Earticle

본고에서는 회화 속에서 발화의 내용과 그 발화에 대한 화자의 태도를 완화시켜 상대의 페이스를 배려함으로서 정중함을 나타내기 위해 사용되는 담화표지인 ｢なんか｣에 주목하여오사카방언의 고년층, 젊은층을 대상으로 그 사용경향의 차이를 고찰했다. 검토 결과, ｢なんか｣의 사용빈도는 고년층보다 젊은층에서 높게 나타났다. 이것은 발화의 내용과 발화에 대한 화자의 태도를 완화시켜 이야기 상대의 페이스를 배려함으로서 원활한 커뮤니케이션을 취하려는 경향이 고년층에 비해 젊은층에서 높다는 것을 나타낸다. 즉, 아직 학교, 직장 등 사회에서 활발하게 활동하고 있는 젊은층은 ｢なんか｣를 사용하여 상대와 원활한 커뮤니케이션을 취함으로서 상대와 원만한 관계를 유지하려는 경향이 고년층에 비해 강하다는 것을 알았다. 앞으로는 오사카방언의 고년층, 젊은층에서 왜 이러한 경향을 나타내는지를 밝혀나갈 필요가 있다. 또한 정중함을 나타내기 위해 사용되는 또 다른 형식에도 주목하여 연구를 진행함과 동시에 이러한 ｢なんか｣의 사용경향의 세대차가 오사카방언 이외의 지역에도 나타나는지 확인할 필요가 있다.

This paper analyzes the generational differences on the usage pattern of the discourse marker, “NANKA”. This discourse marker is used in communication in order to express the speaker’s attenuated attitude. This helps the listener to follow the speaker well and helps make communication smoother and more fluid. As a result, the usage rate of “NANKA” for the younger generation is higher than for the older generations. This means that the attenuated expression and attitude for helping a listener to easily follow a speaker, is less common in the older generation and much more frequent in the younger generation. In other words, the younger generation which works hard in present society uses “NANKA” more often than the older generation in order to communicate more efficiently, smoothly and to help maintain good relationships with each other.

본 논문에서는 회화 속에서 발화내용과 발화에 대한 화자의 태도를 완화시켜 상대의 페이스를 배려하기 위해 사용되는 담화표지인 「ナンカ」를 대상으로 세대차를 고찰했다. 검토 결과, 「ナンカ」의 사용빈도는 고년층에서 낮고 젊은층에서 약간 높게 나타났다. 이것은 발화내용과 발화에 대한 발화자의 태도를 완화시켜 상대의 페이스를 배려함으로서 상대와 원활한 커뮤니케이션을 취하려는 경향이 젊은층에 비해 고년층에서 상대적으로 낮다는 것, 젊은층에서 높다는 것을 나타낸다. 즉, 아직 사회 현장에서 왕성하게 활동하고 있는 젊은층은 「ナンカ」를 다용하여 상대와 원활한 커뮤니케이션을 취함으로서 상대와 원만한 관계를 유지하려는 경향이 강하고 사회현장에서 물러나 있는 고년층은 그러한 경향이 젊은층에 비해 낮다는 것을 알았다.

This paper analyzed the generational usage pattern’s difference of the discourse marker, “NANKA”, which is used in communication in order to express the speaker’s attenuated attitude helping the listener follow the face well and make the communication smooth. In the result of comparison between the older generation and the younger generation, it was found that the using rate of “NANKA” was low in the older generation and quite high in the younger generation. This means that the attenuated expression and attitude for helping the listeners follow well is less in the older generation and high in the younger generation. In other words, younger generation who work hard in society use “NANKA” very often to express their attenuated attitude for paying attention to listener so that they do communication smoothly and keep a good friendship with other people. However, the older generation who has retired from society does not have this kind of tendency so much.

