Earticle

Interpreting is, currently, touching cognitive sciences due to its complex cognitive linguistic nature. Mathematically, the psychomotor functions of the brain are difficult to be measured due to its innate cognitive ability. To use this ability for enhancing a new skill needs various types of methods, strategies, and techniques. The interpreting trainers and theorists applied various methods, strategies under the umbrella terms ‘retrospective and introspective’ for the enhancement of interpreting skills of consecutive and simultaneous interpreting. For memory enhancement still various mnemonics and TAPs are applied such as done by Marwa Shamy & R.P. Ricoy (Retrospective Protocols: Tapping into the minds of interpreting Trainees: 2017), and B.E. Dimitrova & E.Tiselius (Retrospection in Interpreting and Translation: Explaining the Process 2014). But due to the infinity of human thinking abilities, the area still needs more research and empirical studies specifically when the learners and trainees belonging to various nationalities with diverse competencies and more seriously when both the SL and TL are the second languages. The current study is an explorative one to apply both retrospective and introspective methods and their TAPs on an interpreting training class of beginner level from the Arabic into English comprising multilingual nationalities to enrich the area with new insights and findings. The sample of the study is the students of BS Translation and Interpretation of 7th semester and MS Translation Studies of 2nd semester belonging to Pakistan, China, Thailand, Arab and Turkey. This unique experience carried out in interpreting from Arabic language to English. The sample of the study is a multilingual class of different linguistic competencies and language skills. Another unique feature of the study is that both the SL and TL are the second languages of the majority of students. It becomes challengeable to apply this interpreting training method on such multilingual interpreting trainees with diverse linguistic competencies. The trainees were directed to use urgent tactics in terms of coping strategies with unexpected situations according to Giles Effort Model of interpreting (D. Gile 2018). The methodology: The trainee students were advised with a set of strategies applying retrospective methods as out class activity and a set of instruction to apply introspective inside the class during the interpreting process. This blended methods enhanced the potential of both the smart trainee and the low performer trainees. Surely the enrich the area of interpreting training with goods insights and findings.

이 실험 연구는 마드리드 알칼라 대학교 문화간 커뮤니케이션 또는 커뮤니티 통번역을 전공으로 하는 다양한 그룹의 석사 과정 학생들을 대상으로 2009~2010, 2010~2011 그리고 2011~2012(첫 시험) 동안 두 언어 조합으로 이루어진 두 종류의 통역 시험 개발 및 결과를 분석 보고한다. 학교에서 제공하는 모든 언어 조합, 즉, 아랍어, 중국어, 프랑스어, 영어, 폴란드어, 러시아어 그리고 루마니아어 대 스페인어 조합으로 매년 약 80명의 학생들에게 적용되는 이 시험은 맞춤형 구두 연습과 높은 수준의 표현력을 요구하는 시험을 결합한 형태이다. 학생들은 학기 초 먼저 의료 통번역에 대한 적성 검사를 실시하고 약 200 시간의 교육을 마친 뒤 법정 통번역에 대한 적성 검사를 실시한다. 이 실험의 주요 목적은 통역사에게 요구되는 능력, 즉, 배경지식, 기술 그리고 자세의 조합을 중심으로 교육이 학생의 통번역 기술 향상에 미치는 효과를 비교하는 것이다. 본 논문은 학생의 교육 배경, 장르, 나이, 국적, 모국어 그리고 통번역 경력 등의 변수를 고려한 정확성의 정도와 반응 속도를 분석한다. 마지막으로 이 논문은 시험의 두 가지 주요 우려 사항인 정확도와 신뢰도와 이를 평가하는 주요 방법인 질적 피드백과 학생 퍼포먼스 분석에 대해 논의한다.

