Earticle

We wanted to find the intensity of exercise that could increase brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and improve spatial learning and memory without dietary control. C57BL/6 mice were fed a 60% high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks to induce obesity. Obesity-induced mice were exercised on a treadmill for 8 weeks at various exercise intensities: HFD-control (n= 7), HFD-low-intensity exercise (HFD-LIE, n= 7, 12 m/min for 75 min), HFD-middle intensity exercise (HFD-MIE, n= 7, 15 m/min for 60 min) and HFD-high-intensity exercise (HFD-HIE, n= 7, 18 m/min for 50 min). One week before sacrificing mice, the Morris water maze test was performed, and the hippocampus was immediately removed after sacrifice. The expression levels of BDNF (encoded by the gene Bdnf) and tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) in the hippocampus were analyzed by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction and western blot. In the last probe test of the Morris water maze test, occupancy in the target quadrant was significantly higher in the HFD-HIE group (P< 0.05) than in the other groups. In addition, mRNA expression from the Bdnf promoter region was found to be significantly higher in the HFD-HIE group than in the other groups (P< 0.001). Although there were some differences in the levels of significance, the expression levels of both BDNF and TrkB were significantly higher in the HFD-HIE group than in the other groups. Therefore, relatively high-intensity aerobic exercise can resist the adverse effects of a high-fat diet on the brain without dietary control.

Prenatal stress causes learning deficits by inhibiting neurogenesis in the hippocampus. We studied the effects of maternal treadmill running or offspring treadmill running on the spatial learning ability of adoles-cent offspring rats or adult offspring rats born to maternal rats that re-ceived stress during pregnancy. For this study, spatial learning ability was measured by radial 8-arm maze task. Immunohistochemistry for 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine and Western blot for brain-derived neuro-trophic factor (BDNF), tyrosine kinase B (TrkB), Bcl-2-associated X pro-tein (Bax), and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) were also conducted. Stress was induced by exposing pregnant rats to hound in an enclosed room. Maternal treadmill running or treadmill running of offspring improved spatial learning ability of adolescent and adult offspring rats born to maternal rats receiving stress during pregnancy. Maternal treadmill running or treadmill running of offspring increased hippocampal cell proliferation of adolescent and adult offspring rats born to maternal rats receiving stress during pregnancy. Maternal treadmill running or tread-mill running of offspring increased BDNF and TrkB expression in the hippocampus of adolescent and adult offspring rats born to maternal rats receiving stress during pregnancy. Maternal treadmill running or treadmill running of offspring inhibited Bax expression and increased Bcl-2 expression in the hippocampus of adolescent and adult offspring rats born to maternal rats receiving stress during pregnancy. Mother’s exercise during pregnancy or child’s exercise after childbirth can im-prove the spatial learning ability deteriorated due to stress during preg-nancy.

Huntington’s disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, and characterized as involuntary movement. Quinolinic acid has been used to produce an animal model of Huntington’s disease. In the present study, the effect of treadmill ex-ercise on spatial-learning ability and motor coordination focusing on the apoptosis in the hippocampus was investigated using quinolinic ac-id-induced Huntington’s disease rats. Huntington’s disease was induced by unilateral intrastriatal injection of quinolinic acid (2 μL of 100 nmol) using stereotaxic instrument. The rats in the treadmill exercise groups were subjected to run on a treadmill for 30 min once a day during 14 days. Spatial learning ability and motor coordination were determined by radial 8-arm maze test and rota-rod test. Immunohistochemistry for caspase-3 and western blot for Bax and Bcl-2 were also conducted for the detection of apoptosis. In the present results, spatial learning ability and motor coordination were deteriorated by intrastriatal injection of quinolinic acid. In contrast, treadmill exercise exerted ameliorating ef-fect on quinolinic acid-induced deterioration of spatial learning ability and motor coordination. Bcl-2 expression in the hippocampus was de-creased and expressions of casepase-3 and Bax in the hippocampus were increased in the quinolinic acid-induced Huntington’s disease rats. Treadmill exercise increased Bcl-2 expression and decreased ex-pressions of casepase-3 and Bax in the Huntington’s disease rats. The present results showed that treadmill exercise might ameliorate quino-linic acid-induced loss of spatial learning ability and motor coordination by suppressing apoptosis in the hippocampus.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients show learning difficulty and impulsiveness. Exercise is known to improve learning abil-ity and memory function. In the present study, we investigated the dura-tion-dependence of the effect of treadmill exercise on spatial learning ability in relation with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expres-sion in ADHD rats. For this study, radial 8-arm maze test and western blot for BDNF and tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) were performed. Sponta-neous hypertensive rats were used as the ADHD rats and Wistar-Kyoto rats were used as the control rats. The rats in the exercise groups were forced to run on a treadmill for 10 min, 30 min, and 60 min once a day for 28 consecutive days. ADHD rats displayed impairment of spatial learn-ing ability, in contrast treadmill exercise ameliorated impairment of spa-tial learning ability. Treadmill exercise for 30 min per day showed most potent ameliorating effect on impairment of spatial learning ability. BDNF and TrkB expressions in the hippocampus were decreased in the ADHD rats, in contrast treadmill exercise enhanced BDNF and TrkB ex-pressions. Treadmill exercise for 30 min and for 60 min per day showed enhancing effects on BDNF and TrkB expressions. Treadmill exercise alleviated deficits in the spatial learning ability through enhancing BDNF and TrkB expressions in the ADHD rats. Treadmill exercise for 30 min per day can be considered as the most effective therapeutic mo-dality for the ADHD symptoms.

