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The study is intended to analyze the occurrence of sports injuries in class depending on the teaching types of physical education teacher and seek for the preventive methods of injuries. For the purpose, the data was collected by using the questionnaires, which have been distributed to 322 students from M middle school and Y middle school located in G metropolitan city and analyzed accordingly. As a result, there were a group of 117 students under non-interference teachers, a group of 110 students under directive teachers and a group of 95 students under participatory teachers, among which 120 had suffered sports injuries in class(42 from non-interference, 50 from directive and 28 from participatory group). Regarding the types of injuries, skin injuries were the most irrespective of teaching types; then, muscle injuries, joint injuries and bone injuries were followed. For the causes, the mistake of others was the most in the non-interference group, teacher’s mistake was the most in the directive group, and self-carelessness was the most in the participatory group. Regarding the injury care, caring by nurse teacher was the most in three groups and self caring was followed. Meanwhile, regarding whether to keep attending a class after injury, the students in non-interference and directive teachers’ group determined it for oneself while the students in participatory teachers’ group answered that they rely on teacher’s determination. For the preventive methods, preparatory/closing exercise was the highest in participatory and directive teachers’ group while the teachers’ direction was the highest in non-interference group.

The research analyzed elderly sporting activity dropout cause to promoting exercise rehabilitation. From the population comprising the people older than 65 who are living in Daejeon city and provinces across the country as of 2010 and who are attending welfare programs and pavilions for the elderly, 91 men and 96 women in sports activities totalling 187. Following outcomes could be drawn from the survey: targeted 187 of elderly. Sports dropout elderly was many in women, an non-occupation, an over age of 81, an unhealthy, and a dissatisfied pocket money. But that was fewer in the aim of rest, a highly participate frequency, a long time of participate period Sports participate degree and period in elderly obtained the better condition of sports facilities and program, finance, healthy, many experience were high.

This paper is purposed to study the research trend in Sport Welfare research field which has made remarkable results since 1995. All the papers published in Korean academic journals from 1995 were analyzed with the method of meta analysis. The research is targeted on three parts; how long is research or the research purpose, sport and welfare looking at each other and building up the concept of sport welfare. The results are as follows; Frist, research of sport welfare is sparse and study had a lot of practical purposes. Second, sport and welfare looking at different each other. Third, Sports Welfare has a function to contribute to a personal welfare elevation, social cohesive force, integration and Sports welfare plays a vital role as tools decreasing by an opportunity to alienation levels and Sports welfare is scope to be practical of important indexes and health development dimension to raise local competitiveness to parts of welfare policy to be able to raise the quality of life of people. It is study Sport Welfare in various viewpoint and research.

The purpose of this study was to explore what attractive factors of SCUBA diving with spouse were. For accomplishing this purpose, four couples were collected by purposeful sampling and researchers used qualitative methods to analyze collected data. The findings were as follows; The first attractive factor of SCUBA diving was that couples were express of new feeling. In particular, they had a chance to recognize problems relevant to conjugal relations and tried to solve the problems together. As a result, they felt new feeling each spouse and it provided a chance to confirm love between couples. The second factor of attraction through SCUBA diving was that they had more understanding and thoughtful consideration for spouse. For example, they worried about life partner's health and dangers which would be happened by SCUBA diving. Therefore, they solved and prevented conflicts between couples. Lastly, SCUBA diving contributed to forming a harmonious family. They tried to share and discuss family matters such as children education.

This paper aims at studying the effect of the participants of the soccer schools for children on their sports commitment and their exercise adherence intention. The subjects are school boys from third graders to sixth graders participating in the children's soccer schools located in Seoul and Kyunggi province, and 300 elementary school boys participating in 10 soccer schools selected by the convenience sampling as one of non-probability method were surveyed through circulating questionnaires. 278 questionnaires were used in the final analysis. 4 parts such as demographic characteristics & participation level of the soccer school participants, achievement goal orientation, sports commitment and exercise adherence intention were used as the measurement tools in the survey questionnaire. The effective samples among collected questionnaires were statistically analyzed after the first error test. The package program, SPSS for Windows 18.0 was used for the statistical analysis. The statistical techniques such as Exploratory Factor Analysis, Correlation Analysis, and Multiple Regression were applied to the analysis of questionnaire items. The results through the above methods are as follows: First, the task orientation and the self orientation factors of the achievement goal orientation has significant correlations with the cognitive commitment and the behavior commitment factors of the sports commitment. Also, the cognitive commitment and the behavior commitment have significant correlations with exercise adherence intention. And the task orientation factor of the achievement goal orientation affects the cognitive commitment and the behavior commitment factors of the sports commitment, and the exercise adherence intention significantly, but the self orientation factor has no such significant effects. Second, the cognitive commitment factor of the sports commitment has significant effect on the exercise adherence intention. In conclusion, the task orientation factor of the soccer school participants' achievement goal orientation has the significant effect on the sports commitment and the exercise adherence intention, and only the cognitive commitment factor of the sports commitment affects the exercise adherence intention.

