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The purpose of this study was to develop exercise program for children and adolescent students with ADHD (attention-deficit hyperactive disorder) and to evaluate the usefulness of this program. For the purpose, 4 students aged 7 and above executed the pre-designed exercise program for 24 weeks. The exercise program consisted of 5 types of gymnastic postures based on oriental and western medicine and the exercise was performed for 30 minutes, three-times a week. Thirteen parameters regarding ADHD diagnosis, Conners' Teacher Rating Scale, and self-esteem were evaluated at pre- and post-exercise program and the results were compared. All 4 students completed the 24 weeks of exercise program. Even though the number of subjects was small the exercise program showed a improving tendency especially in depression/agitation, concentration, and internalization parameters. Further study including larger number of subjects is needed.

The purpose of this study was to analyse the sports injuries of marathon runners and search the recognition of exercise rehabilitation massage after getting running to the athletics in 20 minutes. It's the basic trial to know the recognition about exercise rehabilitation massage and search an alternatives for managing sports injuries through exercise rehabilitation massage in the near future. Statistical analyses, multiple response analysis and one-way ANOVA were performed using SPSS. The results confirmed that there were many injuries during afternoon, winter, training and competition. The main cause of injuries was individual carelessness such as overtraining and lack of warmup exercise. The body part of injuries was knee and ankle the most. The effective method for injuries were ranked physical therapy, relaxation and massage. The most effective facility for controlling injuries was massage organization. In the perception about sports massage, 98% answered the necessity and 95% showed the positive satisfaction. The both necessary and effective body part in sports massage was calf, thigh, pelvis and waist. Recreational runners response high future participation rate. 99.5% said they will participate the sports massage program in next event and 90.5% will apply the sports massage for the personal health.

The purpose of this study was to investigated participation constraints and negotiation strategy in physical activity of people with the disabled. For this purpose, we participated 50 people with the disabled. Participants were contacted individually and answered a series of unstructured in-depth interview on their negotiation method from the participant's perspective. Two processes were used to establish reliability, that is random triangulation of the data through a second content analysis, and member check. The data were drawn from verbatim transcription of the interview and were inductively content analyzed. The study result are as follows: Participation constraints in physical activity of people with the disabled emerged from literature analysis included economic constraints, interpersonal constraints, social structural constraints, physical constraints, companion constraints, personal constraints and weather conditions constraints. For this, negotiation strategy emerged from in-deep interview included change of place, ask parents(others) for help, prioritisation, adjusting schedule, preclude unnecessary time, personal exercise, saving, change of exercise type, job search(part-time job), ignore, combination treatment and exercise, consultation, internet surfing, resting, expressed willingness, making companion, nutrition intake, try dialogue, and so on.

The purpose of this study was to investigate The Influence of the Elderly's Participation in the Exercise of Rehabilitation on Activities of Daily, Life Stress and Physical Symptom. The participants of this study 314 elderly people who were purposeful sampling from the elderly residents in Inchen Area. For accomplishing this purpose of the study, the survey questionnaires were used to collect data. The statistical methods utilized in this study for analyzing the collected data were exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, descriptive statistics, ANCOVA, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis, path-way analysis, by SPSS 17.0 version. AMOS 7.0 program was used to exmine confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation model. From the analysis of this study, the following conclusions were obtained: First, the Exercise rehabilitation program participation is partially influences on the Activities of daily, life stress and somatic symptom on the aged. Second, activities of daily positively affected the life stress and physical symptom. Third, life stress positively affected the physical symptom. Lastly there is a causal relation among within according to excercise rehabilitation program, activities of daily, life stress and somatic symptom on the aged.