본고는 코로나19로 인해 변화한 배구선수 인터뷰의 유형을 유사 비대 면 인터뷰로 분류하고 기존 인터뷰와의 비교를 통해 유사 비대면 인터뷰 의 특징을 분석하였다. 인터뷰의 유형 분류에 따르면 코로나19 이전의 배 구선수 인터뷰는 보도용 인터뷰, 대면 인터뷰, 1:1 인터뷰에, 코로나19 이 후 배구선수 인터뷰는 보도용 인터뷰, 유사 비대면 인터뷰, 2:1 인터뷰에 해당한다. ‘유사 비대면 인터뷰’란 서로의 얼굴을 볼 수 있다는 점에서 비 대면 인터뷰와 차이를 보이지만 의사소통 방식이 비대면 인터뷰와 유사 한 새로운 유형의 인터뷰를 말한다. 인터뷰 구조에서의 유사 비대면 인터 뷰의 특징은 첫째, 시작 단계에서 인사하기 언어 행위가 생략되지 않는다. 둘째, 대면 인터뷰의 전개 단계에서는 나타나지 않았던 새로운 유형의 질 문이 나타난다. 셋째, 대면 인터뷰의 종결 단계에서는 나타나지 않았던 인 터뷰어의 감사하기 언어 행위가 나타난다. 인터뷰 참여자들의 발화 행위에서의 유사 비대면 인터뷰의 특징으로는 담화표지의 빈번한 사용, 빈번 한 말 겹침, 빈번한 질문의 재요청과 재질문하기, 답변에 대한 후속 질문 하기가 나타난다.

The purpose of this research is to classify the type of volleyball players interviews that have changed due to COVID-19 into quasi non-face-to-face interviews and analyze their characteristics through comparison with face-to-face interviews. Volleyball players interviews after COVID-19 come under report interviews, quasi non-face-to-face interviews, and 2:1 interviews. Quasi non-face-to-face interviews refers to a new type of interviews that differ from non-face-to-face interviews in that they can see each other’s faces, but their communication methods are similar to non-face-to-face interviews. The characteristics of quasi non-face-to-face interviews are that: first, greetings are not omitted in the beginning, second, the appearance of new types of questions that did not appear in the development of face-to-face interviews, third, the presence of thanking speech acts of the interviewer, which did not appear at the conclusion of face-to-face interviews. Characteristics of interview participants’ utterance in quasi non-face-to-face interviews include frequent usage of the discourse marker, simultaneous speech, recall of questions and follow-up questions about answers.

이 논문에서는 동년배 청년 남성이 영화관에서 만난 경우라는 동일 맥락을 설 정하고 화자, 청자의 친소 관계를 변수로, 한국어 인사 표현의 빈도와 구어적 특 징을 반영한 한국어 대화 패턴을 도출하고 그에 대응하는 중국어와 일본어 인사 대화 패턴을 비교하였다. 한중일 모두 시작-전개-종결의 인사 대화 구조를 가지 고 있는데, 시작부의 대화는 ‘담화표지-호명-전형적 인사말’의 순서로 나타나며 전개부에서는 묻고 답하기 기능을 중심으로 한 n개 이상의 화제가 등장하고 종 결부는 다음 만남을 기약하는 말이나 전형적 인사말로 끝나는 것이 공통점이었다. 화자와 청자가 친밀한 관계인 경우, 담화 표지가 더 많이 사용되고 시작부의 호칭어가 생략되거나 2인칭 대명사로 교체될 수 있고 전형적 인사말은 사용되지 않는 것이 보통이다. ‘친밀함’은 전개부에 등장하는 화제의 수와 내용에도 영향을 미친다. 보통 사이에서는 화제가 생략되어도 무방하나 친밀한 사이에서는 개인 적인 질문이 여러번 나타날 수 있다. 친밀한 관계에서는 종결부에 약속, 명령, 청 유 등 다음 만남을 기약하는 화행이 등장하는 반면 보통의 관계에서는 의례적 인 사말로 종결되는 경우가 많다. 본고의 연구 결과는 다국어 비교 화용론, L2 교육, AI 챗봇 성능 향상 등의 연구 분야에 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있다.