The purpose of this study is to recognize the effect of a psychomotor program on the motor performance abilities of students with autism. The 12-week study was performed 36 times for students with autism who never participated in psychomotorik program and took a special exercise class at J Children Development Center in Seoul, composed of 12 junior high school students (7 in the experimental, 7 in the control group). The study shows that there were not any differences in the cognitive performance abilities between the experimental and the control group. However, physical performance abilities were more enhanced in the experimental group than in the control. In addition, the total motor performance abilities, combined cognitive abilities and physical abilities, were more enhanced in the experimental group than in the control. The result of this study shows that the psychomotor program gave a positive impact on the motor performance abilities of students with autism and the psychomotor program was proved as a objective method to enhance abilities of motor performance for students with autism.

The purpose fo this study was to find out the effect of leisure activity participation on the deviant behavior prediction factors of elderly in korea through analysis of the intermediating effect of resilience. The participation fo this study 364 elderly people who were convenient sampling from the elderly residents in seoul. For accomplishing this study analyzing the collected data were reliability analysis, descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, standard multiple regression analysis. From the analysis of this study, the following conclusion were obtained: Frist according to the participated in leisure activities of elderly people, it was partially effected on deviant behavior prediction factors and resilience. Second, the degree of participation of elderly people's leisure activities, it was partially effected on deviant behavior prediction factors and resilience. Lastly the elderly deviant behavior prediction factors and resilience are related to the intermediating effect of resilience

The purpose of this study was to investigate incidences of falling and to develop a tailored fall-preventing program for nursing home residents. To achieve this purpose, incidences of falling were calculated for fall-rate, fall-type, fall-injury, injured region and fall-risk scores. Fall-preventive intervention was developed according to risk factors discovered in the literature review. Futhermore, four types of tailored fall-preventive exercises were developed according to fall-risk scores and bedridden status. As a result, fall-rates were 17.9%, falling down fall-types were 74.3%, bone fractures were 34.3%, and hip and femur fractures were 50%. Fall-risk groups were 99%. Nursing intervention according to nine risk factors was developed implementing four types of tailored fall-preventive exercises for high/low risk groups and active/passive ROM groups. In conclusion, these practical-complementary programs focused on avoiding injury risk and improving elderly care grade rather than rapid effects.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of disability sports mass media on rehabilitation of people with a disability in accordance with 2008 Beijing Paralympic Games. For the analysis, the difference between the media exposure effect, the diversity of each types of media and frequency were compared. With the founding, this study analyzed what are the implications of such result and the factors that exerted the largest influence on the effect of media exposure. Data analysis has been carried out based on 2008 Beijing Paralympic Games media exposure effect data provided by the researcher (the writer of this study) and the sponsoring corporation. Opinions from experts such as Korean Paralympic Committee's staff, the people in charge of media exposure and athletes with a disability, etc were collected. The analysis has been conducted based on the contents and frequency of media exposure from daily newspapers, technical magazines, all-around journals and sports magazines published during the game period of 2008 Beijing Paralympic Games. In accordance with those study procedures, the followings in below are the results of this study. The first of all, the biggest number in media exposure frequency was the online websites with approximately 57% and magazines, video clips and broadcastings were followed up in order. In case of broadcasting midium, Korea Broadcasting System(KBS) and Seoul Broadcasting System(SBS) had total 57.4% among the all and were composed of 60 times(28.8%) of KBS and 59 times(28.4%) of SBS and they placed the first and second respectively. Then, it was also found in the magazine midium that daily newspapers such as Chosun Daily were placed the most proportion with 85.4% among 848 cases; moreover, sporst magazine with 7.1%, economic journals with 2.6% and free newspapers followed right at daily magazines in sequence. In the fourth conclusion, news agency operation online sites held the biggest number with 648 times and proportion of 37.2% among 1,742 cases. Then, those in-depth interviewers responded that they regard and value disability sports had been developed and now that felt many duties and responsibilities as the national member. media staff also responded they now disability sports can be as high as non-disability sports. In accordance with all the results of this study, the Korean government and researchers have to emphasize to establish new sports polishes and strategy for enhancement of disability sports. After the application of new action in activation of disability sports, it will make many contributions towards the development of disability sports such as promotion of rehabilitation, welfare and social integration and life-quality.