The purpose of this study was to analyze ground reaction force(GRF) when hemiplegia patients walk after 12 weeks task-oriented aqua-rehabilitation program. Seven male hemiplegia patients who can walk without stick were participated in this study, and they exercised three times a week for 12 weeks. The GRF was analyzed to examine effects of aqua-rehabilitation program. The paired sample t-test conducted to verify statistical differences between pre and post test(p<0.05). The results were as follow ; Gait time was decreased from 2.32±0.63sec to 1.63±0.36sec (p<0.05). In case of sound side, step time was decreased from 1.37±0.43sec to 0.95±0.31sec, and in case of involved side, step time was decreased from 0.95±0.24sec to 0.68±0.10sec (p<0.05). The percentile time that to reach maximum vertical GRF was decreased from 33.03±14.62%time to 18.25±10.85%time in sound side (p<0.05). The percentile time that changed from braking phase to propulsive phase was decreased from 47.49±9.27%time to 26.25±6.76%time in involved side (p<0.05). The maximum propulsive force in antero-posterior direction was increased from 0.12±0.02BW to 0.16±0.02BW in sound side (p<0.05). The antero-posterior shift range of center of pressure was increased from 13.64±5.22cm to 20.27±3.34cm (p<0.05). On balance, task-oriented aqua-rehabilitation program for hemiplegia patients might have good effects to develop balance ability and to increase gait speed.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of neuromuscular exercise therapy on person with chronic ankle instability. Twenty-one patients with unilateral ankle sprain and functional instability over 1 year were recruited and randomly assigned in 2 groups; neuromuscular exercise and control. Exercise group (n=11) participated in 8-weeks neuromuscular exercise program which incorporated balance, strengthening, plyometrics and agility; single leg stance, double leg heel rise, double leg lateral jump and lateral shuttle run exercise. Control group (n=10) performed conservative warm-up and stretching exercise during the same period. The outcome measures chosen to assess for efficacy of the exercise were; (1) Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) and Scoring scale for ankle injury. After 8-weeks, exercise group showed significant improvement of SEBT in 7 of 8 direction compared to control group(p<0.05). And ankle injury score was also higher in exercise group(90.8±6.8) compared to control group(79.5±8.6)(p<0.05). Therefore, we suggest that neuromuscular exercise therapy is worth to apply on patients with chronic ankle instability to improve balance and functional stability.

This study is aimed to the basic data on the optimal taping application time for general public and athletes who requires weight training by examining the changes in isokinetic shoulder joint muscle functions (muscular strength & endurance) and maximum manifestation time after functional taping on shoulder joints for middle school wrestling athletes. The subjects for this study were 10 middle school wrestling athletes with more than 3-year career from Wrestling Athlete Association in I metropolitan city. The measures on isokinetic muscular functions were submitted to SPSS 12.0 program (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA) for the analysis of taping effectiveness. In order to test the difference in muscular strength and endurance before and after joint taping, this study adopted the paired t-test at p<.05. The results are as follows: First, the results from the comparisons of isokinetoc muscular strength (60°/sec) showed that there was slight increase in all of maximum extensor muscular strength, maximum extensor muscular strength per body weight, average extensor muscular power, maximum flexor muscular strength, maximum flexor muscular strength per body weight, average flexor muscular power and ipsilateral muscular strength after taping. However, there were no significant differences. Second, the results from the comparison of isokinetic muscular strength (180°/sec) showed that there was significant increase in the maximum extensor muscular strength, maximum extensor muscular strength per body weight, maximum flexor muscular strength, average flexor power after taping. However, there was no significant difference in average extensor power. These results suggest that shoulder taping treatment has an impact on the enhancement of isokinetic muscular functions of the wrestling athletes who frequently use shoulder and upper body. These results imply that more systematic study with various targets and variables is required to examine the taping treatment to prevent injury and relapse on shoulder joint muscle and its strength.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of virtual reality-based exercise program using a video game on functional mobility, visual perceptual ability, and balance ability in students with cerebral palsy. Fourteen students with cerebral palsy participated as subjects in this study, and they were divided into exercise group(n=7) and control group(n=7). The exercise group participated in Wii fit program(Nintendo Inc., Japan) for six weeks(60 min, 2 day per week). After six weeks virtual reality-based exercise program, functional mobility significantly was improved. In case of visual perceptual ability, visual discrimination, visual memory, visual-spatial relationships, sequential memory, and visual figure-ground were significantly improved. In addition, Weight distribution index, stability index, and fall index related in balance ability were increased. In conclusion, these findings suggest that commercially available virtual reality-based exercise program can be used to improve the functional mobility, visual perceptual ability, and balance ability in students with cerebral palsy

