Earticle

Objectives: We conducted a study on the consumption of caffeinated drinks, which have been very popular in University students in Korea, and a comparative study on the consumption pre- and post-COVID-19 of caffeinated energy drinks. Methods: The subjects of the study were college students attending universities located in the metropolitan area in Korea, and the analysis was conducted using data from a total of 252 people. In addition, the response data of 137 people in 2018 and 115 people in 2022 were used for the analysis. Results: We investigated the amount of caffeinated drinks consumed, the reason for consumption, changes in the amount consumed during special periods, the influence of caffeinated beverages, whether they experienced side effects from caffeine and the duration of side effects, whether they interfered with daily life, and their intention to consume caffeinated energy drinks in the future, and the results were presented. Conclusion: In the difference analysis by demographic and socioeconomic items as a result of the comparison before and after COVID-19, it was analyzed that most items showed statistically significant differences at the significance level of p<.05, and the results were presented. Additionally, statistically significant differences were also found in several questions depending on gender and research period.

보건복지부의 조사에 따르면 18세에서 64세 사이 성인 중 알코올 남용과 의존을 포함한 알코올 사용 장애를 경험하는 인구는 전체인구의 6.8% 수준인 221만 명으로 추정되고 있다(보건복지부, 2002). 음주와 관련한 다양한 건강관련 질병발생도 심각한 수준이며 그에 따른 사회경제적 비용은 2조 7,917억 원으로 추산되고 있다(송현종, 2005). 음주와 관련된 사고 및 범죄발생률도 매년 증가하는 추세이며 2003년도의 통계에 의하면 음주로 인한 교통사고 발생 건수는 2002년에 비해 13.0% 증가하고 그로인한 부상자수도 14.7% 증가하였으며 사망자는 무려 22.7% 증가하였다고 보고하고 있다(도로교통안전관리공단, 2004). 음주 단일요인에 의한 사망자는 약 2만2천명으로 전체 사망자의 약 8.7%인 것으로 보고되고 있다(김광기, 2001). 가정폭력과 관련한 보고도 문제성 음주가 가정 내 폭력과 깊은 관련이 있음을 나타내 주고 있다(권구영, 1998; 박병강, 김종성, 2001; 배영란, 2003; 손영균, 1994; 이경래, 김경빈, 1994; 황인순, 2005). 이러한 알코올과 관련한 문제의 증가는 알코올 소비행태의 변화와 무관하지 않다. 우리나라의 성인 및 여성 음주율은 지속적으로 증가하고 있으며 청소년의 음주율 또한 대단히 높다. 특히 외국과 비교하여 우리나라 청소년들의 음주율은 대단히 높은 편이다. 영국의 경우 11세에서 15세 사이의 음주율은 24.0%인데 반하여 우리나라는 1세에서 19세 사이의 음주율이 32.3%로 보고되고 있다(보건복지부, 2006). 평균 음주시작연령도 98년도에 15.1세였던 것이 2006년에 17.1세(국민일보, 2006, 8.11)로 보고되었다가 다시 13.1세로 낮아졌음이 보고되고 있다(보건복지부, 2005)

Substantial increases in the relative number of people with alcohol problems in our society put a challenge for strategies to help them change their addiction behavior. It has been evidenced that Motivational Interviewing is one of the effective ones for addiction behaviors. The uniqueness of the strategy is to have clients elicit change talks, which in turn provoke their motivation to change. This article describes a brief summary of the Motivational Interviewing including it's definition, assumption, principle and the basic techniques to elicit change talk from clients.

Objectives: To systematically review and synthesize literature on the relationship between health literacy and health-related behaviors in Korean. Methods: Papers published after 2010 were targeted and searched in KISS, RISS, DBpia, KMbase, and Google Scholar. Any empirical studies that analyzed the relationship between health literacy and health behavior were included in the review. After reviewing the title and abstract for inclusion in the first round, full text was checked to determine whether or not to be included in the final analysis. Results: 24 studies met the inclusion criteria. The measurement of health literacy and health behavior varied across studies. The types of health behaviors were divided into health promotion behaviors, health information search behaviors and online health behaviors, disease prevention behaviors, exercise and other health behaviors. Although the results of empirical analysis were mixed between health literacy and health behavior, there was a higher proportion of studies with significant associations. Conclusions: Health literacy had a significant relationship with health-related behaviors. Further research is required on the mechanisms of health literacy on health behaviors, and it should be recommended to utilize comprehensive health literacy tools.