In this paper, we set the same context as when two young men of similar age chance encountered at a movie theater, using the relationship between the speaker and the listener as a variable, and then derived a Korean conversation pattern that reflected the frequency and colloquial characteristics of Korean greeting expressions. Base on this induction, we compared Chinese and Japanese greeting conversation patterns. The greeting conversations of Korea, China, and Japan have the same dialogue structure as ‘start-development- end greeting’. The dialogue at the beginning appears in the order of ‘discourse marker-calling name-typical greeting’. In the development section, more than n topics appear, focusing on the question-and-answer function. In the ending part, they always say ‘look forward to seeing you again’, or other typical farewell words. It was what Korea-China-Japan greeting conversation had in common. The Friendly relationship variable determines the type of language expression or has an effect on whether to omit a specific language expression. If the speaker and the listener are in a close relationship, the discourse marker is used frequently, and their names at the beginning can be omitted or replaced by a second-person pronoun, and typical greetings are not used. Intimacy also affects the numbers and content of topics appearing in the development part. The talking topics can be omitted in normal relationships. But personal issues may appear several times in close relationships. In the ending part of the dialogue, there are more speech acts such as appointments, commands, and requests in close relationships. While in ordinary relationships, it usually ends with ceremonial greetings. The results of this paper can be used as basic data in research fields such as multilingual comparative pragmatics, L2 education, and chatbot performance improvement.

이 글에서는 개화기와 일제강점기에 한국인에 의해 집필된 4종의 한문법 교과서에 수록된 부사 범주를 살펴봤다. 4종의 한문법 교과서는 『초등작문법(初等作文法)』(원영의: 元泳義, 1908), 『한문의독자해(漢文義讀自解)』(신재영: 辛在英, 1916), 『한문문법제요(漢文法提要)』 (강매: 姜邁, 1917), 『실지응용작문대방(實地應用作文大方)』(영창서관: 永昌書館, 1921)이다. 이들 한문법 교과서의 부사 범주는 정의나 분류상의 차이를 보이나, 그 분류가 주로 ‘시간’, ‘장소’, ‘정도’, ‘의문’, ‘상태’에 의한 점은 현행 부사와 크게 다르지 않음을 알 수 있었다. 부사 범주로 분류된 어휘 또한 대부분 우리가 현재 부사로 분류하고 있는 것임을 알 수 있었다.

Eagle is one of the foundations for the study of the Western grammar acceptance patterns of Chinese grammar books in Korea.,The existing part of speech studies mainly follow the two-part method (and ) of Chinese literature.,There is only a difference in the name of the subclassified part of speech under the two-part method, such as classifying the adverb into real or in vain.,Therefore, this study firstly aims to understand the first bead of the Western grammar acceptance pattern of the Chinese grammar book in Korea, starting with the adverb study of the Korean Chinese grammar textbook.,For this purpose, the study was limited to four kinds of Chinese grammar textbooks published during the period of flowering and Japanese colonial rule.,4 kinds of Chinese grammar textbooks are the elementary writing(1908), the Chinese text reading self-harm(1916), the Chinese text law(1917), and the actual application of the Chinese text book(1921). Although the adverb categories of these Chinese grammar textbooks show differences in definition or classification, the classifications are not much different from the current adverbs, mainly due to ‘time’, ‘place’, ‘degree’, ‘question’, and ‘state’., The vocabulary classified into adverb categories was also found to be mostly classified as adverbs.

