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The Challenges Ahead: Implementing the WHO Global Strategy on Alcohol in the Republic of Korea Thomas F. Babor* · Donald Zeigler** · Sungsoo Chun*** * University of Connecticut School of Medicine, USA ** American Medical Association, USA *** Samyook University, Korea In May 2010, the World Health Assembly adopted a resolution to support a global strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol, based in part on growing evidence on both alcohol's contribution to the global burden of disease and new research on the policies capable of reducing the harm it causes. This paper reviews the role of scientific research and public health advocacy in the adoption of the global strategy, and discusses its implications for alcohol policy in the Republic of Korea. Of particular relevance to the Korean situation is the need for professional associations and research institutions to intensify their efforts to support alcohol control.

Analyzing and Solving Drinking‐Related Problems in a Urban‐Rural Integrated Cities through Focus Groups - Focusing on the Goyang City- Jin-Gyung Cha*・ Soon-Seung Yang*・ Hye-Jung Lee*・ Young-Sun Kim*・ Young-Han Sin*・ Jung-Hwa Lee*・ Sung-jae Kim** * The Korean Alcohol Research Foundation, Korea. ** College of Nursing, Seoul National University. Purpose: This study was conducted in order to analyze drinking‐related problems and derived alternatives based on the experiences of experts in various fields who contact people with drinking problems in Goyang City. Methods: Qualitative research were done with 3 focus groups(11 persons) and 6 field workers at relevant institutions who were providing services in the community of Goyang City. The debriefing notes and individual interview results were identified in the analysis of the data. The questions were: ‘What is the drinking patterns in the community?’; What is the alcohol-related problems with drinking in the community?’; ‘What are the factors related to the drinking problems in the community?; and ‘How can drinking problems be solved in the community?’ Results: The results were analyzed in 3 categories and 16 subcategories. Category 1 was the drinking pattern in Goyang City, derived 4 subcategories; including general population, employment status, sociocultural situation and foreign workers. Category 2 was drinking problem, derived 5 subcategories; including general population, employment status, sociocultural situation, foreign workers, and legal situation. Category 3 was the alternatives of alcohol-related problems, derived 7 subcategories; including the development of various preventive and educational contents, sociocultural and environmental change, reinforcement of laws and regulations including involuntary commitment, active interventions for foreign workers, and the establishment of specialized systems. Conclusion: The results were analyzed drinking‐related problems in several sociocultural aspects with various community members of Goyang City as a urban‐rural complex city, and proposed active solutions for revitalizing the local characteristics of the city and reinforcing legal and institutional aspects. The results were expected to provide basic materials for establishing drinking‐related policies in Goyang City.

Protective and Risk Factors on Self-Esteem of Children of Alcoholics Hye-Chung Cho*・Myeong-Sook, Yoon* * Chonbuk National University Objectives: This study was conducted to examine the effects of parental alcoholism on adolescent offspring's self-esteem and to identify protective and risk factors on the self-esteem. Methods: A total of 981 samples were collected from 5-6 grade in elementary school and 1-3 grade middle school, 1-3 grade high school students in Jeonbuk province. Collected data were analyzed by t-test, stepwise regression. Participants completed self-administered questionnaire of parental alcoholism, peer attachment, family cohesiveness, child abuse, stressors, drinking behavior and a current measure of self-esteem. Results: First, children of alcoholics experienced significantly higher family violence, child abuse, stress, school violence than children of nonalcoholics. Also children of alcoholics showed significantly lower family cohesiveness and self-esteem. Second, stress, child abuse identified as risk factors and peer attachment, family cohesiveness, academic grade identified as protective factors. Conclusion: The identification of protective and risk factors can be contribute to the development of effective intervention strategies to help children of alcoholics. Based on these findings, practical intervention for children of alcoholics were suggested to improve their self-esteem.