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of falling exercise program in parallel treadmill gait training on balance and gait in chronic stroke patients. Chronic stroke patients who use walking assistance devices (cane, AFO) when walking were selected as research subjects, and ten were assigned to the experimental group and another ten were assigned to the control group. Experiment took place once a day for 30 minutes. For experimental group, walking exercise took place after implementing experience of falling on treadmill around three times and determining that it was safe to execute the exercise. Control group conducted an exercise of walking 20 meters of distance back and forth indoors, and assessment of effect was measured by estimating BBS, TUG, 10mWT, 6MWT and a degree of community walking. For the examination of effect before and after mediation in each group, control group showed significant differences in all assessment criteria except for 10 meter walking speed examination, and experimental group showed significant differences in all assessment criteria. To conclude, ground walking exercise and treadmill walking exercise group with compensation for falling applied are both effective in increasing the balance and walking ability of hemiparalysis patients. Also, variation amount comparison of two groups revealed that suspension treadmill walking exercise group applied on chronic stroke patients is more effective for walking of hemiparalysis patients than ground walking exercise.

Fall is the most frequently occurred in the elderly. More importantly, this kind of fall occurs during activities of daily living(ADL). Therefore the purpose of this study was to develop of an evaluative protocols for the risk of falling in the elderly gait. Total of 20 elderly participants, who have been lived in S city and have different level of fall history in recent year were recruited for this study. They were divided into to 4 groups depended on their fall history (GP1: no fall history, GP2: 1-5 fall history, GP3: 6-10 fall history, GP4: 11-20 fall history in recent year). To evaluate the risk of falling, medio-lateral COMX-COP inclination angles were computed. After warmed-up and all reflective markers affixed to the body, each participant was performed 3 different walking(0%, 30% & 50% leg length height obstacle). After all cameras were calibrated using the NLT(Nonlinear Transformation), participants' walking trials were recorded with 7 infrared camera(sampling rate: 100Hz) and their center of pressure(COP) during support phase were collected from 1 force plate(sampling rate:1000 Hz) embedded in the walkway. Two-way(4 x 3) repeated measure analyses of variance(ANOVA) were performed to accomplish the study purpose. The Sidac simple effect test was used for the post-hoc analyses when significant factor effect and/or interaction were observed. An alpha level of .05 was used as the criterion for the significance in all cases. From this study, following results were found. 1) There was a significant height effect were found for all groups except GP1(p<.05). 2) There was a significant group effect were found between GP1 and the other groups(p<.05). 3) There was a significant group effect were found between GP2 and GP3, and GP4(p<.05), but no significant effect was found between GP2 and GP3(p>.05).

The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the effect of Small Group Physical Activities on ecological factor of children with Intellectual Disabilities. 10 subjects were selected for this study from children who were receiving special education at "S" Special School and "C" Parents Association for children with Intellectual Disabilities. Average and standard deviation values for each variable were calculated and analyzed using One-Way ANOVA Multiple Pegression Analysis. The following conclusions of this study were drawn: First, Small Group Physical Activities program improved class preparation level in children with Intellectual Disabilities. Second, Small Group Physical Activities program improved self-help level in children with Intellectual Disabilities. Third, Small Group Physical Activities program improved class adaptability level in children with Intellectual Disabilities. Fourth, Small Group Physical Activities program improved basic physical performance level in children with Intellectual Disabilities. Fifth, Small Group Physical Activities program improved overall development level in children with Intellectual Disabilities.

This is a case study to verify effects of the ideokinesiology to decrease primitive reflexes of a cerebral palsy with spasticity who participates in scuba-diving. The subject demonstrates unappropriated equalizing motions with the righting reflex in descent, that causes abduction of chin and abdominal. The subject also shows Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex(ATNR) with extension of the right side of arm and leg, that makes flotation of whole body with circular motion. The ideokinesiology with "imagery" for the alignment of vertebra effects to remove primitive reflexes of the subject. Results of this study indicate us following: firstly, the righting reflex is not developed by the alignment of head and trunk, that causes a successful equalizing action; secondly, the ATNR reflex is also not developed by conducting eye-contacts, that makes a successful descent forms; thirdly, a successful descent of the subject provides a positive feeling regard to the participation in the scuba-diving. This study indicates that the ideokinesiology to prevent primitive reflexes can be evaluated as a valuable methodology for a successful scuba diving of the cerebral palsy.