한국은 '신남방정책'을 시행함에 따라 아세안(ASEAN) 10개국, 중국 및 '일대일로'와 새로운 관계를 형성하고 있다. 오늘날 한-중-아세안 10개국 간의 협력은 서로에게 거대한 이익을 가져 다주었을 뿐만 아니라 특히 최근 국제 경제 형세의 비상시국 속에서 대체불가성을 가지고 있 다는 것이 사실로 증명되었다. 각 국가별, 지역별 소득 통계의 차이는 서로 다른 통계 기준 하 에 수백억 달러에 이르기 때문에 이를 과학적으로 분석하는 것은 쉽지 않다. 통일된 데이터를 기준으로 어떻게 비교 분석할 것인지, 또 아세안이라는 객관적인 존재와의 경쟁에서 도전을 기회로 삼기 위해서 우선, 전면적이고 체계적으로 상대방을 이해하고, 자신을 이해하는 것이 그 필수 전제조건이다. 모순을 인정하고 경쟁에 임하는 것이 마땅한 태도이며, 영역을 개척하 고 장점은 드러내고 단점은 피하는 것이 경영 전략이다. 마지막으로 우세한 것은 서로 보완하 고 협력하여 공동의 이익을 추구하는 것이 바로 노력의 목표이다.

The implementation of South Korea's “New South Policy” is forming new relations with the 10 ASEAN countries, China and “the belt and road initiative”. Existing facts have proved that the cooperation between China, South Korea and the ten ASEAN countries has brought great benefits to each other, especially in the current changes in the international economic situation, which is irreplaceable. Under different statistical standards, the difference in statistical data obtained by various countries and regions is as high as tens of billions of dollars, which is not conducive to scientific analysis. How to make analysis and comparison based on unified data, change challenges into opportunities in the objective competition in ASEAN, and comprehensively and systematically understand each other and oneself is its necessary prerequisite. Admitting contradictions and facing competition are their proper attitudes. Opening up space and fostering strengths and avoiding weaknesses are its management strategies. Complementary advantages and win-win cooperation are its goals.

本稿の目的は、日常生活でよく発話されている談話標識「なんか(nanka)」の使用様相を分析することにある。また、談話上、「なんか(nanka)」の出現する位置による分類を「文頭(opening)」,「文中(turn-taking)」,「文末(closing)」に設定して、その機能を分析・考察した。本稿では、日本語母語話者同士の自然会話のデータである「日本語自然会話書き起こしコーパス：名大会話コーパス」をもとに、分析した。その結果、文頭において使用されている「なんか(nanka)」の談話機能は、「話題を発展させ、発話内容を具体化し、その具体的な内容を導くような前置き表現」であるといえる「発話開始としての前置き表現」と「発言権を獲得するために、否定的なイメージを緩和させ、柔らかいイメージに転化していく談話標識」に使用する「否定的なイメージの緩和標識」の機能があることがわかる。また、文中においては、「発話を和らげるために付加的に説明する標識」とともに、「なんか」は認知的に検索して得た情報を表すときに使う談話標識である。次に文末においては、発話の最後に、「曖昧さを残しながら聞き手に発話を譲る時に使う標識」と「同意・共感する標識」として使われる。

This paper deals with the syntactic and semantic functions of the Jeju dialect verb 'gajida'(가지다) meaning ‘to have' in English, which has the same grammatical functions of the Korean standard verb ‘gajida'. It keeps the form of an auxiliary verb usually used as ‘-eo gajigo'(-어 가지고), but does not show any functions of an auxiliary verb. Moreover, it is used as not only a conjunctive ending but also a discourse marker. The Jeju dialect has 'goejida'(지다), 'ajida(아지다), ‘oejida’(지다) and ‘atta'(앗다) as its allomorphs, some of which have been grammaticalized into a conjunctive ending.

Through an examination of discourse markers, this paper explores how these linguistic devices function in non-native English learning. Discourse markers, although similar to the various cohesive devices, given that they play a main function in the interactional aspects of grammar, deserve our attention in English learning. By doing some experimental research, the present study aims to investigate the relationship between the frequency of discourse markers and the proficiency levels of English learners. More specifically, the present study has the following purposes: 1)answering a question whether fluent spoken ability can be related to the increasing use of discourse markers; 2) identifying the types of discourse markers at the different proficiency levels; 3) establishing a co-relation between the use of discourse markers and non-native proficiency of English. It is expected that this study will make contribution in raising the awareness of what roles discourse markers(pragmatically) serve in the developmental stage of English ability.