Maternal obesity exerts negative effects on cognitive function and be-havior of the offspring. In the present study, we assessed the effects of paternal physical exercise on spatial learning ability in relation with hip-pocampal neuroplasticity in the rat pups born from the obese maternal rats. There were four experimental groups: paternal nonexercised male pups from normal maternal rats, paternal exercised male pups from normal maternal rats, paternal nonexercised male pups from obese maternal rats, and paternal exercised male pups from obese maternal rats. Normal diet was supplied for normal maternal rats and high-fat diet was supplied for obese maternal rats for a 12-week period until mating, and the same diet for each group continued throughout pregnancy and lactation period. Male rats in the exercising groups exercised for a 12-week period. Spatial learning ability was reduced in the male rat pups born from the obese maternal rats. Expressions of brain-derived neuro-trophic factor (BDNF) and tyrosine kinase B receptor (TrkB) in the hip-pocampus were suppressed and cell proliferation and differentiation in the hippocampus were reduced in the male rat pups born from the obese maternal rats. Paternal treadmill exercise improved spatial learn-ing ability, increased BDNF and TrkB expressions, and enhanced cell proliferation and differentiation in the male rat pups born from the obese maternal rats. It can be suggested that paternal exercise enhances hip-pocampal neuroplasticity and consequently improved spatial learning ability in the rat pups born from the obese maternal rats.

Memory state of rat pups born to old and obese mother rats and the ef-fect of a treadmill running of mother rats on the memory of rat pups were studied. The radial 8-arm maze test was performed to detect spa-tial learning memory, and the level of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleu-kin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 in the hippocampus was measured by enzyme- linked immunoassay. Western blotting was performed for the expres-sion of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer (NF-κB), nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, al-pha (IκB-α), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and immunohistochemistry for caspase-3 was conducted. The newborn rats were classified into fol-lowing groups: pups born to old mother rats, pups born to old mother rats with exercise, pups born to old and obese mother rats, and pups born to old and obese mother rats with exercise. Exercise of mother ameliorated spatial learning memory impairment, inhibited proinflam-matory cytokines production, NF-κB expression, and IκB-α phosphory-lation of the pups born to old and obese mother rats. Maternal exercise suppressed Bax expression, the number of caspase-3, the level of MMP-9, and enhanced Bcl-2 expression of the pups born to old and obese mother rats. When the maternal exercise was performed, the impairment of spatial learning memory in pups was ameliorated. There-fore, it can be seen that exercise during pregnancy of older and obese mothers is an important factor in fetal health management.

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease and this disease induces progressive loss of memory function Scopol-amine is a non-selective muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist and it induces impairment of learning ability. Exercise is known to ame-liorate memory deficits induced by various brain diseases. In the pres-ent study, we investigated the effect of treadmill exercise on spatial learning ability in relation with cell proliferation in the hippocampus us-ing the scopolamine- induced amnesia mice. For the induction of amne-sia, 1 mg/kg scopolamine hydrobromide was administered intraperito-neally once a day for 14 days. Morris water maze test for spatial learning ability was conducted. Immonofluorescence for 5-bromo -2-deoxyuri-dine (BrdU) and western blot for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) were performed. In the present results, scopolamine-induced amnesia mice showed deteriora-tion of spatial learning ability. Inhibition of cell proliferation and suppres-sion of BDNF and TrkB expressions were observed in the scopol-amine-induced amnesia mice. Treadmill exercise improved spatial learning ability and increased cell proliferation through activating of BD-NF-TrkB pathway in the amnesia mice. These findings offer a possibility that treadmill exercise may provide preventive or therapeutic value for the memory loss induced by variable neurodegenerative diseases in-cluding Alzheimer’s disease.

