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The purpose of this study was to examine the stages of change distribution and determinants of alcohol drinking behavior in college students, and provide data for planning prevention programs to reduce high risk drinking. A cross-sectional study was conducted and data were collected from 1,137 student from 6 universities in Seoul and other metropolitan areas. Most of the students were at the pre-contemplation stage for moderate drinking. The Stage distribution for moderate drinking behavior was 42.1%, 8.0%, 10.4%, 15.6%, 14.9% for pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance stages, respectively. The remaining 8.9% of the students reported that they hadn't had any episodes of heavy drinking within the past 30 days. Consciousness raising was frequently utilized as a reason for drinking in contemplation, and preparation stages. Self-liberation was frequently used in the preparation stage. Behavioral processes were more frequently utilized than cognitive processes in preparation, action and maintenance stage. Cons of drinking alcohol began to be higher than pros for drinking alcohol, from the contemplation stage on, and continued to increase until the maintenance stage. Self-efficacy was higher in maintenance stage than pre-contemplation, contemplation and was the highest in students with no episodes of heavy drinking. The findings of this study provided guidance for health professionals in developing effective interventions to increase alcohol drinking behavior awareness in college students. In order to improve the efficacy of the prevention program, ecological approaches, including the change of social norms and policies will be needed.

This study was conducted to evaluate the status of drinking and effect of health promotion program on alcohol consumption in painting company workers in Busan, Korea. Self administered questionnaire, asking attitude towards alcohol consumption was administered to 280 workers from one painting company and we also measured blood sugar level, cholesterol level, liver enzyme function. Those were conducted two times before and after carrying out the drinking reduction program. We reviewed the current alcohol consumption status of 280 workers through frequency analysis. And we also evaluated difference of drinking behavior and liver enzyme function before and after the drinking reduction program in painting company workers. Liver enzyme function difference was analyzed through paired T-test by using SPSS 12.0K program. Painting company workers answered that the drinking reduction program was helpful(74.6%) and workers' indifference and company culture towards alcohol consumption were major obstacles for moderate drinking. 52.3% of workers answered that they intended to reduce alcohol consumption and 31.5% of workers maintain moderate drinking behavior. Difference of liver enzyme function before and after drinking reduction program had statistically significance in GPT(p=.001) and r-GTP(p=.070). This study demonstrated that the drinking reduction program is effective for moderate drinking behavior and alcohol-related liver impairment. In association of drinking problem, it is important to invent various effective tools for moderate drinking behavior such as employee assistance program, supportive culture of company for problem drinking.

The purpose of this study was to analyse factors associated with high risk drinking among Korean adult drinkers. The high risk drinking terminology was used to describe the drinking behavior that consumes 7 or more drinks of alcohol for a male, and 5 or more drinks of alcohol for a female. The standard drink was based on the popular Korean alcoholic beverage called "Soju". A telephone survey was conducted in October, 2005. A sample of 1,000 persons (500 males and 500 females) who have had at least one drink during the previous one year was collected. Males were more likely than females to have drinks weekly. About 40.8% of female drinkers were monthly drinkers. The average amount of alcohol consumption in a day was 8.1drinks for males and 3.4 drinks for females. The average drinks doubled for both a male and a female when he/she felt he/she got drunk. About 50.2% of females were monthly high risk drinkers. For male drinkers, 42.4% of them were engaged in high risk drinking weekly. For the Korean drinkers, major reason to consume alcohol was to maintain social relations(77.5%). On th other hand, the amount of alcohol consumption increases when they drink alcohol on a business occasion(9.7 average drinks for a male). High risk drinking was closely related to business matters. This kind of situation prevent drinkers from moderate drinking or refusal of drinking. Amount of alcohol consumption was significantly and positively related to body mass index (BMI). A regression analysis showed that frequency, amount of drinking, and CAGE were significantly related to high risk drinking. With the variables of BMI and regular physical activity included, the adjusted R square was .603 in the model of the regression analysis.

The aim was to identify a relationship between the JOHARI Window and patterns of alcohol use and alcohol-related problems among college students. Four colleges were selected randomly, which were located in Seoul in 2000. In conducting the data analyses, 483 cases were used. For measuring alcohol-related problems among college students, we used NAST (1), AUDIT, US National Alcohol Survey, and Social Value Scale of College Drinking, as scales. The Johari Window was classified by Open Quadrant Type, Blind Quadrant Type, Hidden Quadrant Type, and Unknown Quadrant Type. The major findings are as follows: First, there are the highest portions of alcohol users (63.9%) and binge drinkers (62.1%) among the Open Quadrant Type students, and there is the lowest portion of alcohol users (51.4%) and binge drinkers (54.9%) among the Unknown Quadrant Type students. Second, the Open Quadrant Type and Blind Quadrant Type students are more likely to have unwanted drinking episodes, and the Hidden Quadrant Type students are less likely to have unwanted drinking episodes. Third, alcohol dependent students (NAST1) are 50.5% among the Open Quadrant, 46.9% among the Unknown Quadrant, 35.7% among the Blind Quadrant, and 12.3% among the Hidden Quadrant Type students. Fourth, the proportion of Alcohol Use Disorder students is 52.4% among the Open Quadrant, 50.0% among Blind Quadrant, 46.9% among the Hidden Quadrant, and 41.8% among the Unknown Quadrant Type students. Fifth, the Open Quadrant students drink the most, but the Blind Quadrant students have the highest portion of alcohol-related problems. In conclusion, the Blind Quadrant Type students have the most severe alcohol problems, and the Open Quadrant Type students have more severe alcohol problems than the Hidden Quadrant and the Hidden Quadrant Type students. The Hidden Quadrant and the Unknown Quadrant Type students are more likely to have positive attitudes toward drinking than the other types, but are less likely to have alcohol-related problems.

