Earticle

Objective : This study analyzes the effects of Parental Alcoholism on female Adult Children of Alcoholics‘ parenting as well as the mediation effects of depression in order to seek social welfare intervention methods to help parenting female ACOAs' parental role. Method : For this study, it is carried out a survey targeting 1207 mother of primary school age children. Furthermore, Structural Equation Modeling analysis, using the AMOS 18.0 statistic program, was also conducted in order to verify the mediation effect of depression relations within the parents' alcohol addiction and female ACOAs' parenting. Result : The depression have indirect mediation effect between Parental Alcoholism and female ACOAs' parenting. Female ACOAs' depression has partial mediation effect between abuse by parents' alcohol addiction and female ACOAs' parental role. Conclusions : Based on the above results, this study discusses social welfare intervention strategies in order to female ACOAs' parental role - one of development tasks of adulthood.

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the relation of parents' problematic drinking with parentification and self-esteem of adolescents to provide useful information for practitioners who want to intervene of people's drinking problem. Methods: The participants were 351 high school students (167 males and 184 females) living in Icheon and Incheon city, who were living with both parents. Psychological testings, CAST(Children of Alcoholics Screening Test), FRS-A(Filial Responsibility Scale), and Self-Esteem Scale, were used. Results: There was no significant gender difference in adolescents' parentification. Beside, females showed significantly lower self-esteem than males did. Parents' problematic drinking was positively correlated with parentification and had no relations with self-esteem. And, adolescents' parentification was negatively correlated with their self-esteem and accounted more than 18% variance of it. Mediating effect of parentification was not significant because there was no relationship parents' problematic drinking and self-esteem. Conclusion: The present study suggests that possibility of role of parents' problematic drinking in parentification of their offsprings, and parentification is critical for self-esteem in adolescence. But parentification is not taking a mediating role in parents' problematic drinking and self-esteem of adolescents.

Objectives: This study examined problem drinking to identify the factors related to problem drinking among people with a physical disability in the community. Methods: This study enrolled 448 people with a physical disability. The measurements of problem drinking used AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test). For data analyses, the descriptive statistic, T-test, chi-square test and multiple logistic regression were carried out using SAS window 9.2. Results: The major findings can be summarized as follows: 1. AUDIT showed that 25.7% of the respondents had problems with alcohol (score of 8 or more). Problem drinking was observed in 34.6% and 9.0% of men and women, respectively. 2. Univariate analysis revealed problem drinking to be significantly associated with gender, age, marital status, health management activity, smoking depression and suicidal ideation. 3. The adjusted odds ratios were significantly higher in the following : men (OR=3.23); 40-49 age (OR=4.00); current smokers (OR=3.14) Conclusion: These issues need to be taken into consideration when planning preventive measures to reduce alcohol consumption and its related problems.

Objectives: This study examined the effects of the socio-economic factors, health behaviors, motivation, and self-control on the will of Seoul citizens to quit drinking. Method: The datasets were based on “The 4th Seoul Citizens Health Indicators Surveys(2010, n=8,910)”, which was conducted in 2010. Using univariate analysis and factor analysis, 17 variables related to quitting drinking were input into a regression model through four types of factors. The covariation of drinking behavior, health literacy, and the frequency and period of smoking and drinking were set as control variables. Binary logistic regression analysis was used as the final analysis model. Result: The most decisive factor was motivation in both genders(p<0.001). In other words, the likelihood of having the motivation to quit drinking increased significantly if the individual had suffered from problems as a result of drinking. In addition, men's resolve to quit drinking was related to self-control, health literacy, and stress(p<0.05). On the other hand, women's will to give up drinking was related to self-control and marital status (p<0.05). Conclusions: The factors affecting the desire to quit drinking are less obvious than the factors affecting smoking. This study revealed that people decided to practice temperance in the presence of an action trigger associated with the intention to quit alcohol. Thus, we need to provide more suitable programs for quitting alcohol by clarifying the detailed contexts of action triggers.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify the factors that affect the developmental trajectory of problem drinking patterns among adult males using a latent growth model over time. Methods: This study was based on an analysis of the welfare panel data, which is a nationwide survey targeting 2,545 adult males over a four year period (2006 ~ 2009). The time-based changing patterns of problem drinking and the predictors of the changing function were identified by latent growth modeling using AMOS 2.0. A chi-square test (χ2-test) and a fitness index were selected to evaluate the goodness of fit of the test model. This study used an incremental fitness index, such as CFI, NFI and TLI and RMSEA as an absolute fitness index. Results: The increase rate of CAGE with a high initial year CAGE is expected to decrease with time but is expected to be high for a low initial year CAGE. The CAGE of elderly people decreased more than the CAGE of younger people. The initial year CAGE of heavy smokers was low. The CAGE for the people with chronic diseases increased. The initial year CAGE for people with a physical disability was high, whereas the CAGE for healthy people has decreased. The initial year CAGE for low-income families was high, but their CAGE was lower than that for average-income families. The initial year CAGE for people suffering from depression was higher than that for people who did not, and increased with time. Conclusion: Early detection and intervention of problem drinking are essential because of its tendency to continue once it has occurred. Problem drinking in adult males, particularly those with chronic diseases, physical disability, or low-income, is more serious. Therefore, drinking prevention should be considered as one of their health management programs.

This study examines the effects of external locus of control in college student’s problem drinking and whether social isolation mediate in the process. We were examined by the statistics software SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18.0 in which descriptive statistics, structural equation model analysis are utilized. The result of this study are as follows: First, college student’s external locus of control has positive effects on problem drinking and social isolation. Second, social isolation has positive effects on problem drinking. It was proved that social isolation exerted as mediating variables. Therefore, existent social isolation have mediated effects on the relationship between external locus of control and problem drinking. Possible reasons for the this result were identified and discussed.