Substantia nigra and striatum are vulnerable to hypoxic ischemia brain injury. Physical exercise promotes cell survival and functional recovery after brain injury. However, the effects of treadmill exercise on nigro-stri-atal dopaminergic neuronal loss induced by hypoxic ischemia brain in-jury in neonatal stage are largely unknown. We determined the effects of treadmill exercise on survival of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra and dopaminergic fibers in the striatum after hypoxic ischemia brain injury. On postnatal 7 day, left common carotid artery of the neo-natal rats ligated for two hours and the neonatal rats were exposed to hypoxia conditions for one hour. The rat pups in the exercise groups were forced to run on a motorized treadmill for 30 min once a day for 12 weeks, starting 22 days after induction of hypoxic ischemia brain injury. Spatial learning ability in rat pups was determined by Morris water maze test after last treadmill exercise. The viability of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra and dopamine fibers in the striatum were analyzed us-ing immunohistochemistry. In this study, hypoxic ischemia injury caused loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra and dopaminergic fi -bers in the striatum. Induction of hypoxic ischemia deteriorated spatial learning ability. Treadmill exercise ameliorated nigro-striatal dopami-nergic neuronal loss, resulting in the improvement of spatial learning ability. The present study suggests the possibility that treadmill exercise in early adolescent period may provide a useful strategy for the recov-ery after neonatal hypoxic ischemia brain injury.

Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental disability with impairments of social interaction and communication, and repetitive behavior. Reelin is an extracellular glycoprotein that is essential for neuronal migration and brain development. Neuroprotective effects of exercise on various brain insults are well documented, however, the effects of exercise on autism in relation with reelin expression are not clarified. In the present study, we investigated the effects of treadmill exercise on the functional recovery and on the expressions of reelin and its downstream molecules, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt), phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1 and 2 (p-ERK1/2), using autistic rats. For the induction of autism-like animal model, 400 mg/kg valproic acid was subcutaneously injected into the rats on the postnatal day 14. The rat in the treadmill exercise groups were forced to run on a treadmill for 30 min once a day, five times a week for 4 weeks, starting postnatal day 28. To investigate autism-like behaviors and memory deficit, open field, social interaction, and radial 8-arm maze were performed. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting were conducted. In the present results, treadmill exercise alleviated aggressive tendency and improved correct decision in the spatial learning memory in the autistic rats. Treadmill exercise increased neurogenesis and the expressions of reelin and its down-stream molecules, PI3K, p-Akt, and p-ERK1/2, in the hippocampus of the autistic rats. The present study showed that treadmill exercise ameliorated aggressive behavior and improved spatial learning memory through activation of reeling signaling pathway in the valproic acid-induced autistic rats.