The aim of this study is to examine the alcohol-drinking state, the factors affecting problems and binge drinking among the Southwest Asian migrant workers in Gyounggi Province. The cross-sectional study was carried out from August 21st to 30th, 2007 for the migrant workers in Gyounggi province. Out of 300 self-reported anonymous questionnaires, 277 were collected and analyzed. Basic descriptive statistics was used to analyze demographic data and general information. An AUDIT test was also employed to analyze the patterns of alcohol use. This study was conducted using the SPSSWIN 13.0 program with the Chi-square test, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson Correlation. The results indicated that 20.6% of the migrant workers are problem drinkers and 39.4% of them are binge drinkers. As examined in terms of their socio-demographic characteristics, respondents aged 30 to 40 years had a much higher level of problematic drinking behavior. And those who are single, answered as Muslims, and attained higher education are more likely to have problems and binge drinking patterns. With a respect to migrant factors, it is found that those who have been living in Korea or working in a factory for over six years have much higher problem and binge drinking rates. Those who work 41 to 80 hours per week also have higher drinking problems, as well. Regarding foreigners, adaptation factors, such as the outer kindness factor, are less and problem drinking rates are much higher. When respondents feel that they are not being loved by people, or are not satisfied with their last year's life, their problematic drinking rates are also higher. Those who answered too not being good at speaking Korean, but were satisfied with their Korean life or working conditions had a higher level of drinking problems. In binge drinking, when both their outer kindness and self-satisfaction were higher, binge drinking rates were also high. Overall, it is evident that the status of problem drinking among the Southwest Asian migrant workers is not low. Continued attention to environmental influences for providing proper prevention programs may reduce these problematic and binge drinking rates.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of moderate drinking programs and to provide the basic material for studying moderate drinking programs. This study was conducted from September 2005 to May 2006. The participants consisted of 2,569 individuals from four (4) large companies. The companies involved in this study were KoreanRail ( a transportation company), Peoksan and Hanjin City Gas Construction (both of which are construction companies) and Lotte Corporation in Seoul. The instruments used in this study were as follows: AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test), for the statistical analysis, SPSS Windows(13.0) was used to analyze the data. This research used estimates for the moderate drinking programs. For the control group pre and post-tests were given in the form of self-administered questionnaires. In dealing with concerns about drinking and the effects that the work place has on the level of drinking, this program focused on four attributes The program’s purpose is to educate workers about moderate drinking programs, public relations, promo campaign programs, make available health and medical programs as well social-cultural programs. The results of this study are summed up as follows: The statistical analyses of the resulting effects from the control group were not greatly significant. The experimental group effects showed an increased correlation between drinking rate and drinking problems. Moderate drinking applied to the type of working styles was significant. It had an especially good result in aiding to distinguish the application of which type of program to follow when dealing with working styles. According to the analysis, in order for moderate drinking programs to be successful, there needs to be non-discriminatory enforcement. The whole company must actively participate for changes to be effective and efficient. Changes must occur at the CEO level, company administrators, labor unions and all the way down to the average business worker. Companies should make the moderate drinking culture part of their marketing model. If such programs are carried out as a long term process, significant benefits and effects will be obtained.

Recently many scientists have been researching into alcoholic liver damage or liver disease, because of alcohol consumption causing severe social (or public) problems, such as addiction by alcohol, alcohol abuse and liver disease. Alcohol consumption is known to cause severe acute liver damage resulting in hepatic fibrosis and liver cirrhosis, when chronically consumed. The mechanism by which alcohol induces its damaging effects on the liver are poorly understood. This study discusses the current definition of alcoholic liver disease and the role of the components involved in innate immune response. In particular, the effect of Kupffer cells, macrophages which are present in liver, on alcohol-induced liver diseases. This review will contribute to understanding the mechanism responsible for alcoholic liver disease and the relation between the innate immune response and the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease.

Alcoholism, drug abuse, gambling addiction, internet addiction have increased and become major social problem in Korea. However, very few qualified drug & alcohol counselors exist and there is a controversy on the Certificate of Qualification. The purpose of this study is to address the credential and certified training program of substance abuse counselors in Korea. Counselor Competencies are essential to the field of addiction treatment. Addiction professionals work in a broad variety of disciplines. The diversity of backgrounds and types of preparation can be a strength, provided there is a common foundation from which counselors work. For this purpose, this study reviewed the historical background, certification or licensing system and professional requirements in the U.S.A. The training program and related issues are introduced and also proposed are comprehensive addiction laws, deliverly systems and a qualified training system for Korea.