The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the effect of Taekwondo program on ecological factor of children with Intellectual Disabilities. Finally 14 subjects were selected for this study from children who were receiving special education at "S" Special School and "C" Parents Association for Handicapped Children. Average and standard deviation values for each variable were calculated and analyzed using t-test in order to identify the difference between marks for each test period. The following conclusions of this study were drawn: First, Taekwondo program improved class preparation level in children with Intellectual Disabilities. Second, Taekwondo program improved self-help level in children with Intellectual Disabilities. Third, Taekwondo program improved class adaptability level in children with Intellectual Disabilities. Fourth, Taekwondo program improved basic physical performance level in children with Intellectual Disabilities. Fifth, Taekwondo program improved recreation performance level in children with Intellectual Disabilities. Sixth, Taekwondo program improved locomotive capability level in children with Intellectual Disabilities. Seventh, Taekwondo program improved overall development level in children with Intellectual Disabilities.

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in gait patterns wearing functional shoes and barefoot so as to supply scientific data on rehabilitation and basic gait. To do this 17 middle aged females participated in this study. An independent t-test was applied to investigate differences between the groups by SPSS (ver. 15.0). The following variables were calculated; support time, swing time, stride length, ankle, knee and hip range of motions, loading rate, impulse, maximum ankle, knee and hip moments. The functional shoes condition had significantly shorter stride lengths than the barefoot condition. There was a larger range of motion at the ankle and the knee for the functional shoes showing the instability of the functional shoes. There was a larger braking power for the functional shoes and more impulse for the barefoot condition. There was a larger plantar flexion of the shoes according to the ankle moment and a larger dorsal flexion moment of the barefoot condition. At the knee there was a larger flexion moment for the barefoot condition. At the hip there was a larger extension moment for the barefoot and at the hip flexion there was a larger flexion moment for the functional shoes. In conclusion the data above shows that barefooted gait is a more effective training method than the functional shoes for balance and posture. Especially for patients suffering from hemiparalysis then it is recommended that the ankle joint’s range of motion needs to be increased and for gait training barefoot is good for proprioceptive facilitation that is needed during rehabilitation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of long-term exercise participation on blood glucose, HbA1C, lipid factors, and blood tumor makers in the elderly diabetic patients. The exercise programs were warm-up (10 min), work-out (40 min), and cool-down (10 min) for forth a weeks for 52 weeks. For this study, BMI analysis, blood glucose test, HbA1C test, enzyme immunoassay for blood lipid factors (total-cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-C, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C, triglycerides), and blood tumor maker (α-Fetoprotein; AFP, Carcinoembryonic Antigen; CEA, carbohydrate antigen 19-9; CA19-9) were performed. In the present results showed that long-term exercise significantly decreased blood glucose, Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), total cholesterol, LDL-C, triglycerides, and enhanced HDL-C in the elderly diabetic patients. In addition, long-term exercise decreased AFP, CEA, CA19-9 in the elderly diabetic patients. There are no significantly difference. Moreover, from results, a coefficient of correlations of blood glucose, HbA1c and blood lipid factors in the elderly diabetic patients was significantly correlations on total cholesterol and blood glucose, HbA1c. A coefficient of correlation of HbA1c and blood tumor factors was significantly correlation on HbA1c and AFP. From results, a coefficient of correlation of blood lipid factors and blood tumor factor were significantly correlation on total cholesterol, HDL-C and AFP, CA19-9 in the elderly diabetic patients. Based on the present results, it is possible to propose that long-term exercise may useful strategy for preventing failure diabetes-induced obesity and cancer through blood glucose control.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of combined spinal stabilizing exercise for cervical alignment. For this study, 20 people who had abnormal cervical alignment were randomly divided into four group(n=5 per group) ; Con(control group), Mat exe(mat exercise group), Swiss exe(swiss ball exercise group), Mixed exe(mat and swiss ball exercise group). Spinal stabilizing exercise was performed to total 6 set a day, four times a week, during 5 weeks with method, which 10 seconds hold and 5 seconds relax, 10 times on 1 set and rest time 1 minute after each set ends. The results of this study were summarized as follows. 1. The change of Jackson's angle were showed significant difference in the group Mat exe, Swiss exe, Mixed exe especially, showed greatest statistically significant difference in the Mixed exe group compared to the control group(p<.001). 2. The change of ROM were showed significant difference in the group Mat exe, Swiss exe, Mixed exe especially, showed greatest statistically significant difference in the Mixed exe group compared to the control group(p<.001). In conclusion, experimental group performed spinal stabilizing exercise that cause ROM and Jackson's angle better coordinate flexor and extensor muscles of spine. Experimental group performed combined spinal stabilizing exercise can be effective for cervical alignment. Experimental group Mixed exe that performed mat and swiss ball exercises together shows significant difference and greatest effect as compared with other experimental group. Therefore, the combined spinal stabilizing exercise can be effective in rehabilitation to normal range of curvature of the cervical spine and in the increase of ROM.