디지털 환경의 변화에 따라 컴퓨터 보조 통역(CAI)과 컴퓨터 보조 통역 교육(CAIT) 에 활용되는 기술이 다양해진 가운데 한국과 일본도 2020년을 기점으로 기술의 활용과 관련된 통역 연구가 증가하고 있다. CAI 및 CAIT는 유럽을 중심으로 다양한 툴이 개발 되고 있으며, 전문용어 관리 등 통역의 사전준비와 원격동시통역 시스템에서 음성인식 으로 통역을 보조하기도 한다. 본 논문에서는 최근 부상하고 있는 자동음성인식(ASR) 을 활용한 통역과 통역 교육의 현황을 조사하여 통역 교육에 활용할 수 있는 툴을 정리 했다. 먼저 현재 사용 가능한 다국어 음성인식 범용 애플리케이션을 기능별로 분류했 다. 그리고 원문과 통역문에 각각 활용할 수 있는 앱으로 나누어 제시했다. 다음으로 통역 실무에서 활용하기 위한 실시간 음성인식 앱, 통역 훈련에 사용 가능한 녹음 후 전사하는 기능의 앱으로도 나누었다. 실시간 음성인식 앱은 타임라인 표시의 유무, 사전에 설정해 놓을 수 있는 언어의 수에 따라 나뉜다. 녹음 후에 전사되는 앱은 통역 과 제물을 첨삭하거나 자가 학습에 활용할 수 있다는 점에서 유용하다. 마지막으로 현재 개발 중인 통역 퍼포먼스의 자동평가 시스템의 프로토타입을 소개했다. ASR 결과로부 터 통역에서 발생할 수 있는 침묵, 필러, 백트래킹을 추출해 통계 처리해 주는 시스템이 다. 향후 음성인식을 통역 교육에 도입하는 방안이 다각도로 모색되어 훈련 과정에서 충분히 적응함으로써 초급에서 고급 및 실무에 이르기까지 유용하게 활용되기를 바란다.

With changes in the digital environment, the technology used for Computer Assisted Interpretation (CAI) and Computer Assisted Interpretation Training (CAIT) has diversified and studies related to the use of technology for interpreting is increasing since 2020. This paper focuses on the use of Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) for interpreting and interpreter training, which is an emerging field of study, by summarizing the current state and trend in terms of tools that can be used for interpreter training. The currently available all-purpose multilingual ASR applications (apps) were classified by function and they were then categorized according to whether they can be used for transcribing original texts or translated texts. Next, these were divided into apps with real-time ASR functions that can be used for interpretation training, and apps with recording and transcribing functions that can be used for post-interpretation correction and reflection. The real-time ASR apps were further categorized according to timeline display availability and the number of preset languages. The present work also introduces an automatic interpretation performance evaluation system prototype that is currently under development. It is a platform that extracts from ASR results every silence, filler and backtracking which occur during interpretation to provide processed statistics. It is expected that various ways for introducing ASR into interpretation education will be explored in the future, from beginner to advanced level, following sufficient practical adaption through training.

This study presents an analysis of coherence in interpreting output using rhetorical structure theory(RST). An English speech (ST) was interpreted into Korean by ten interpreting students, which were then transcribed for RST analysis. Each text was segmented into elementary discourse units, and relations were assigned to text spans based on the four fields of RST relation definitions. RST annotation tools were employed to create RST trees for each text analyzed. Three features of RST trees were selected and used in describing coherence in interpreting outputs. First, the depth of RST trees of TTs were observed. As the depth of each RST tree indicated the degree of hierarchical organization of ideas, a TT with a deeper tree was deemed to represent more advanced interpreting skills. Second, occurrence of a non-sequitur was discovered in a TT and its impact on the overall texture was explained by using the RST tree which starkly visualized non-sequiturs as unconnected root nodes. Finally, RST relations contained in the ST were compared with those in TTs in order to describe interpreting accuracy on the level of coherence. Comparison of top-level schemas in the ST and the TTs provided a simple and clear way of identifying coherence shifts between the original and the interpreting outputs.

