Earticle

Objectives: We conducted a study on the consumption of caffeinated drinks, which have been very popular in University students in Korea, and a comparative study on the consumption pre- and post-COVID-19 of caffeinated energy drinks. Methods: The subjects of the study were college students attending universities located in the metropolitan area in Korea, and the analysis was conducted using data from a total of 252 people. In addition, the response data of 137 people in 2018 and 115 people in 2022 were used for the analysis. Results: We investigated the amount of caffeinated drinks consumed, the reason for consumption, changes in the amount consumed during special periods, the influence of caffeinated beverages, whether they experienced side effects from caffeine and the duration of side effects, whether they interfered with daily life, and their intention to consume caffeinated energy drinks in the future, and the results were presented. Conclusion: In the difference analysis by demographic and socioeconomic items as a result of the comparison before and after COVID-19, it was analyzed that most items showed statistically significant differences at the significance level of p<.05, and the results were presented. Additionally, statistically significant differences were also found in several questions depending on gender and research period.

Objectives: This study is to implement a mindfulness meditation program and evaluate its effects in helping recovering alcoholics cope with addiction-related problems and stress with goals of healthy lifestyle changes to prevent relapse and maintain recovery. Methods: A concurrent embedded mixed-method design was used to evaluate the effects of the mindfulness meditation program. Nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was applied to verify the quantitative effects of the program. Quantitative data with 44 participants (experimental group: 23, control group: 21) were analyzed using a linear mixed-model. Regarding qualitative research, the contents of the individual interviews with 6 participants were analyzed through the content analysis method. Results: There were significant differences between the experimental and the control groups in terms of changes in perceived stress (F=14.01, p<.001), mindfulness (F=5.68, p=.019), alcohol abstinence self-efficacy (F=32.74, p<.001), and perceived health status (F=5.31, p=.024) at the pretest, posttest, and follow-up test. However, there were no significant changes regarding health-related quality of life (F=.40, p=.530) between the two groups. In addition, a total of three themes and six sub-themes were derived through content analysis of the individual interviews. The themes included “stopping and observing”, “choosing healthy coping”, and “starting newly”. The sub-themes were related to “distancing”, “finding myself”, “caring about my body and mind”, “letting go of for change”, “going with others” and “expecting changes in myself”. Conclusions: The mindfulness meditation program can be used as an effective aftercare program to help prevent relapse and maintain the recovery process for alcoholics. In addition, this study’s results can provide useful data for nursing education and research related to alcoholism.

보건복지부의 조사에 따르면 18세에서 64세 사이 성인 중 알코올 남용과 의존을 포함한 알코올 사용 장애를 경험하는 인구는 전체인구의 6.8% 수준인 221만 명으로 추정되고 있다(보건복지부, 2002). 음주와 관련한 다양한 건강관련 질병발생도 심각한 수준이며 그에 따른 사회경제적 비용은 2조 7,917억 원으로 추산되고 있다(송현종, 2005). 음주와 관련된 사고 및 범죄발생률도 매년 증가하는 추세이며 2003년도의 통계에 의하면 음주로 인한 교통사고 발생 건수는 2002년에 비해 13.0% 증가하고 그로인한 부상자수도 14.7% 증가하였으며 사망자는 무려 22.7% 증가하였다고 보고하고 있다(도로교통안전관리공단, 2004). 음주 단일요인에 의한 사망자는 약 2만2천명으로 전체 사망자의 약 8.7%인 것으로 보고되고 있다(김광기, 2001). 가정폭력과 관련한 보고도 문제성 음주가 가정 내 폭력과 깊은 관련이 있음을 나타내 주고 있다(권구영, 1998; 박병강, 김종성, 2001; 배영란, 2003; 손영균, 1994; 이경래, 김경빈, 1994; 황인순, 2005). 이러한 알코올과 관련한 문제의 증가는 알코올 소비행태의 변화와 무관하지 않다. 우리나라의 성인 및 여성 음주율은 지속적으로 증가하고 있으며 청소년의 음주율 또한 대단히 높다. 특히 외국과 비교하여 우리나라 청소년들의 음주율은 대단히 높은 편이다. 영국의 경우 11세에서 15세 사이의 음주율은 24.0%인데 반하여 우리나라는 1세에서 19세 사이의 음주율이 32.3%로 보고되고 있다(보건복지부, 2006). 평균 음주시작연령도 98년도에 15.1세였던 것이 2006년에 17.1세(국민일보, 2006, 8.11)로 보고되었다가 다시 13.1세로 낮아졌음이 보고되고 있다(보건복지부, 2005)

Substantial increases in the relative number of people with alcohol problems in our society put a challenge for strategies to help them change their addiction behavior. It has been evidenced that Motivational Interviewing is one of the effective ones for addiction behaviors. The uniqueness of the strategy is to have clients elicit change talks, which in turn provoke their motivation to change. This article describes a brief summary of the Motivational Interviewing including it's definition, assumption, principle and the basic techniques to elicit change talk from clients.