Objectives: This study is to implement a mindfulness meditation program and evaluate its effects in helping recovering alcoholics cope with addiction-related problems and stress with goals of healthy lifestyle changes to prevent relapse and maintain recovery. Methods: A concurrent embedded mixed-method design was used to evaluate the effects of the mindfulness meditation program. Nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was applied to verify the quantitative effects of the program. Quantitative data with 44 participants (experimental group: 23, control group: 21) were analyzed using a linear mixed-model. Regarding qualitative research, the contents of the individual interviews with 6 participants were analyzed through the content analysis method. Results: There were significant differences between the experimental and the control groups in terms of changes in perceived stress (F=14.01, p<.001), mindfulness (F=5.68, p=.019), alcohol abstinence self-efficacy (F=32.74, p<.001), and perceived health status (F=5.31, p=.024) at the pretest, posttest, and follow-up test. However, there were no significant changes regarding health-related quality of life (F=.40, p=.530) between the two groups. In addition, a total of three themes and six sub-themes were derived through content analysis of the individual interviews. The themes included “stopping and observing”, “choosing healthy coping”, and “starting newly”. The sub-themes were related to “distancing”, “finding myself”, “caring about my body and mind”, “letting go of for change”, “going with others” and “expecting changes in myself”. Conclusions: The mindfulness meditation program can be used as an effective aftercare program to help prevent relapse and maintain the recovery process for alcoholics. In addition, this study’s results can provide useful data for nursing education and research related to alcoholism.

Objectives: This study systematically evaluated the effectiveness of school-based interventions in reducing internet gaming disorder (IGD) severity among adolescents. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted, searching international databases (MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL), and Korean databases (DBpia, KCI, RISS, KIST) for studies published before May 2024. Nine quasi-experimental studies with 764 participants were included. Effect sizes were calculated using a random-effects model (Hedges’s g) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and heterogeneity statistics (I2). Subgroup analyses examined intervention type, duration, session, and participant characteristics. Risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool. Results: Meta-analysis revealed a significant reduction in IGD severity (Hedges’s g=-1.171, 95% CI [-1.673, -0.669]) with high heterogeneity (I2=87.48%). Educational interventions were more effective than physical activity-based programs (Hedges’s g=-1.289 vs. -0.775). Interventions led by psychologists showed greater effectiveness than those led by teachers (Hedges’s g=-1.581 vs. -0.884). Short-term interventions (<3 months) with at least 10 sessions and durations of ≥1 hour demonstrated the highest efficacy. The higher the boy-to-girl ratio and primary school students responded more positively than other groups. Heterogeneity was attributed to variability in study designs and participants demographics. Conclusion: School-based interventions significantly reduce IGD severity among adolescents, particularly when tailored to developmental and demographic needs. Teacher-led and psychologist-led interventions were the most effective, highlighting the importance of design and delivery. Future studies should adopt standardized evaluation tools, include randomized controlled trials, and implement long-term follow-ups to strengthen evidence. Additionally, incorporating family support and tailored IGD strategies may enhance interventions successful in school settings. This study systematically evaluated the effectiveness of school-based interventions in reducing internet gaming disorder (IGD) severity among adolescents.

Objectives: The purpose of this research is to assess the effects of cognitive behavioral group art therapy on depression, anxiety and abstinence self-efficacy of female alcoholics. Methods: The participants of this experiment were a total of 20 female alcoholics admitted at A Hospital located in Gyeongido. The participants were divided into the experimental group and the control group both composed of 10 persons. The cognitive behavioral group art therapy was conducted twice a week for 90 minutes per session, for a total of 12 sessions on the experimental group. No art therapy was conducted on the control group. Before and after conducting the group art therapy, Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory(BAI), and Situational Confidence Questionnaire(SCQ -39) were conducted on the two groups. The statistical significance of the mean difference betweeen pre-test and post-test was determined by t-test using SPSS(PASW Statistics) 18.0. Whether there were significant differences in the ex post factor scores between experimental group and control group was tested by ANCOVA. Results: This result demonstrated that the cognitive behavioral group art therapy was effective in reducing the depression and anxiety of the female alcoholics. In addition, the cognitive behavioral group art therapy was effective in increasing abstinence self-efficacy of the female alcoholics. Conclusions: This research has shown that the cognitive behavioral group art therapy was an effective complementary psychological intervention for relapse prevention and prognosis of alcohol addiction of female alcoholics