The main focus of this paper is to illustrate and explain our interpreting and translation actualities which have been continuously confronted with digital technology and its perceptive-oriented culture. Then digital society demand us to transfer and receive the messages as quickly as possible without any reflection for profound comprehension. And the interpreter and translator, who have traditionally worked in the intercultural, interpretative and reflective manners, became to overcome this new historical situation occurred by economical tendency and marketing. For the purpose, I set up firstly some etymological concepts of interpreting and translation, with which the present situation could be suitable for going in harmony. Transmission of message in the interpreting and translating activities is not only confirming of given cultural shares between sender and receiver also cooperating to interpret the messages given by these shared culture. In this cooperation, interpreter, translator and receptor can trace the semantical answer to understanding and empathy that they have wanted together. Because the phrase-centered convention would fall into the error of semantic confusion in their instance of enunciation. In word level, they would lose sense of discursive hierarchy between two words/phrases countered such as grammatical and semantical message communication. This study insist that we need a semantical and cultural adjustment(or strategy of consentment) for pursuit to common understanding by cooperative mutuality. In textual level, they are puff off their sense that all semantic concept is related to speaker-receiver's intentionality and cooperative culture. Linguistic sign do not has competence to designate something in the reality that man can conceive in his everyday life, but in the reality that receiver-speaker conceives as a reality, of which such proposition is a Saussurian principle in our modern linguistics. Interpreting and translation are concerned not only with communicative part of two cultures but with interpretor-translator's semantical cooperation of two languages encountered.

다가오는 새로운 밀레니움의 세계는 양적으로든 질적으로든 지난 천년과는 완연히 다른 모습을 띠게 될 것이다. 우리의 조상들이 지금 우리에게 일어나고 있는 일들을 상상조차 할 수 없었듯이, 우리의 향후 세대에서는 우리로서 상상할 수도 없는 일들이 벌어지게 된다는 것이다. 사람들의 일상적인 삶 뿐만 아니라 우리와 같은 언어 서비스 제공자들의 직업 양태도 놀라운 변화를 겪게 될 것이다. 1907년에 살았던 사람들 중 누구도, 불과 백년 후에 전세계 체스게임에서 기계가 승자가 되고, 기계가 시를 쓰고, 그림을 그리며, 음악을 작곡하고 연주하며, 맹인들을 위해 큰소리로 글을 읽어주고, 청각장애자를 위해 말을 글로 바꾸어주며, 외국어 교육에 참여하고(computer- aided language learning: CALL), 번역을 지원하며 (computer-aided translation: CAT), 인간만이 할 수 있는 마지막 보루로 여겨져 왔던 통역분야에까지 (computer-aided interpretation: CAI) 진출하게 될 것이라고는 상상도 하지 못했을 것이다. 본 논문의 주 목적은 언어서비스 제공자(특히 통역사와 번역사)들에게 앞으로 그들의 업무 수행에 있어 컴퓨터 통신 기기들이 얼마나 중요한 역할을 담당하게 될 것인지에 대한 인식을 제고시키는데 있다. 이 시점에서 짚고 넘어갈 중요한 문제는 현재 사용되고 있는 기계 번역 도구들이 얼마나 정확하고 효율적으로 작동하는가, 그리고 그 한계점들은 어떻게 극복할 수 있는가 하는 것이다.

Cet article présente un modèle pour l’analyse de la performance de l’interprète qui applique des techniques basées sur des corpus au discours. En utilisant un corpus d’environ 80.000 mots d’interprétation dans des formats aussi bien audio que textuel, l’on utilise des recherches assistées par ordinateur et l’analyse du discours pour examiner la production de l’interprète en ce qui concerne le contenu du message et les moyens par lequel il est altéré. Le modèle a été développé pour identifier les besoins de formation de l’étudiant d’interprétation. La méthode MRC a aussi été adaptée pour l’utiliser comme outil pédagogique. Dans la première partie de cet article, le modèle est décrit et les résultats de l’étude de preuve de concept sont présentés. La seconde partie de cet article décrit la méthode MRC tel qu’elle a été appliquée à un programme universitaire de formation de l’interprète, avec une analyse du feedback de l’étudiant concernant l’utilité du modèle pour la formation et l’auto-analyse.