Objectives: To systematically review and synthesize literature on the relationship between health literacy and health-related behaviors in Korean. Methods: Papers published after 2010 were targeted and searched in KISS, RISS, DBpia, KMbase, and Google Scholar. Any empirical studies that analyzed the relationship between health literacy and health behavior were included in the review. After reviewing the title and abstract for inclusion in the first round, full text was checked to determine whether or not to be included in the final analysis. Results: 24 studies met the inclusion criteria. The measurement of health literacy and health behavior varied across studies. The types of health behaviors were divided into health promotion behaviors, health information search behaviors and online health behaviors, disease prevention behaviors, exercise and other health behaviors. Although the results of empirical analysis were mixed between health literacy and health behavior, there was a higher proportion of studies with significant associations. Conclusions: Health literacy had a significant relationship with health-related behaviors. Further research is required on the mechanisms of health literacy on health behaviors, and it should be recommended to utilize comprehensive health literacy tools.

Objectives: This study systematically evaluated the effectiveness of school-based interventions in reducing internet gaming disorder (IGD) severity among adolescents. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted, searching international databases (MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL), and Korean databases (DBpia, KCI, RISS, KIST) for studies published before May 2024. Nine quasi-experimental studies with 764 participants were included. Effect sizes were calculated using a random-effects model (Hedges’s g) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and heterogeneity statistics (I2). Subgroup analyses examined intervention type, duration, session, and participant characteristics. Risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool. Results: Meta-analysis revealed a significant reduction in IGD severity (Hedges’s g=-1.171, 95% CI [-1.673, -0.669]) with high heterogeneity (I2=87.48%). Educational interventions were more effective than physical activity-based programs (Hedges’s g=-1.289 vs. -0.775). Interventions led by psychologists showed greater effectiveness than those led by teachers (Hedges’s g=-1.581 vs. -0.884). Short-term interventions (<3 months) with at least 10 sessions and durations of ≥1 hour demonstrated the highest efficacy. The higher the boy-to-girl ratio and primary school students responded more positively than other groups. Heterogeneity was attributed to variability in study designs and participants demographics. Conclusion: School-based interventions significantly reduce IGD severity among adolescents, particularly when tailored to developmental and demographic needs. Teacher-led and psychologist-led interventions were the most effective, highlighting the importance of design and delivery. Future studies should adopt standardized evaluation tools, include randomized controlled trials, and implement long-term follow-ups to strengthen evidence. Additionally, incorporating family support and tailored IGD strategies may enhance interventions successful in school settings. This study systematically evaluated the effectiveness of school-based interventions in reducing internet gaming disorder (IGD) severity among adolescents.

Objectives: The purpose of this research is to assess the effects of cognitive behavioral group art therapy on depression, anxiety and abstinence self-efficacy of female alcoholics. Methods: The participants of this experiment were a total of 20 female alcoholics admitted at A Hospital located in Gyeongido. The participants were divided into the experimental group and the control group both composed of 10 persons. The cognitive behavioral group art therapy was conducted twice a week for 90 minutes per session, for a total of 12 sessions on the experimental group. No art therapy was conducted on the control group. Before and after conducting the group art therapy, Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory(BAI), and Situational Confidence Questionnaire(SCQ -39) were conducted on the two groups. The statistical significance of the mean difference betweeen pre-test and post-test was determined by t-test using SPSS(PASW Statistics) 18.0. Whether there were significant differences in the ex post factor scores between experimental group and control group was tested by ANCOVA. Results: This result demonstrated that the cognitive behavioral group art therapy was effective in reducing the depression and anxiety of the female alcoholics. In addition, the cognitive behavioral group art therapy was effective in increasing abstinence self-efficacy of the female alcoholics. Conclusions: This research has shown that the cognitive behavioral group art therapy was an effective complementary psychological intervention for relapse prevention and prognosis of alcohol addiction of female alcoholics