Little research has been done on linguistic analysis on Jejueo in general and discourse approach to various Jejueo expressions in particular. This is because Jejueo has been treated, at best, as a dialect of Korean. However, it has been noticed that the language used in Jeju is “not mutually intelligible with Standard Korean”(Cho, et al 2001, Yang 2014 et al). As an independent language, Jejueo has its own linguistic features. With this in mind, the current study is to explore the pragmatic nature of keymey in Jejueo, the language of Jeju, from a discourse-functional point of view. As an interactional communicative tool, the discourse marker serves various discourse functions such as softener, agreement, attention-calling, etc. Furthermore, this study is to classify these functions into two properties: basic property and derived property. The former has something to do with ‘polite interaction’ and the latter includes various discourse functions. In this way, it is expected that the present study manages to provide, though descriptive, discourse-functional approaches to various oral features of Jejueo.

The purpose of this study is to examine the distributional patterns of relative pronouns and identify the pragmatic factors that affect the choice of a particular type of relative pronoun in discourse. To find out the pragmatic factors that characterize the use of relative pronouns, we examined overall types of relative pronouns employed in discourse on a corpus-based analysis, and investigated the combinational patterns of relative clauses in written and spoken discourse. The findings from the data analysis showed that relative pronouns, as an ‘accessibility marker’, can be a parameter in combining with a particular type of relative clause in discourse as follows: 1) ‘salience’ function: zero < that < which < who < whom; 2) ‘unification’ function: zero > that > which or who > whom. Consequently, we claim that the choice of an antecedent-relative pronoun combination is determined by the pragmatic factors such as ‘salience’ and ‘unification’, which contribute to the facilitation of language processing and production.

이 연구는 이정모와 이재호(2004)에서 관찰된 성별표지와 언급순서의 상호작용 효과가 다른 실험 과제와 실험 조건에도 반영되는지를 확인하고자 하였다. 실험 1에서는 선행어가 고유명사이며 성별단서가 애매한 조건에서 명명과제를 적용하였다. 두 변인의 효과는 관찰되지 않았다. 실험 2에서는 선행어가 역할명사이며 역시 성별단서가 애매한 조건에서 명명과제를 적용하였다. 언급순서의 효과만 관찰되었다. 실험 3에서는 두 변인의 효과를 선행어가 고유명사이며 성별단서가 명료한 조건에서 문장읽기과제와 탐사재인과제를 적용하여 살펴보았다. 성별표지의 효과가 읽기시간에만 반영되었다. 세 실험의 결과는 대명사의 성별표지와 언급순서가 참조해결에 작용하는 제약들의 만족에 따라 역동적으로 상호작용할 가능성을 보였다.

Three experiments were conducted to explore the interactive effect of antecedent's gender marker and mention order on pronoun referential resolution. In Experiment 1, using proper name for antecedents, Participants were read the sentences by RSVP and naming to antecedent words. The results showed that any variable did not sensitive to naming time. In Experiment 2, Participants were read the sentences by RSVP and name to antecedent words. The results showed that the effect of mention order was found. The first mentioned antecedent faster than the second mentioned condition for naming time. In Experiment 3, using proper name for antecedents, Participants were read the sentences by self-paced and probe recognition to antecedent words in unambiguous gender cue and subject-subject condition. The results showed that main effects of antecedent's gender marker in self-paced reading time. The female marker condition slower than the male condition. using role name for antecedents, These results were discussed from a point of view of dynamically interactive models for pronoun resolution.