Stress alters brain cell properties and then disturbs cognitive processes, such as learning and memory. In this study, we investigated the effect of postnatal treadmill exercise on hippocampal neurogenesis and spatial learning ability of rat pups following prenatal noise stress. The impact of exercise intensity (mild-intensity exercise vs heavy-intensity exercise) was also compared. The pregnant rats in the stress-applied group were exposed to a 95 dB supersonic machine sound for 1 h once a day from the 15th day after mating until delivery. After birth, the rat pups in the exercise groups were made to run on a treadmill for 30 min once a day for 7 consecutive days, starting 4 weeks after birth. The spatial learning ability was tested using radial-arm maze task and hippocampal neurogenesis was determined by 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine (BrdU) immunohistochemistry. The rat pups born from the stress-applied maternal rats spent more time for the seeking of water and showed higher number of error in the radial-arm maze task compared to the control group. These rat pups showed suppressed neurogenesis in the hippocampus. In contrast, the rat pups performed postnatal treadmill exercise saved time for seeking of water and showed lower number of error compared to the stress-applied group. Postnatal treadmill exercise also enhanced neurogenesis in the hippocampus. The mild-intensity exercise showed more potent impact compared to the heavy-intensity exercise. The present results reveal that postnatal treadmill exercise lessens prenatal stress-induced deterioration of brain function in offspring.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a condition which occurs after a person has experienced unusual stress. The neurons in the hippo-campus are especially vulnerable to the PTSD. In the present study, the effect of treadmill exercise on spatial learning memory and cell prolifer-ation in the hippocampus of rats with PTSD. Radial 8-arm maze test and immunohistochemistr for 5-bromo-2´-deoxyridine (BrdU) and double-cortin (DCX) were conducted for this experiment. For the inducing PTSD, the rats were exposure to 0.2 mA electric foot shock for 7 consecutive days. Electric foot shock continued 6 seconds, repeated 10 times with a 30 sec interval per one trial, and repeated 3 trials per day. The rats in the exercise groups were forced to run on a motorized treadmill for 30 min once a day for 4 weeks, stating one day after finishing last electric food shock. Presently, the PTSD rats showed longer time of successful per-formance, higher error number, and lower correct number in the radi-al-8-arm maze test. Cell proliferation and DCX expression in the hippo-campal dentate gyrus were suppressed in the PTSD rats. In contrast, treadmill exercise alleviated PTSD-induced impairment of spatial learn-ing memory. The rats performed treadmill exercise showed longer time of successful performance, higher error number, and lower correct num -ber in the radial-8-arm maze test. Treadmill exercise also enhanced cell proliferation and DCX expression in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of PTSD rats. The present study demonstrated that treadmill exercise ameliorated PTSD-induced memory impairment through enhancing cell prolif- eration in the hippocampus.

In the present study, we investigated the effect of swimming training and sudden detraining on learning ability and spatial memory capability and on neurogenesis and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the hippocampus of mice. Male ICR mice were randomly assigned into three groups (n= 15 in each group): the control group, the swimming training group, and the detraining group. The mice in the swimming training group were made to swim (6 days/week, 60 min/day) for 8 weeks. The mice in the detraining group were accomplished the same swimming program for 4 weeks and then discontinued exercise for 4 weeks. In the present results, enhanced short-term and spatial learning memories and increased hippocampal neurogenesis and BDNF expression were observed in the mice of the swimming training group. In contrast, decreased short-term and spatial learning memories were observed in the mice of the swimming detraining group compared to the control level. Hippocampal neurogenesis and BDNF expression were also decreased in the mice of the detraining group near to the control level. Here in this study, we suggest that sudden cessation of exercise training might bring decline of the brain functions.

본 연구는 기계가 인간을 대체하는 개념이 아닌 보조하는 개념으로 바라보는 관점에서 시작된 것으로, 교육공학의 다양한 장점을 통역교육에 접목하는 연구에 앞서 그 타당성을 확인하기 위한 예비연구다. 본 연구의 목적은 통역대학원 학습자들이 스터디 과정에서 겪고 있는 제약조건을 범주화하고, 기술을 접목한 새로운 실습방법에 관한 사용자 수용도를 분석하는 것이다. 본 연구에서 실시한 실태조사에 따르면, 질(Gile)이 주장한 ‘자동화’를 위해 반복적으로 연습을 수행해야 하는 통역대학원 학생들의 스터디 공간에는 시간적 제약, 공간적 제약, 경험의 실제성, 성찰적 학습기회와 관련한 제약조건이 발견되었다. 이를 극복하기 위해 ICT를 활용한 새로운 실습방식을 일정기간 스터디에 적용한 후 사용자 평가를 진행하였다. 본 연구에서는 멀티미디어를 활용한 팟캐스트방법과 컴퓨터매개커뮤니케이션(CMC)기술을 활용한 화상통화방법, 음성인식 기술을 활용한 텍스트 낭독과 모니터링 기능을 각각 순차통역 실습과정에 적용해 보았다. 사용자로서 학습자들의 초기 반응은 멀티미디어와 CMC방식에 대해 전반적으로 긍정적인 반면, 음성인식에 관해서는 개념적으로는 유용하나 실제적으로 유용한 보조도구가 되기 위해서는 기술이 보다 정교해야 할 것으로 보고하였다. 사용자 평가에 참여한 학습자들은 각자가 처한 상황과 학습수요에 따라 각 방법이 가지는 장단점을 기술하였고, 실험이 종료되면서 최소 1개 이상의 방법을 계속 사용할 의사가 있다고 밝혔다. 본 연구는 통역 학습자들의 동기 유지와 수행 향상을 위해 이들이 학습과정에서 겪고 있는 각종 제약을 해소하고, 학습과정의 효율화를 지원할 컴퓨터보조통역교육(CAIT)를 적용하기에 앞서 연구의 타당성을 확인하고자 하는 예비연구로 진행되어 일반화된 결론을 내리기에는 무리가 있겠다. 하지만, 추후 본격적인 CAIT 연구를 위해 통역 스터디에 작용하는 각종 제약조건을 범주화하였고, 기술을 접목한 새로운 방법에 대한 사용자들의 초기 반응은 기술을 통역교육에 접목하여 기존의 제약조건을 해소할 가능성을 시사한다.

