있다. 특히, 취업분야와 관련한 실무지향적 학과들의 교육과 정 및 환경에 대한 논거는 취업이라는 가치관에 그 성과를 측정하고 있는 실정이다. 이는 기업인재 지향적 학숩 및 교육이 취업으로 이어지는 결과에서 지인한 것이다. 항공서비스과는 대표적인 예이다. 이에 본 연구는 국내대학 항공 서비스과 학생들을 대상으로 물리적 교육환경이 자긍심 및 기업애호도에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 한다. 분석결과 물리적환경이 높을수록 자긍심이 올라가는 것으로 나타났으며, 이러한 자긍심은 기업애호도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치 고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

Recently, Universities's idea of employment are activity discussed. Especially, Sevice oriented departments' argument about the curriculum and the environment tests its accomplishment with value in employment. Therefore, this study has been done on the department of airline service which has representation of employment. This study determines the condition and the position of the department of airline services that it estimates the future service orientation in organizations placing education. It appeared that self-esteem affected Physical environment, and service effect quality as a company's loyalty. Accordingly, to improve self-esteem working staff in service should be improved. And other various measures education sevice quality, self-esteem, and company's loyalty should be taken as well.

The purpose of this study was to present the relationship between the spread of infectious diseases and the characteristics of the physical urban environment. The study assumed that some parts of the urban uses are especially vulnerable to the spread of infectious diseases. The analysis process was limited to the area of dense disease transmission area in a study target city. Confirmed patients' visiting data to buildings and the building permit data were used for correlation analysis. The analysis results showed moderate correlations with correlation coefficients of equal or more than 0.4 (p<0.01) on the number of buildings, building areas, total floor areas, and floor area ratios in the uses of multi-family housing, overall housing, first-class neighborhood facilities, and education-research facilities within the distance range from 200m to 400m. The building areas of housing facilities, neighborhood facilities, religious facilities, education-research facilities, and accommodation facilities within the distance range from 200m to 1km appeared to be correlated with confirmed patients' visiting frequencies. The study results identified the specific characteristics of urban fabrics related to infectious disease spread and found the possibility identifying the focal uses for infection disease prevention.

[목적] 본 연구는 사용자경험 관점에서 실내테니스장의 물리적 환경요인이 고객만족, 신뢰 및 지속이용의도에 어떠 한 영향을 미치는지를 실증적으로 규명하는 데 목적이 있다. [방법] 2025년 5월부터 2개월간 수도권 실내테니스장 이 용자 300명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 수집된 자료는 SPSS28.0을 활용하여 빈도분석, 요인분석, 신뢰도 분석, 상관분석 및 회귀분석을 수행하였다. [결과] 실내테니스장의 물리적 환경요인 가운데 쾌적성, 편의성, 심미성, 공간성은 모두 고객만족에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 이 중 쾌적성, 편의성, 공간성은 고객신뢰에도 긍정적인 영향을 주 었으나, 심미성은 신뢰형성에는 유의하지 않았다. 또한 고객만족과 신뢰는 모두 지속이용의도에 정(+)의 영향을 미치 는 것으로 나타났다. [결론] 본 연구는 실내테니스장의 물리적 환경이 고객만족과 신뢰를 거쳐 지속이용의도와 연결 되는 과정을 실증적으로 제시하였다. 실무적으로는 쾌적하고 편리한 환경조성과 더불어 일관된 서비스제공이 고객 충성도와 재이용의도를 높이는 핵심 전략이 될 수 있음을 시사한다.

[Purpose] This study aimed to empirically examine how the physical environmental factors of indoor tennis courts influence customer satisfaction, trust, and continuous usage intention from a user experience perspective. [Methods] A survey was conducted with 300 users of indoor tennis courts in the metropolitan area over a two-month period starting in May 2025. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 28.0, including frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and regression analysis. [Results] Among the physical environmental factors of indoor tennis courts, comfort, convenience, aesthetics, and spatiality all had significant effects on customer satisfaction. Comfort, convenience, and spatiality also had positive effects on customer trust, whereas aesthetics did not significantly influence trust. In addition, both customer satisfaction and trust had positive effects on continuous usage intention. [Conclusion] The findings demonstrate that the physical environment of indoor tennis courts influences continuous usage intention through customer satisfaction and trust. Practically, the results suggest that providing a comfortable and convenient environment along with consistent service quality is a key strategy for enhancing customer loyalty and encouraging re-use.

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the relationship between individual, social and physical environments and walking behavior of adults in rural communities. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a convenient sample of 1,529 adults aged 20-64 years from 38 rural areas (eup or myeon) in Chungbuk province in South Korea. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, χ ²-test, t-test, and logistic regression analysis using the SPSS 25.0 program. Results: Logistic regression analysis shows that individual factors associated with walking activities of adults in rural communities were age, household monthly income, and self-efficacy for physical activities. Social environmental factors were social support for physical activities and safety level of the neighborhood. Finally, physical environmental factors were attractive environment for walking and availability of exercise facilities. Conclusions: The findings suggest that indivisuals could be motivated to walk more by providing a social and physical environment that is favorable for walking. Thus, the influence of environmental factors such as safety and scenic beauty, among others, should be considered when developing interventions to encourage more walking in rural adults.

The purpose of this study was to establish the physical environment which is suitable for coffee shops and examine how physical environment impacts on stores' emotions as a result how the stores' emotions influence on customers' satisfaction. This study used a multi-regression analysis to understand those relationship with focused on the age group of twenties and thirties. The results of this study proved that the factor of 'amusement·attractiveness', 'cleanliness·comfort' and 'environment' had a positive influence on 'customers' satisfaction' otherwise 'aesthetics', 'spaces', and 'convenience' did not statistically influence on 'stores' emotions'. Also the 'stores' emotions' was positively influenced on 'customers' satisfaction' in using coffee shops. This study found that what factors were considered as important in selecting coffee shops in terms of customers and the more customers have positive emotions the more the customers feel higher satisfaction. Therefore managers who operate coffee shops should be considered the element of emotional management to attract more customers for their business.