The Big 5 Personality Factors Correlates of Problem Drinking and Motivation for Alcohol Use Kyung-Hyun Suh*· Eun-Hee Cho** * Dept. of Counseling, Sahmyook University ** Graduate School of Public Health and Welfare, Sahmyook University Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between Big 5 personality factors and problem drinking and motivation for alcohol use to provide valuable information for prevention or intervention of adults' drinking problem. Methods: The participants were 300 adults (156 males and 144 females) living in Seoul and suburbs, whose ages ranged from 20 to 63, and average was 29.28 (SD=8.76). Psychological testings were used to measure Big Five personality factors and motivation for alcohol use, and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was used to measure problem drinking. Results: Males showed higher levels of problem drinking and motivation for alcohol than females. Big 5 personality accounted for only around 2.9% of the variance for problem drink as adjusted by gender. Only extraversion, dispositional personality trait, was positively correlated with dangerous drinking of both males and females, and openness was negatively correlated with males' dependent drinking. Neuroticism, another dispositional personality trait, was only significant predictor for motivation for alcohol use as adjusted by gender. Male's neuroticism was positively correlated with enhancement motives and coping motives for alcohol use, and extraversion positively correlated with social motives. Whereas female's neuroticism and extraversion were positively correlated with social motives. enhancement motives, and coping motives. And, female's openness was also positively correlated with social motives and enhancement motives for alcohol use. Conclusion: The present study suggests that personality is more strongly related to motivation for alcohol use than drinking behavior itself, and relationship between personality and motivation for alcohol use is more valid for females. It was discussed with previous studies and suggested the information for further studies, prevention and intervention of problem drinking.

Effects of Social Environment on Adolescent Alcohol Use Jung-Whan Lee* * Department of Sociology, Cheongju University Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine to what extent social environmental factors including socio-demographic characteristics, parents, friends, studying, and times spent with parents, friends and learning are related to adolescent alcohol use. Methods: Data are based on a survey of middle school and high school students in Seoul, who completed questionnaires in their schools. Results: The proportion of alcohol use experience was 53.8% for middle school and high school students. The adolescents' use of alcohol was associated with being older, having more friends who drink, spending more time on playing with friends, getting lower grades in schools, and spending less time on studying. Conclusion: It is necessary for future studies to systematically investigate influences of friends and patterns of time use for a better understanding of adolescent alcohol use.

Factors that Influence Smoking and Drinking Behavior in Some Technical High School Students: Family Environment and Friend's Smoking and Drinking Yeon-Sook Yoo*․Keon-Yeop Kim**․Moo-Sik Lee*** Jee-Young Hong***․Seok-Hwan Bae****․Hye-Jeong Hwang*** *Department of Health Education, the Graduate School of Education, Konyang University **Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Kyungpook National University ***Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Konyang University ****Department of Radiology, College of Medical Science, Konyang University Objectives: This study was conducted to examine the status of technical high school students' smoking and drinking behavior and find related factors to their behavior. Methods: The subjects were 1,000 high school students in 2006. We used a structured and self-administered questionnaire. We analyzed data by using chi-square test, logistic regression analysis. Results: In logistic regression analysis, risk factors of smoking experience were male, unsatisfied school life and smoking by their parents and peers. And risk factors of drinking experience were drinking by their parents and peers. Conclusions: This study showed that most recognizable factor to technical high schoolers' smoking and drinking experiences would rather be parents, peers and satisfied with school life than family's life style. Therefore, it can be said that friends and parents had an impact on students' life style on smoking and drinking.