본 연구에서는 공간학습과 트레드밀 운동이 생쥐의 기억능력에 미치는 효과를 규명고자 하였다. 본 연구의 실험동물은 C57BL 계열 생쥐 6주령 수컷(32.5 ± 2.5 g) 60마리를 사용하였으며, 실험실 환경에 적응시킨 후 대조군, 학습군, 운동군, 그리고 학습- 운동군으로 각 15마리씩 무작위 배정하였다. 운동군과 학습-운동군은 트레드밀 운동을 실시하였는데, 1일 30분, 6주 동안 7 m/min 5분, 10 m/min 5분, 그리고 13 m/min 20분 중강도 운동을 각각 12회, 6회 실시하였다. 공간학습은 radial 8-arm maze 를 사용하여 절수한 실험동물이 5분 이내에 8개 통로의 물을 모두 찾을 때까지 연속적으로 학습군은 6주간 12회, 학습-운동군 은 6주간 6회 훈련시켰으며, 모든 그룹의 실험 전ㆍ후로 기억능력을 측정하기 위하여 radial 8-arm maze 검사와 step-down avoidance task를 실시하였다. 해마부위의 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) 양성세포수와 brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)의 발현량을 조사하기 위하여 각각 면역조직화학법과 역전사 중합효소 연쇄반응 (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, RT-PCR)법을 실시하였다. 실험결과, 기억능력 검사에서 예상했던 운동과 학습에 따른 가중효과가 관찰되지 않 았지만, 대조군과 비교하여 학습군과 학습-운동군의 기억능력이 유의하게 증가하였다(p < .05). 또한 해마 부위에서 BrdU 양성 세포수는 대조군과 비교하여 모든 실험군에서 유의하게 증가하였고(p < .05), 특히 운동군에서 가장 큰 증가를 보였다(p < .05). 동일한 부위의 BDNF mRNA도 대조군과 비교하여 모든 실험군에서 유의하게 증가하였으나(p < .05), BrdU 양성 세포수와 BDNF mRNA 발현이 일치하는 경향은 나타나지 않았다. 이러한 연구결과는 공간학습과 규칙적인 운동이 BDNF mRNA와 같 은 뇌의 신경영양성 인자를 증가시키고, 새로운 신경세포생성을 촉진시킴으로써 기억능력을 향상시킬 수 있는 가능성이 있음을 보여준다. 다만, 기억능력검사와 신경세포의 증식, 그리고 BDNF mRNA간 정량적 경향성이 일치하지 않는 것으로 보아 신경세 포 증식에 작용하는 다양한 신경영양성 인자의 발현을 함께 고려해야 할 것으로 생각된다.