The aim of the present study is to evaluate effects of Orthosis applied to 30 middle-aged patients with chronic joint pains around shoulders, waists and knees. The effects were measured and analyzed by means of MPQWL, VRS, VAS-I and VAS-U after 4, 8 and 12 weeks, respectively, during the 12-week application of the orthosis. From the findings of the measurement and analysis, following conclusion could be drawn: 1. Significant reductions in MPQWL were confirmed at each period of measurement since the use of Orthosis(p<.001). 2. Significant reductions were also revealed in VRS at each period of the measurement(p<.001). 3. VAS-I, too, turned out to be reduced significantly after 4-, 8- and 12-week use of Orthosis(p<.001). 4. The same reductions were found as well in VAS-U 4, 8 and 12 weeks after the application of the Orthosis(p<.001). In summary, it may be concluded from the outcomes that the use of Orthosis may help reduce drastically chronic joint pains, mostly effective to remove them speedily and safely. Patients, rehabilitation therapists and health experts are, therefore, recommended to employ the products as safe and effective means to control pains. Continued researches and experiments should further be conducted to collect more data from the larger population of patients with particular diseases in clinical situation, though.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aquarobics exercise on body composition and isokinetic muscular function of patients with knee osteoarthritis. The subjects were female elderly eighteen patients with knee osteoarthritis. This study selected nine people of aquarobics exercise group and nine people of non-aquarobics exercise group. The aquarobics program was goven 60 minutes and 3 times a week for 12 weeks. The results of this study were as follows. There were significant differences for left extension in 60°/sec and left flexion in 180°/sec. There were significant differences for right flexion and left extension in 240°/sec. In conclusion, there has been a substantial improvement in 12 weeks aquarobic exercises, which allowed the osteoarthritis patients to enhance their muscular function(strength, power, endurance).

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of thera-band training on physical fitness and service capabilities in tennis players. The subjects were divided into two groups: thera-band group(n=7) and control group(n=7). Subjects participated in 10 weeks of thera-band training for a hour, 4 times a week. Thera-band training program consisted of 10 training programs with the intensity of 12RM, 3set(1-5 weeks) and 12RM, 4set(6-10 weeks). The change of physical fitness and service capabilities have been measured pre and post 10 weeks. Paired and independent t-test was performed at the 0.05 level of significance. Muscle endurance, power and shoulder flexibility statistically significantly increased after 10 weeks of thera-band training(p<.01). But muscle strength increased with no significance. Service speed(p<.01) and service score(p<.05) statistically significantly increased after 10 weeks of thera-band training. As a result, thera-band training is one of effective ways to improve physical fitness and service capabilities. Therefore, thera-band training helps tennis players to make powerful service by various physical fitness factors as well as service capabilities and to win a competition by upgrading players' speed and score.

The purpose of this study was to develop safe and effective exercise rehabilitation program for the general public. For the purpose, men aged 40 and above(47 subjects) executed the exercise rehabilitation program for 8 weeks. The results were as follows; 1. There was a significant difference in flexibility between pre and post exercise 2. There was s significant difference in cardiovascular endurance between pre and post exercise 3. There was a significant difference in body fat % between pre and post exercise 4. There was a significant difference in fasting blood sugar between pre and post exercise 5. There was a significant difference in total cholesterol between pre and post exercise 6. There was a significant difference in bone density between pre and post exercise 7. There was not a significant difference in isokinetic muscular function(muscle strength & endurance of knee extension)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the backwards gait on the extremities lower muscle activity and the joint forces. 9 male university students walked forwards and backwards at the three selected speeds, 0.7m/s, 1,3m/s and 2m/s. During these conditions kinetics, kinematics and EMG were recorded. 2 way ANOVA for repeated measure, 1 way ANOVA for repeated measure and paired t tests were calculated with SPSS. From the EMG data there was a difference between the EMG for the soleus during first phase but it was not statistically significant. Whereas for the second phase there were statistically significantly larger EMG activity levels for the backwards walking according to an increase in speed. There was no significant difference in the medial gastrocnemius muscle. As the speed increased the activity for the biceps femoris increased significantly, but there was a significant difference only during the second phase. Also, for the rectus femoris, there was an increase in activity according to the speed, but there were no statistically significant differences. For the lateral gastrocnemius muscle there was a significant difference during the first phase. For the tibialis anterior muscle there was a significant difference during both the first and second phase. There was a significantly higher joint forces recorded at the ankle, knee and hip at event 2. In conclusion, there was a significant difference in the EMG activity recorded for the lower extremities which increased according to the increase in gait speed for both forward and backward walking. It was also found that the joint forces are minimized except for the landing phase during the backward gait.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how much the ratio of muscle fiber composition and strength is changed after power or endurance training. Twelve participants were randomly allocated to a endurance group or a power training group. Subsequently each group performed power & endurance training program 2 days per week for 10 weeks. To analyze composition of lumbar muscle fiber-type, fatigue response test(FRT) and back extensor strength was performed before, in and after training program using a MedX lumbar extension machine. The results are as the followings. The inroad of the endurance training group showed a tendency to decrease as before 51.7%, mid-term 27.7%, after 19.6%. As the inroad of muscle fatigue before 14.7%, mid-term 38.2%, after 65.6%, it was tended to increase in the power training group. The inroad of the power training group showed increased 25.23% of back extension strength than endurance training group. At the conclusion of this study, when the power or endurance training applying to the normal person, there was difference of useful which changes the lumbar muscle fiber-type.