Objectives: This study examined the factors affecting alcohol consumption in the elderly to determine what is needed to develop a prevention program for problem drinking. Methods: This study enrolled 446 elderly people who visited 32 halls for the elderly at Pyeongtaek city, Ansan city and Osan city in Gyeonggi province. The statistical methods used for data analysis were the descriptive statistics, chi-square, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. Results: First, smoking, number of drinks consume, eating habits and stress were significantly related to problem drinking among the elderly. Second, multiple regression analysis for the CAGE 4 items revealed stress to be associated with 3 items and gender to be associated with 2 items. Third, problem drinking was correlated with smoking, number of drinks consume, eating habits, stress, gender and number of visiting halls for the elderly. Finally, multiple linear regression analysis showed that eating habits, stress and gender affected problem drinking. Conclusion: Problem drinking in the elderly is associated with complicated health behavior, particularly smoking, eating habits and stress. To improve the intervention program for problem drinking, it is essential to consider drinking, smoking, eating habits and stress as a single health behavior unit.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of an intervention program for reducing alcohol intake on serum GOT, GPT, GGT, Alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase levels among male workers. Method: Fifteen male workers participated in the study. The intervention program were done one on one or as a group for four weeks. The program consisted of promotion strategies, educational strategies, counseling strategies and phone-texting strategies. Educational strategies were sequential information delivered on first, alcohol absorption; second, acute and chronic harms to the body; third, the process of alcohol addiction; fourth, definition of moderate drinking; fifth, maintaining methods for drinking in moderation. Paired T-test was applied to compare differences between pre and post intervention means. Results: The mean age of respondents was 47.9, mean AUDIT score was 18.67±7.45 and mean fasting glucose level was 126.6±31.6. There were no significant differences in serum cholesterol, Triglyceride and total protein levels after the intervention program. But serum albumin level(p<0.05), GOT(p<0.01), GPT(p<0.05), Alkaline phosphatase(p<0.001), lactate dehydrogenase(p<0.05) level were significantly decreased after the intervention program. Conclusion: Four weeks of intervention program reduced company worker's serum albumin, GOT, GPT, Alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase levels significantly.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to examine the relation between problem drinking of Korean adults and related factors such as health risk behaviors, health status, quality of life and mental health and to confirm mediated effects of mental health that have become serious social problems recently. Methods: This study constructed and examined a structural model with the problem drinking, health risk behaviors, health status, quality of life and mental health targeting 263 problem drinkers without missing values in the health behaviors, health status, quality of life and mental health among the problem drinkers (8 and more scores in AUDIT) in raw data of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2009. Results: First, in the male subjects, there was a significant direct path from the subjective health status to the mental health (standardized coefficient: B=.20, C.R.=2.248, p<.025), and there was also a direct path of mental health on the problem drinking (standardized coefficient: B=-.23, C.R.=-2.857, p<.004). Second, in the female subjects, there was a significant direct path of quality of life on the problem drinking (standardized coefficient: B=-.24, C.R.=-2.324, p<.020), and the direct effect of quality of life on mental health also showed a significant path (standardized coefficient: B=.37, C.R.=3.823, p<.001). Third, as a result of examining the mediated effects of mental health on the problem drinking, in the female subjects, the mediated effect was not found. However, in the male subjects, the path that the subjective mental status had a significant impact on the problem drinking through the mental health as complete mediation was found (p=.028). Conclusion: This study examined the relation between the problem drinking and related factors that have been fragmentarily reported previously more deeply and systematically through the use of the structural equation model. In addition, it confirmed the mediated effects of mental health in the relation between the problem drinking and subjective health status.

Objectives: Recent surveys indicate that smoking, alcohol consumption, and sexual intercourse in adolescents have been increasing steadily in South Korea. This study seeks to examine relationships with socio-demographic variables, smoking, drinking behavior (early onset of drinking, drinking amount and drinking problems) and sexual intercourse among high school students in Korea. Methods: The 2010 Korean Youth Health Risk Behavior Survey, a nationwide dataset collected by the Korean Center for Disease Control, was used for analyses. The data contained a total of 35,668 (18,435 girls, 17,233 girls) high school students. Results: Results: The rate of alcohol drinking experience and current alcohol drinkers were 67.9% and 29.7%, respectively. The prevalence of the problem drinking (defined as 2 or more points in the CRAFFT) among current drinkers was 44.6%. The prevalence of sexual intercourse 7.3% (10.3 % for boys and 4.0 % for girls) The factors that affected sexual intercourse were sex, grade, self-reported academic performance, economic status, current smoker, drinking amount and problem drinking. Conclusion: An analysis of a large national representative sample of Korean high school students confirmed the previous research regarding the relationship between alcohol behaviors and sexual intercourse. Intervention and prevention efforts for unwanted sexual intercourse should integrate risk factors such as smoking and alcohol problems. Health education should be considered to establish a compulsory curriculum as part of the school curriculum to offer health education systematically and comprehensively.

Objectives: This study was conducted to identify the factors that affect depression and its association with professional job stress, social support, and drinking behavior among skin care experts. Methods: The study subjects were 207 skin care experts in Ilsan area. A cross-sectional study with self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. A questionnaire measuring socio-demographic and job related variables, job stress, social support and depression was used. T-test, ANOVA and multiple regression were used for analysis. Results: Job related variables, job stress, social support and depression were different in education level, job position, length of job and monthly income. The factors which affect depression were age, job stress and social support after controling other variables. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the future intervention of reducing depression among skin care experts should be carefully considered by the level of job stress and social support. Employee Assistance Programs need to be developed and provided for employees in order to reduce job stress and prevent depression.