본 연구에서는 트레드밀 운동이 외상성 뇌손상 쥐의 공간학습장애와 뇌의 흑질(substantia nigra), 선조체(striatum), 그 리고 해마(hippocampus) 부위에서 tyrosine hydroxylase(TH) 발현에 미치는 효과를 규명고자 하였다. 본 연구의 실험동물 은 Sprague-Dawley 계열 7주령 수컷(210 ± 10g) 60마리를 사용하였으며, 실험실 환경에 적응시킨 후 sham-operation 그룹, sham-operation and exercise 그룹, TBI-induced 그룹, 그리고 TBI-induced and exercise 그룹으로 각 15마리씩 무작위 배정하였다. TBI 그룹은 streotaxic frame을 사용하여 외상성 뇌손상을 유발하였고, sham 그룹은 동일한 수술 스트 레스를 주었으나 외상성 뇌손상은 유발하지 않았다. Exercise 그룹은 treadmill 운동을 실시하였는데, 1일 30분, 연속 10일 동 안 2m/min 5분, 3m/min 5분, 그리고 4m/min 20분 저강도 운동을 실시하였다. 또한 실험 전ㆍ후로 공간학습능력을 측정하기 위하여 radial 8-arm maze 검사를 실시하였고, 뇌 부위별 TH 발현을 검사하기 위하여 TH 면역조직화학법을 실시하였다. 실 험결과, sham-operation 그룹과 비교하여 TBI 그룹에서 공간학습장애가 나타났고, 모든 뇌 부위에서 TH 발현이 유의하게 감 소하였다. 그러나 트레드밀 운동은 TBI로 유발된 공간학습장애를 완화시켰고, TH 발현도 모든 뇌 부위에서 증가시켰다. 이 러한 연구결과는 규칙적인 운동은 다양한 뇌부위에서 외상성 뇌손상으로 인한 TH 발현 감소를 억제시킴으로써 외상성 뇌손 상으로 인한 인지기능의 감소를 완화시킬 수 있는 가능성이 있음을 보여준다.

본 연구는 노화 흰쥐를 대상으로 해마 신경영양인자와 공간학습 및 기억력에 미치는 영향을 알아봄으로써, 노인 운동처방학적 영역에서 운동의 필요성을 제시하고자 하였다. 이러한 목적을 위해 노화 쥐를 대상으로 트레드밀 운동을 8주간 실시한 후 공간학습기억력과 해마 신경가소성 인자인 BDNF 발현에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지를 알아보았다. 본 연구에 사용된 실험동물은 Sprague-Dawley 계 흰쥐 72주령 수컷이 사용되었다. 이들은 무작위 표본추출에 의해 노 화 운동군(aging and exercise-trained group, AEG; n=10)과 노화 대조군(aging control group, ACG; n=10)으 로 분류되었다. 운동군은 본 실험하기 일주일 전부터 운동에 대한 적응을 거친 후, 트레드밀 운동을 1일 30분, 주 5회, 8주 동안 실시하였다. 공간학습 및 기억력 평가는 모리스수중미로 검사가 이용되었고, 해마 부위 신경가소성인자인 BDNF 단백질 분석은 Western blotting 분석법으로 분석하여 정량화하였다. 그 결과 트레드밀 운동을 수행한 그룹의 공간학습기억력과 해마 조직 신경가소성 인자인 BDNF발현이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과는 트레드밀 운동 이 노화 과정에서 저하되는 공간학습 및 기억력 감소를 지연시킬 수 있는 효과적인 운동이라 생각되며, 그 기저에는 해 마 조직 신경가소성 인자의 증가와 밀접한 관련이 있는 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of treadmill exercise on spatial learning memory ability and the neurotrophic factor in hippocampus in aged-rats. The experimental animals were divided into each the aging and exercise-trained group(AEG, n=10)and the aging control group(ACG, n=10). Animals in the exercise group were submitted to 5days a week exercise on the treadmill exercise during 8weeks. The spatial learning memory capability was evaluated by Morris water maze in a separate set of rats. Western blotting analysis for the BDNF expression was performed. In this study, treadmill exercises have shown increased spatial cognitive abilities, and also increased neurotrophic factors expression in the hippocampus of aging rats. The results of the present study indicate that treadmill exercise may facilitate recovery from the CNS complications associated with aging by inducing enhanced the neurotrophic factor expression in the hippocampus.

Recently, it is common to see scenes for the youth to study in commercial cafes instead of traditionalreading rooms or libraries. Their preferred learning spaces are changing. It is a kind of emerging changes thathave occurred as the knowledge information age has matured. In this paper, we analyze several representativecases of the youth learning spaces in order to discover the change patterns and to determine whether they arein the right ways for the learning effectiveness. For this study, we utilize PST(Pedagogy, Space & Technology)framework to analyze the interrelationships among pedagogy, learning space and technology. The final purposeof our research is to propose learning space design patterns that are suitable for the youth in the knowledgeinformation age. Through case studies, characteristics of emerging learning spaces are analyzed in relation withPST framework. Although many youths are still studying in isolation, more youths are using many new styles oflearning such as online communication, activity based learning, collaborative learning, smart learning, etc., in theopen on and off line spaces. From this research, we discovered that the commercial spaces are changing in thedirection toward satisfying the needs of the youth, but that the public spaces are a bit slow in satisfying suchneeds.