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Objectives: This study aimed to develop a tool capable of identifying drinking norms and motives in Korean adult drinkers. Methods: Adults aged between 19 and 59 years who answered that their drinking frequency was more than once a month during the past year were selected in 2018 among a panel of subjects enrolled in existing domestic survey companies. Sample size and methods used for analysis were determined by considering demographically proportioned stratified sampling and monthly alcohol drinking rate. A total of 3,000 subjects responded to questionnaires. Results: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted using SPSS and AMOS, version 23.0. The developed tool was found to be acceptable in terms of construct validity and modeling suitability. Drinking norms and each drinking motive were related to a distinct pattern of contextual antecedents and drinking-related outcomes (e.g., frequency, quantity of drinking, and drinking-related problems). The questionnaire was comprised of six items related to drinking norms and 12 items on drinking motives. Drinking motives were organized in three sub-scales: individual (6 items), social (2 items), and environmental (4 items). Conclusion: Results supported both the conceptual validity of the hypothesized model and the applicability of this assessmenttool for research purposes across a wide range of populations.

Objectives : This study aimed to investigate the moderating effect of social support between problem drinking and depression of the elderly with disability. Methods : This study analyzed the 12th wave(2017) KWPS(Korean Welfare Panel Study) and Disability Study which included 195 elderly with disability aged 60 over. Collected data were analyzed by SPSS 21.0 and STATA. Results : First, the elderly with disabilities were more likely to be depressed than the women, ,living without spouse, the less satisfied with health, the higher the problem drinking, the lower the social support. Second, disability factors didn’t show any influence on the depression of subject and subjective health satisfaction significantly related to the depression. Third, social support moderated the relationship between the problem drinking and depression. According to the Quantile regression analysis, in group with low social support, the more the problem drinking, the higher the depression. Conclusion : Social support in elderly with disability was a significant variable for problem drinking and depression. The implication and limitation of these findings are discussed, and directions for future studies are proposed.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate solitary drinker's general drinking behaviour. Also, this study aimed to compare solitary drinker's solitary drinking behaviour according to their risk level of general drinking behaviour. Methods: The subjects of this study consisted of the 2,011 Korean adults whose ages were between 19-69 years. A self-administered online survey was conducted, and the questionnaire was comprised of general characteristics of subjects, general drinking behaviour, solitary drinking behaviour. This study analysed cross-sectional data using an independent t-test and chi-square test. Results: 61.3% of 2,011 subjects had an experience of drinking alone. The results find statistically significant difference in the gender, age, households, education level and jobs between drinking alone and not. Drinkers who had experience of drinking alone had a significantly higher rate of annual alcohol drinking, frequency of drinking, alcohol consumption in the single occasion and harmful use of alcohol than drinkers who didn't have experience of drinking alone. Subjects who had harmful use of alcohol behaviour preferred a beverage with high alcohol content for solitary drinking. They also had a higher frequency of drinking, alcohol consumption in a single occasion, the harmful use of alcohol in a solitary drinking situation. Conclusion: A solitary drinking behaviour is associated with general drinking behaviour, especially their harmful use of alcohol. This study tried to investigate a new drinking culture. Studies that reflect mental health factors and psychological factors associated with alcohol use are needed for future research.

Objectives: This study tries to get deep understanding about the parenting experience of male recovering alcoholics, and discuss practical implication to help positive parenting and healthy recovery of them. Methods: Using the phenomenological qualitative research method, in-depth interview were carried out with 7 recovering alcoholics who are live with unmarried children. Results: Through the analysis of data, 3 factors extracted and the factor were <Keeping one's balancing between centrifugal force and centripetal force>, <The parenting which through the support and togetherness>, <The positive parenting as a variation of recovery>. Conclusions: This study is meaningful in terms of understanding the parenting experience of male recovering alcoholics. From this present study, the importance and meaning of parenting education for the recovering alcoholics are deducted.