Objectives: This study attempted to verify the theoretical model of social support that mediates negative mental health and middle-aged problem drinking, which was not covered in previous studies, and to see if there is a difference according to gender. Methods: This study collected 360 middle-aged men and women aged 40 to 60 and analyzed them using SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 25.0. Frequency analysis and descriptive statistics were conducted to understand the characteristics of the main variables, and multi-group analysis according to mediating effects and gender was conducted through structural equation model verification. Results: First, negative mental health in middle age was found to have an effect on problem drinking. Second, there was a mediating effect of social support in the relationship between negative mental health and problem drinking in middle age. Third, it was found that there was a difference between groups according to gender in the influence of negative mental health in middle age on problem drinking through social support. Conclusion: Healing rehabilitation programs for negative mental health that affect problem drinking in middle age should be prepared. In addition, social networks in middle age should be explored and various social resources should be utilized. Various education and programs in the community should be prepared to provide customized services according to gender.

Objective: In this study, we tried to identify the effects of stress on drinking problems and to check the mediated effects of stress response behavior on nursing college students. Methods: The number of people studied was 163, and the collected data was analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 21.0 statistical program. Hierarchical regression analysis was performed to analyze the mediated effects between stress and problem drinking. Results: Problem drinking showed a positive correlation with stress (r=.258, p≤.001) and also showed a positive correlation with coping (r=.226, p≤.005). In addition, as a result of verifying the mediating effect of avoidance coping, it was found that there was a partial mediation between stress and problem drinking (Z=3.08). Conclusion: In order to improve the mental health of nursing students with high stress levels, it is necessary to first check the level of stress and coping with it. It is necessary to provide a program that reduces avoidance coping and manages stress more efficiently.

Objectives: This study is a descriptive research study to identify factors affecting physical activity of Korean adolescents after COVID-19. Method: The data were from the 18th(2022) online survey on adolescent health behavior was used, and data from a total of 51,850 people attending middle and high school were used in the final analysis. Data were analyzed using frequency, weighted percentage, χ²test, and logistic regression analysis using the complex sample analysis module of the SPSS/WIN 24.0 program. Result: As a result of the study, 23.8% of adolescents had good physical activity, and most adolescents had poor physical activity, Factors affecting adolescents’ physical activity include general characteristics such as gender(p<.001), grade(p<.001), academic performance(p=.014), economic status(p<.001), and residence type (p=.001), and mental health-related factors included perceived stress(p<.001), depression(p<.001), and loneliness experience(p=.029). Conclusion: After COVID-19 epidemic, Adolescent health promotion strategies are needed to promote mental health management and increase physical activity, including reducing stress and depression among Korean Adolescent.

Purpose: This study investigated the association between patterns of alcohol consumption and levels of mental health, as well as the relationship between these patterns and depression. Methods: Data from three years ((2016, 2018, 2020) of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were analyzed. After excluding missing values, 16,772 respondents were included in the study: 1,796 lifetime abstainer, 2,882 former drinker, 3,132 current infrequent drinker, 6,831 current light drinker, 945 current moderate drinker, 1,186 current heavy drinker. All data were analyzed with weighting, and hierarchical logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the association between alcohol consumption pattern and depression. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS version 9.4. Results: The most prevalent alcohol consumption pattern among Korean adults was identified as current light drinker. However, participants who have experienced depression were found to constitute the largest proportion within the current heavy drinker. Disparities in the association with depression were observed based on patterns of alcohol consumption, drinking frequency, drinking amount, and frequency of binge drinking. Among the patterns of alcohol consumption, it was found that current moderate drinker and current heavy drinker were respectively 1.845 times (95% CI 1.173-2.902) and 2.167 times (95% CI 1.421- 3.304) more likely to experience depression compared to lifetime abstainers. In case of the drinking frequency, it showed a U-shaped association with depression, while the drinking amount and frequency of binge drinking exhibited a linear association with depression. Conclusions: While moderate alcohol consumption may positively impact social relationships, the national losses from problematic drinking and alcohol misuse far outweigh any potential societal benefits. Given the significant likelihood that current light drinkers may transition into moderate or heavy drinkers, it is imperative to establish comprehensive abstinence policies that consider each drinking patterns.