본 연구에서는 한국인일본어학습자가 음운, 어휘, 문법 등 일본어의 구조적 요소를 능 숙하게 구사함에도 불구하고 일본인모어화자와의 커뮤니케이션에서 위화감을 느끼는 이유가 일본인 고유의 담화전개방식에 대한 충분한 이해와 습득이 이루어지지 않았기 때문이라고 생각하여 이를 구체적으로 밝히고자 하였다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 일본어 담화전개방법에서 중요한 역할을 차지하고 있는 담 화표지 ‘やはり’에 주목하여 애니메이션과 TV 드라마를 대상으로 해당 담화표지의 사 용 경향을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, ‘やはり’는 공유된 정보를 전제로 한다는 것을 상대에게 나타내면서 이야 기를 전개하기 위한 담화표지로 기능하고 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 ‘やはり’는 주 로 단독으로 사용되는 경우가 많았으며 ‘よね(↗)’와 같은 표현과 결합하여 화자가 공유 정보를 전제로 함과 동시에 그 정보의 공유를 확인하면서 담화를 진행하는 경향이 강하 게 나타났다. 반면, ‘ほら’와 같은 공유정보를 환기하는 표현과 결합하여 사용되는 경우는 상대적으로 적게 관찰되었다. 향후 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 한국인일본어학습자의 실질적인 의사소통 능력을 강 화할 수 있는 교육 자료 개발이 필요하다고 생각된다. 또한 애니메이션이나 TV 드라마 뿐만 아니라 보다 실제적인 일상 회화를 반영하고 있다고 생각되는 회화 코퍼스 자료를 활용하여 연구를 진행함으로써 한국인일본어학습자가 일본인모어화자와의 자연스러 운 커뮤니케이션을 효과적으로 수행할 수 있도록 돕는 데 기여하고자 한다. 더 나아가 향 후 회화 장면에서 자주 사용되는 다른 담화표지들에 대한 심층적인 분석을 통해 연구 범위를 확장할 필요가 있다고 생각된다.

This study aims to investigate why Korean learners of Japanese often experience discomfort in communication with native Japanese speakers, despite their proficiency in the phonological, lexical, and grammatical aspects of the language. It is hypothesized that this issue stems from an insufficient understanding and acquisition of the unique discourse development patterns for native Japanese speakers. To address this, the study focuses on the discourse marker, YAHARI, which plays a critical role in Japanese discourse development, and analyzes its usage trends in Japanese animations and TV dramas. As a result, YAHARI was found to function as a discourse marker to convey shared information as a premise to advance the conversation. Also, YAHARI was found to be used independently and frequently combined with expressions like ‘YONE’ to confirm shared knowledge while progressing the discourse. In contrast, its combination with expressions like ‘HORA’, which explicitly prompt shared information, was observed less frequently. Based on these findings, it is suggested that educational materials aimed at improving the practical communication skills of Korean learners of Japanese be developed. Furthermore, future research should incorporate conversation corpora reflecting real-life conversational scenarios beyond animations and TV dramas to provide a more dynamic perspective. This approach would support Korean learners in achieving more natural communication with native Japanese speakers. Additionally, expanding the scope of research through in-depth analyses of other commonly used discourse markers in conversational contexts will be necessary.

Moon, Ki-hyuk. 2014. Discourse Analysis of Elementary English Textbooks :Based on the Discourse Marker ‘Oh’. Journal of Linguistic Studies 19(2), 55-71. The purpose of this paper is to examine how the discourse marker ‘Oh’ is used in the elementary English textbooks to improve elementary students’ spoken language competences. In order to carry out this research, 14 english textbooks were selected for the discourse analysis. Wordsmith 6.0 and NLPtools corpus programs were used to analyze the textbooks. The discourse marker ‘oh’s in the textbooks were extracted and analyzed according to the usage of ‘oh’. As a result, the frequency of ‘oh’ is positively correlated with grade-level, except 6th grade. Also, the types of strategies associated with ‘oh’ in the textbooks were categorized. The result showed that the ‘oh’s as a sudden reaction to new or surprising information were most common. The ‘oh’s were used to indicate an upcoming emotional or evaluative utterance, as well as to maintain conversations. To the 6th grade textbook, it was used as a conventional use or avoidance tool. This paper has deep implications for applying gradation strategies of discourse marker ‘oh’ in elementary English textbooks as students advance their spoken language competences. (Jeju National University)