Objectives: Research focused on examine the mediating effect of positive psychological capital as an protective factor and self control on the relationship between smartphone addiction and adaptation to school life of elementary school students. Methods: We surveyed 575 people in three elementary schools in Gyeonggi-do regarding smartphone addiction, positive psychological capital, self-control, and school life adaptation. Of these, 527 questionnaires were analyzed. The collected data were correlated, multi-returned, hierarchical regression, and path analysis using the SPSS 23.0, AMOS 23 statistical programs. Results: First, the correlation analysis of related factors indicated a significant correlation between smartphone addiction and school life adaptation, positive psychological capital and self-control. Second, the self-efficiency, hope and optimism in the subcomponents of positive psychological capital and the pursuit of long-term satisfaction among the subcomponents of self-control had a positive effect on school life adaptation, and the immediate pursuit of satisfaction had a negative effect. Third, positive psychological capital and self-control showed significant mediated effects in the effects of smartphone addiction on school life adaptation. Fourth, route analysis showed that smartphone addiction did not have a significant direct impact on school life adaptation, and only gave significant indirect effects by means of positive psychological capital and self-control. Conclusions: it is necessary to strengthen self-control and expand the level of positive psychological capital through education and programs to minimize the negative effects of smartphone addiction on school life.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effect of spirituality on the relationship between social support and motivation for change among patients with alcohol use disorder. Method: To achieve this objective, social supports were defined as independent variables, spirituality as mediating variables, and motivation for change as the dependent variable. Subjects for this study consisted of 200 patients with alcohol use disorder. Results: The results of the study are summarized as follows. The results were as followings. First, social support of subjects didn’t showed significant impact on the motivation to change. Second, the analysis resulted confined the full mediation effects of spirituality in the relations between social support and motivation for change among patients with alcohol use disorder. Conclusion: Based on these findings suggested that social work intervention service should be discussed to increase spirituality for the recovering process among patients with alcohol use disorder.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the problem drinking status of college students, and to verify the effect of the experience of school violence victimization on the suicidal behavior of college students and the moderating effect of problem drinking in the process Method: In order to achieve the purpose of the study, 338 college students were surveyed online and data of 330 researchers were analyzed. Results: The main results of this study are as follows. First, when examining the problem drinking status of college students, 72.0%(236) of normal drinking group and 28.0% (92) of problem drinking group showed. Second, the experience of school violence victimization had a positively significant effect on suicide behavior. Third, problem drinking, a moderator variable, was found to have a significant positive effect on suicidal behavior. Fourth, it was found that experience of school violence affected the problem drinking in the process of positively affecting suicidal behavior. Based on these results, we suggest practical and policy implications for enhancing suicide problems of college students and improving mental health.

This study examines the effects of depression, anxiety in single mother’s parenting stress and whether empowerment mediate in the process. We were examined by the statistics software SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 21.0 in which descriptive statistics, structural equation model analysis are utilized. The result of this study are as follows: First, single mother’s depression, anxiety has negative effects on empowerment. Second, empowerment has positive effects on parenting stress. It was proved that empowerment as mediating variables. Therefore, existent empowerment have full mediated effects on the relationship between depression, anxiety and parenting stress. Possible reasons for the this result were identified and discussed.

Purpose: This study presents the process of establishing standard drink and guidelines for low risk drinking in Korea in 2018. In addition, the discourses emerged with regards to low risk guidelines among experts and the general public are analyzed. Method: To understand drinking behaviors of Koreans, an online survey was conducted (n=3,000), which was representative of the Koreans (19-59 years old) who have ever drunk within a month as of April 2018. Delphi survey were completed to ensure validity of the drinking guidelines. Focus group interviews were performed to examine the effectiveness and communicability of the proposed guidelines. To share the final version of the guidelines among experts and the general public, a meeting was organized. Result: It is adopted to set a standard drink as seven grams of alcohol, given the usual cup for Soju, the most prevalent type of alcohol in Korea, contains this much alcohol. As for the low risk guidelines, however, it is concluded that no consensus has been reached. Experts were divided between those who support teetotalism and drinking in moderation, and those who endorse macro-economic policies and alcohol education. The general public were further diverged by emphasizing benefits of alcohol and suggesting much higher levels of alcohol for a realistic guideline. Conclusion: Promoting low risk drinking through guidelines is a strategic approach to reduce alcohol consumption in Korea, where alcohol industry is strong and drinking is culturally pervasive. In reality, however, the discourses are too diverse to draw a common conclusion. The findings suggest that a more comprehensive and open public consultation which encompasses a bigger group of experts and the general public is needed. It can be suggested that, adoption of concepts such as lower risk drinking and lifetime risk has potential to reduce disagreement.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experiences of psychological inpatient experience of Alcoholics Methods: Phenomenological methodology was used for the study. The participants who were enrolled in the mental hospital for the psychological inpatient experience of Alcoholics in Kyunggi Province were eligible in the study. The data were collected by in-depth interview with nine participants during the period from April 23 to May 18, 2019. Data analysis was conducted following the method by Colaizzi. Results: Five themes and ten meanings were formulated for experiences of inpatient of alcoholics. Five themes were 'Choice of mental hospitals for survival', 'To be controled from freedom', 'Feeling ambivalence of alcohol', 'Learn to live in a psychological ward', 'Understand others in parallel one's own insight'. Conclusion: The study can suggest the holistic understanding of the essential structure of the lived experiences of psychological inpatient of alcoholics. Mental health professionals need to understand the alcoholics experiences on client view and to develop the program that can help the alcoholics reintegrate into the community.