The purpose of this paper is to review the evolution of computer-assisted interpreting(CAI) and to examine the state of the art in CAI-related research and development. Pointing to the lacunae in CAI research in Korea, the current paper presents the argument that calls for a new perspective supporting human-machine collaboration in interpreting. It looks into the trends and developments related to CAI, mainly driven by research efforts conducted in Europe. In particular, CAI tools are described according to their use in interpreting phases and generation. The main part of the paper is focused on presenting research aimed at developing the latest generation of CAI tools integrated with automatic speech recognition (ASR) and/or machine translation (MT) systems. Latest research on integrated CAI models is presented in four categories: proof-of-concept research with manually built systems; the use of general-purpose, commercial ASR and/or MT programs in the interpreting process; the advancement of existing CAI tools with the integration of ASR/MT engines; and finally, the development of a dedicated CAI system equipped with an ASR engine that can be adapted to the specific domains of interpreting sessions.

Interpreting live TV coverage of a major event such as the war on Iraq during the first part of 2003 was a major challenge for broadcast interpreters. To get the real time information accurately and quickly to the Japanese audience watching Japanese TV, the interpreters were required to interpret news that was broadcast by foreign TV for foreign viewers. In the caseof the war on Iraq, English-Japanese interpreters were mobilized in great numbers to promptly convey real-time information originally broadcast by foreign media for foreign viewers as part of the news broadcast by Japanese TV stations for the Japanese audience. Promptness and accuracy of information were the most important points called for by the viewers. But in the case of live TV coverage of the war to be interpreted into Japanese, the interpreters are caught in the middle of how to interpret the foreign news geared towards foreign audiences in the most intelligible manner to the Japanese audience. There are issues of terminology specific to war that interpreters need to know, plus differences in the reporting viewpoints by various original TV stations that interpreters need to be aware of in order to choose the most pertinent words for interpretation. This article will look into how the actual interpretation process was conducted in the interpretation of live TV coverage of the war in Iraq for Japanese TV, and it makes concluding remarks and suggestions as to what would be the best way to proceed in the case of such a major event to be interpreted live on TV.

Formerly, simultaneous interpreting was limited to guest interviews, breaking news situations, and live coverage of events in the Japanese media. However, due to the increase in demand for bilingual services and real time coverage, JCTV (Japan Cable Television, which is a distribution partner of CNN) decided to focus on simultaneous interpreting for the localization of CNN news. Before settling on simultaneous interpreting, CNN translating/interpreting experienced several transitions. At the very beginning, the requirement was to translate word for word. Then came the prepared interpreting stage. The current stage calls for simultaneous interpretation of all the materials including tightly edited packaged reports. Some of the main skills required for simultaneous interpreting for broadcast news are background knowledge, anticipation, and editing. The number of interpreting and translating courses offered at Japanese universities is on the rise, but traditional interpreting schools catering to the special needs for broadcast interpreting still plays an important role. These institutions offer the appropriate training for students aspiring to break into broadcast news simultaneous interpreting. Broadcast news interpreting in Japan is still evolving and faces the challenges of quality control.

As globalisation and particularly EU enlargement generate more international meetings and contacts, a larger number of languages are being used in multilingual conferences throughout the world. Trainers of conference interpreters and the schools with which they are associated must respond to this challenge. Without taking a position on whether interpreting into A or into B produces better results, the author describes the methods he has used for the teaching of interpreting into B at ESIT and elsewhere over the past 25 years.

Interpreting research, like the profession itself, has been growing rapidly, both in sheer quantity and in diversity, with much of it being done by MA or PhD students who are also training to become practitioners. If in the past it was largely confined to conference interpreting in the simultaneous mode, interpreting research has now come to encompass the full range of modes, modalities and settings. While this trend is a welcome one, the implications for would-be researchers are daunting: how does one choose a topic? what paradigms and what neighboring disciplines does one turn to? how does one arrive at a realistic assessment of the time and resources required? how valid is an experimental study when it comes to such a real-life task? A list of twenty potential projects is presented along with a discussion of the methodology that may be best suited to each of them.

Conference interpreting research (CIR) has contributed conceptually to conference interpreter training, but cannot be expected to produce solid scientific findings to validate specific training theories and methods: the complexity of the interactions between relevant parameters, as well as the resulting variability, require large samples and many replications, which are beyond present possibilities in a small community of researchers and a small community of interpreters, many of whom are reluctant to participate in experiments. Studies with a local, descriptive focus, have been scientifically more productive than holistic theories and tests of hypotheses on methods, and some interesting findings of a general nature have also been published. CIR also has a non negligible social role in enhancing the status of the profession. On the other hand, some tension has been generated among interpreters and interpreter trainers by excessive claims of some researchers based on theory, but without actual findings to back them.