Although discourse markers are common in everyday oral communication, very few speakers are aware of their presence. Nevertheless, discourse markers are important in portraying a speaker's intentions and adding tone and force to their utterances even when these markers carry no propositional content. However, there is no one-to-one correspondence for discourse markers between two languages, so discourse markers are often omitted in translation. In subtitle translation, in particular, discourse markers are omitted for the sake of brevity or for the meaningful presence of the parallel image. This paper describes the functions of discourse marker 'now' and examines how it is translated into Korean in movie subtitles. Discourse marker 'now' has textual and interpersonal functions, and it has relatively abundant correspondences in Korean. The paper analyzes, in subtitle translation, discourse marker 'now' is omitted more often when it has interpersonal function than when it has textual function, The study also examines that its omission in the translation affects the balance between interpersonal meaning and semantic meaning.

The purpose of this paper is to reveal that ‘Gyemye’ in the Jeju dialect is also used as a discourse marker like ‘Guelsse’ in the Jeju dialect. ‘Gyemye’ is used in the utterances calling for respondent's opinions to speaker's request, order and suggestion. It is a discourse marker to indirectly express respondent's intention like lack of information, uncertainty, hiding of feelings, agreement and refusal as to speaker's any statement. ‘Gyemye’ in the Jeju dialect, which is uttered solely in the initial position of a sentence, is combined with the impolite affix ‘i’ and ‘Ge’ or honorific affix ‘yang’/‘ye’, and ‘masseum’ to emphasize its meanings.

本研究では語用論において用いられたfaceの概念を談話に適用させ、談話構造におけるfaceの役割を把握するため に、face行為理論を提示し日本語における談話マーカー「それで」を分析対象とし、その特徴や機能を明らかにした。 「それで」は、①相手のfaceを脅かす機能を持つ談話マーカーであるので、公的な場面や社会的関係が上位の場 合には用いることができない。②話し手の発話に自分をFTAする要素が含まれている場合、それに反発するために用いら れ、anti-FTAマーカーとして機能する。特に、「それで」が単独で使われる場合は、anti-FTAマーカーとしての機能と 共に、続く表現を用いなくてもFTAを引き出す働きもある。③「それで」に続く発話が、「それで」の持つface-threateni ng機能を補足するために引き出される場合、positiveな機能を果たす場合とneutralな機能を果たす場合がある。

This paper examines an understudied area of Discourse Markers(DMs), focusing on the DM though found in the discourse-final position in English. Through the analysis of the ICE-GB corpus, this study shows that there is no occurrence of the DM though in the discourse-initial position and that, unlike most English DMs, the discourse-final position is most favored. It also discusses the discourse functions of the DM though and shows that there are no functional differences between its positions of occurrence. Though in both medial and final positions can serve the functions of introducing unexpected statements, mitigating the oppositions and face-threatening acts, and shifting the focus on the current topic. Therefore, it is multi-functional in that it has textual and interpersonal functions

In this paper, I observed the use of the discourse marker ‘eh’ in the first face-to-face conversation and analyzed what functions it played in the context before and after. The following summarizes the functions of the discourse marker ‘eh’ in each utterance. (1) ‘eh’ in the ‘content confirmation’ utterance performed the function of temporarily stopping the progress of the other party’s talk. In addition, ‘eh’ in the utterance of ‘information request’ performed the function of inducing more detailed information, going back to the utterance in front of the other party. (2) ‘eh’ in the ‘topic proffer’ utterance was used as a signal to change the direction of the story or action from the current story flow. (3) ‘eh’ in the ‘evaluation’ or ‘disagreement’ utterance performed the function to show attitudes and feelings that the new information content deviated from existing knowledge. (4) ‘eh’ in the ‘response to question’ utterance indicates the other person’s question was unexpected and shows the resistance to the question.