Analysis of the Characteristics of Injury of Emergency Room Patients Injured in Alcohol Related Incidents Sungsoo Chun*・ Aeree Sohn*・ Sunmee Yun** * Department of Health Management, Sahmyook University ** Korean Institute on Alcohol Problems Objective: This study was designed to compare the characteristics of injury between injured patients in general and injured patients in alcohol related incidents within 6 hours prior to the injury. Method: The participants in this study were injured patients from the Emergency Rooms of four General Hospitals in four big cities in South Korea. From October 2008 to July 2009, each hospital interviewed 500 injured patients who were over 18 years old. The hospitals followed WHO protocol and procedure. Data from a total of 1,989 questionnaires were used in the final analysis. Results: The major findings are summarized as follows: 1. Among the alcohol-related injury patients, the highest percentage of injury (44.0%) were cuts and stabs. And the next highest one (37.0%) were bruises and abrasions. Statistically, this is significantly higher than the 32.8% and 29.8% respectively among non alcohol injured patients. 2. Among the injured patients from alcohol related incidents, there were 33.2% of injuries from falls and 31.9% from bruises, compared to injured patients in general where there were 26.3% of injuries from falls, 18.0% from bruises, and 17.5% from stabs, cuts and bites. 3. There were big differences in the places where the injuries occurred (p<.001): 29.6% happened in bars and premises for alcohol related injury patients compared to 0.4% for patients with injuries in general. Most injuries occurred on the road in both alcohol related and general cases. Injuries sustained at home were remarkably higher for alcohol related injuries than for injuries in general: 26.2% and 16.6% respectively. 4. The time that injury occurred for Emergency Room visitors showed increasing frequency for patients with alcohol related injuries from 8pm and onwards: 14.0% from 8pm to 11pm, 12.3% around midnight and 11.1% around 1am. Also, frequency continues to increase between 2am and 4am. 5. Most of injuries among non alcohol-related patients were unintentional injuries (96.3%), but among alcohol related injury patients 4.5% were self-inflicted intentional injuries including suicide, and 20.1% were intentional violence caused by other people. Conclusion: Alcohol-related injuries occurrence is patterned and predictable, therefore, risk factors can be visible and can be avoided. Since alcohol is one of the major factors of injuries, one way to eliminate or to lessen the burden of injuries is to inform the public of the risks associated to alcohol.

The Effect of Marital Conflict and Problem Drinking on Depression of the Elderly Hee Guk Kim* * Department of Social Welfare, Sangji University Objectives: This study was conducted to find out the effects of marital conflict and problem drinking on depression of the elderly. Methods: The participants of this study were 149 elderly, who have their spouses. The data were analyzed by frequency, co-relation analysis, and hierarchial multiple regression. Results: First, the sex and age of the elderly was associated with their level of depression. Second, The marital conflict had significant influence on depression of the elderly. Depression became more severe when marital conflict was higher. Third, drinking problem of both self and spouse influenced their depression. Fourth, the drinking problem of self had no significant moderating effect on depression but spouse had significant effect on it. Conclusion: Based on these findings, practical strategies of prevention and intervention for the elderly couples were suggested to improve their marital relationship and mental health.

Associated Factors of Problem Drinking Grade and Comparison of Health Behavior by Drinking Grade among Korean Men and Women Yong Chul Lee*, Bock Hee Im* *Department of Health Care Management, Catholic University of Pusan Objectives: This study firstly examined the socio-demographic and health factors associated with high problem drinking among Korean men and women. Secondly, we compared disease prevalence, health behaviors among groups of moderate drinking, problem drinking and alcohol abuse/dependency. Methods: Secondary analysis of the 2008 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was conducted for 5,735 respondents aged 19 over. Results: First, the factor which affect high problem drinking in men was age, income, marital status, occupation, education, depression, smoking and the factor which affect high problem drinking in woman was age, marital status, occupation, education, stress, suicide thought, smoking and solitary life. Second, the prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, obesity was highest in the orders of alcohol abuse/dependency, problem drinking, moderate drinking in men and the prevalence of low HDL cholesterolemia was the reverse order in men and woman. Third, smoking, stress, depression was high in alcohol abuse/dependency in both of men and woman. The influenza vaccination in men and woman and cancer screening in woman was high in order of moderate drinking, problem drinking, alcohol abuse·dependency. Conclusion: There might be many differences in the prevalence and health behavior among moderate drinking, problem drinking and alcohol abuse/dependency. Our finding suggest that the need to develop appropriate high problem drinking prevention and intervention strategies for sex and socioeconomic specified groups at greater risk.