본 연구는 기계가 인간을 대체하는 개념이 아닌 보조하는 개념으로 바라보는 관점에서 시작된 것으로, 교육공학의 다양한 장점을 통역교육에 접목하는 연구에 앞서 그 타당성을 확인하기 위한 예비연구다. 본 연구의 목적은 통역대학원 학습자들이 스터디 과정에서 겪고 있는 제약조건을 범주화하고, 기술을 접목한 새로운 실습방법에 관한 사용자 수용도를 분석하는 것이다. 본 연구에서 실시한 실태조사에 따르면, 질(Gile)이 주장한 ‘자동화’를 위해 반복적으로 연습을 수행해야 하는 통역대학원 학생들의 스터디 공간에는 시간적 제약, 공간적 제약, 경험의 실제성, 성찰적 학습기회와 관련한 제약조건이 발견되었다. 이를 극복하기 위해 ICT를 활용한 새로운 실습방식을 일정기간 스터디에 적용한 후 사용자 평가를 진행하였다. 본 연구에서는 멀티미디어를 활용한 팟캐스트방법과 컴퓨터매개커뮤니케이션(CMC)기술을 활용한 화상통화방법, 음성인식 기술을 활용한 텍스트 낭독과 모니터링 기능을 각각 순차통역 실습과정에 적용해 보았다. 사용자로서 학습자들의 초기 반응은 멀티미디어와 CMC방식에 대해 전반적으로 긍정적인 반면, 음성인식에 관해서는 개념적으로는 유용하나 실제적으로 유용한 보조도구가 되기 위해서는 기술이 보다 정교해야 할 것으로 보고하였다. 사용자 평가에 참여한 학습자들은 각자가 처한 상황과 학습수요에 따라 각 방법이 가지는 장단점을 기술하였고, 실험이 종료되면서 최소 1개 이상의 방법을 계속 사용할 의사가 있다고 밝혔다. 본 연구는 통역 학습자들의 동기 유지와 수행 향상을 위해 이들이 학습과정에서 겪고 있는 각종 제약을 해소하고, 학습과정의 효율화를 지원할 컴퓨터보조통역교육(CAIT)를 적용하기에 앞서 연구의 타당성을 확인하고자 하는 예비연구로 진행되어 일반화된 결론을 내리기에는 무리가 있겠다. 하지만, 추후 본격적인 CAIT 연구를 위해 통역 스터디에 작용하는 각종 제약조건을 범주화하였고, 기술을 접목한 새로운 방법에 대한 사용자들의 초기 반응은 기술을 통역교육에 접목하여 기존의 제약조건을 해소할 가능성을 시사한다.

This article illustrates the author’s personal account of examining her volunteer work as a sermon interpreter throughout her professional career spanning twenty years. What was the motivation behind this work? What meaning did it have in personal, spiritual, and professional life? Through field notes, reflective journals, research memos, and self-generated memory data collected from April 2023, the worked example seeks to identify the motivations of volunteering, the meaning of work and vocation, and professional and spiritual identity work. The autoethnographic account shows how serving as a sermon interpreter aided identity work by meaning making of interpreting practice, not simply as a career choice, but as a spiritual calling (Lips-Wiersma, 2001). The solace that this self-awareness provides during times of inner conflict illustrates how “identification waxes and wanes as individuals and their contexts evolve” (Kreiner et al., 2006: 1032).

Les traductologues s'accourdent sur le fait que Ia cooperation avec d'autres disciplines scientifiques est necessaire afin de pouvoir reconnaitre les structures et les principes du processus de traduction et interpretation. Cet article introduit le Modele cognitif neuropsychologique pour soigner des malades aphasiques et essaye de l'appliquer aux etudes de traduction. II tente de reflechir sur une eventuelle parente entre les malades aphasiques et les interpretes en proposant des exercices utiles pour Ia formation des futurs interpretes.