본 연구는 체감형 비디오 게임기인 닌텐도 Wii Fit/Sports를 활용한 8주간의 운동이 지적장애 남자고등학생의 신체적성에 어 떠한 영향을 미치는가를 규명하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여 본 연구에서는 경기도 P시 소재의 특수학교에 재학 중인 지적 장애 2∼3급 진단을 받은 남자고등학생 16명을 통제집단(n=8)과 실험집단(n=8)으로 구성하였다. 이들은 현재 정기적으로 운동 에 참여하지 않으며, 가정에 체감형 비디오 게임기가 없는 대상으로 면담과 사전 검사를 통해 연구 대상자에 대한 기초 자료 를 얻었다. 본 연구의 운동 프로그램은 닌텐도 Wii Fit/Sports 운동으로 구성되어 8주간, 주 3회, 매회 80분간 실시하였다. 또 한 사전, 사후 검사를 토대로 하여 신체적성에 대한 향상 정도를 알아보았다. 자료 분석은 집단 간의 동질성 분석을 위하여 독립표본 t 검증(Independent samples t-test), 통제집단과 실험집단의 집단 간 차이 분석을 위하여 독립표본 t 검증 (Independent samples t-test), 프로그램 전·후의 집단 내 차이 분석을 위하여 대응표본 t 검증(Paired samples t-test)을 실시하 였다. 모든 통계적 유의 수준은 α〈 .05로 설정하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 분석하여 얻어진 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 신체적성에 있어서 닌텐도 Wii Fit/Sports 운동은 지적장애 남 자고등학생의 균형 감각에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 신체적성에 있어서 닌텐도 Wii Fit/Sports 운동은 지적장애 남자고등학생의 상지 근지구력에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때, 체감형 비디오 게임기인 닌텐도 Wii Fit/Sports를 활용한 8주간 운동은 지적 장애를 가진 남 자 고등학생의 지체된 균형 감각과 상지 근지구력 발달에 대안적인 운동 프로그램으로서의 가치가 있다고 생각된다.

본 연구에서는 트레드밀 운동이 외상성 뇌손상 쥐의 공간학습장애와 뇌의 흑질(substantia nigra), 선조체(striatum), 그 리고 해마(hippocampus) 부위에서 tyrosine hydroxylase(TH) 발현에 미치는 효과를 규명고자 하였다. 본 연구의 실험동물 은 Sprague-Dawley 계열 7주령 수컷(210 ± 10g) 60마리를 사용하였으며, 실험실 환경에 적응시킨 후 sham-operation 그룹, sham-operation and exercise 그룹, TBI-induced 그룹, 그리고 TBI-induced and exercise 그룹으로 각 15마리씩 무작위 배정하였다. TBI 그룹은 streotaxic frame을 사용하여 외상성 뇌손상을 유발하였고, sham 그룹은 동일한 수술 스트 레스를 주었으나 외상성 뇌손상은 유발하지 않았다. Exercise 그룹은 treadmill 운동을 실시하였는데, 1일 30분, 연속 10일 동 안 2m/min 5분, 3m/min 5분, 그리고 4m/min 20분 저강도 운동을 실시하였다. 또한 실험 전ㆍ후로 공간학습능력을 측정하기 위하여 radial 8-arm maze 검사를 실시하였고, 뇌 부위별 TH 발현을 검사하기 위하여 TH 면역조직화학법을 실시하였다. 실 험결과, sham-operation 그룹과 비교하여 TBI 그룹에서 공간학습장애가 나타났고, 모든 뇌 부위에서 TH 발현이 유의하게 감 소하였다. 그러나 트레드밀 운동은 TBI로 유발된 공간학습장애를 완화시켰고, TH 발현도 모든 뇌 부위에서 증가시켰다. 이 러한 연구결과는 규칙적인 운동은 다양한 뇌부위에서 외상성 뇌손상으로 인한 TH 발현 감소를 억제시킴으로써 외상성 뇌손 상으로 인한 인지기능의 감소를 완화시킬 수 있는 가능성이 있음을 보여준다.