Objectives: This study attempted to verify the theoretical model of social support that mediates negative mental health and middle-aged problem drinking, which was not covered in previous studies, and to see if there is a difference according to gender. Methods: This study collected 360 middle-aged men and women aged 40 to 60 and analyzed them using SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 25.0. Frequency analysis and descriptive statistics were conducted to understand the characteristics of the main variables, and multi-group analysis according to mediating effects and gender was conducted through structural equation model verification. Results: First, negative mental health in middle age was found to have an effect on problem drinking. Second, there was a mediating effect of social support in the relationship between negative mental health and problem drinking in middle age. Third, it was found that there was a difference between groups according to gender in the influence of negative mental health in middle age on problem drinking through social support. Conclusion: Healing rehabilitation programs for negative mental health that affect problem drinking in middle age should be prepared. In addition, social networks in middle age should be explored and various social resources should be utilized. Various education and programs in the community should be prepared to provide customized services according to gender.

Background & Objectives: University students' binge drinking behavior can lead to blackouts, and frequent blackout experiences can lead to long-term brain damage and alcoholic dementia. This study aims to analyze the drinking characteristics related to the experience of blackout due to heavy drinking among university students. Methods: This study conducted an in-depth analysis of the health survey results on 2,677 students entering a dormitory at a university in April 2017. Based on this information, we performed multivariate logistic regression analysis to find the difference in drinking-related factors related to blackout experiences after drinking by gender and grade. Results: The drinking-related factors associated with university students' blackout experience after drinking were grade, monthly binge drinking, regular walking, regular aerobic exercise, the experience of alcohol-related impairment or injury in the past year, academic difficulties due to drinking in the past year and experience of being advised not to drink from others in the past year. Alcohol-induced blackout by gender and grade showed statistically significant differences by drinking-related factors(p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that college students' blackout experiences after drinking had unique characteristics. In the future, it needs to introduce a college health survey that can systematically collect drinking-related factors of university students and perform continuous monitoring.

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the longitudinal effects of regional alcohol accessibility factors on adolescent drinking rates in Korea. Specifically, it analyzed how entertainment business density, perceived ease of purchasing alcohol, and stress recognition rates influenced changes in adolescent drinking behavior from 2010 to 2023. Methods: This research utilized data from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBS) conducted by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency and the National Business Survey by Statistics Korea. The data were aggregated at the level of 17 metropolitan cities and provinces, producing 231 valid observations after excluding missing and extreme values. A longitudinal multilevel model was employed to assess the effects of time, entertainment business rate, stress recognition rate, and perceived ease of alcohol purchase on adolescent drinking rates, as well as their interaction effects with time. Results: Between 2010 and 2023, the adolescent drinking rate decreased significantly from 21.1% to 11.4%. Stress recognition rate and perceived ease of alcohol purchase both showed significant positive effects on drinking rates (p<.001 and p<.05, respectively), indicating that higher stress and easier alcohol access were associated with increased adolescent drinking. While the entertainment business rate alone was not statistically significant, its interaction with time was (p<.05), suggesting that regions with higher densities of entertainment establishments exhibited a slower decline in drinking rates over time. Overall, the decreasing trend in adolescent drinking appeared moderated by environmental accessibility factors. Conclusions: Adolescent drinking in Korea has declined over the past decade; however, environmental accessibility—particularly the prevalence of entertainment businesses—continues to influence this trend. Stress levels and perceived alcohol availability remain consistent risk factors. These findings highlight the need for sustained, community-level interventions focused on regulating alcohol access, managing adolescent stress, and addressing environmental risk factors through long-term public health strategies.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate users of non-contact healthcare service and analyze associated factors including sefl-efficacy of healthy behaviors and digital health literacy. Methods: In 2022, an online survey of adults(age 19~69) was conducted to investigate non-contact healthcare service utilization for more than one month during the last three years. The non-contact healthcare services included tobacco smoking cessation, alcohol consumption management, healthy diet, physical activity, walking, weight control, and mental health. A total of 2,759 respondents were included in the analysis. We used four questions for positive self-efficacy measures and compared the responses with perceived effectiveness of the non-contact services and 15 item digital health literacy measures. Results: Utilization of non-contact services increased from 2019 to 2022. Physical activity and weight control services were more likely used than other services. Digital Health Literacy(DHL) scores were positively related to self-efficacy of health behaviors and subjective effectiveness of the six different health care services. Conclusions: Utilization of non-contact healthcare service was highly associated with increased self-efficacy and digital health literacy.