This study aims to investigate the effects of physical activity participation on health in elderly individuals. From the population comprising the people older than 65 who are living in J, I, K cities and provinces across the country as of 2010 and who are attending welfare programs and pavilions for the elderly, 313 participants and 167 non-participants in physical activities totalling 480. Following outcomes could be drawn from the survey: First, Regarding health by participation in physical activities, the elderly male and female group who are participating in physical activities showed significant difference in physical, psychological and social health than those who aren't. Second, As to extent of participation in physical activities of the elderly, the more frequent, longer and intensive their participation in physical activities gets, the healthier they become physically, psychologically and socially. In sum, the elderly who were participating in physical activities turned out to enjoy quite better physical, psychological and social health than those who were not. It was also revealed that the more frequent, longer and intensive their participation in physical activities gets, the healthier the old people become physically, psychologically and socially. It may be, thus, concluded that activated physical activities of the elderly individuals can be thought to be the best way for the old people to enjoy healthier social life.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of long-term Hapkido exercise on general characteristics, ROM(range of motion) and blood profiles of male university students. The subjects were divided into control group(CG, n=8) and Hapkido exercise group(HG, n=8). Hapkido exercise was conducted 60min/day, 4days/week for more than 3 years. The participants was evaluated body composition, muscle strength and range of motion of each articulation including cervical, spine and hip. In addition, the whole blood was collected at fasting state for determining blood profiles. In body composition, %fat(p<.05) was significant difference between two groups. In addition, blood glucose and HDLC(p<.05) were significant difference between two groups. In the left grip strength(p<.05), HG appeared significantly higher than compared to CG ,and in the reaction time, HG was significantly faster than that of CG group. In the ROM of cervical vertebrae, the range of flexion(p<.01), Lt. side bending(p<.05) and Rt. side bending(p<.01). Rt. rotation(p<.05) was significantly higher value by Hapkido exercise of a long term. In the ROM of lumbar vertebrae, the range of Rt. side bending(p<.01), Lt. side bending(p<.05), Rt. rotation(p<.01), Lt. rotation(p<.05) was significantly higher value by long-term Hapkido exercise. In the ROM of hip joint, the range of Lt. extension(p<.05), Rt. flexion(p<.01), Lt. flexion(p<.05), both adduction(p<.01) and abduction(p<.01), Lt. external rotation(p<.05) was also significantly higher value by long-term Hapkido exercise. In the ROM of carpal joint the range of Rt. extension(p<.05), flexion(p<.01), Lt. extension(p<.01), flexion(p<.05), both unlnar deviation(p<.01), was significantly higher value by long-term Hapkido exercise. In the ROM of ankle joint, the range of Rt. plantar flexion(p<.05), both dorsi flexion(p<.01) was also significantly higher value by Hapkido exercise of a long term. From these results, it was suggested that long-term Hapkido exercise have a crucial role for not only improvement of blood glucose and HDLC but also improvement of flexibility of whole body.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the isokinetic muscle strength in knee joint at each angular velocity(low, medium, high) during exercise rehabilitation for operated patients due to knee injury, and to identify the optimal angular velocity which may present patients' pathological condition accurately. Subjects were 53 patients operated surgically due to knee injury. 34 subjects were operated with reconstruction method due to ACL injury, and 19 subjects were operated with transplantation method due to meniscus injury. Exercise rehabilitation program was applied following 2-week-ROM exercise. Test was performed for obtaining peak torque at each angular velocity with isokinetic dynamometer. Pre-test was performed during ROM exercise periods, and post-test was performed on 4th~5th week after pre-test. As a result, extensor and flexor strength in post-test at all angular velocities were significantly increased as compared with those in pre-test(p<.001). Increasing rate at low contractile velocity in extensor was significantly higher than those at medium and high contractile velocity(p<.05). E/F ratio at low contractile velocity in pre-test was significantly lower than those at medium and high contractile velocity(p<.05). In conclusion, exercise rehabilitation program applied in this study was effective on the recovery of muscle strength in patients operated due to knee injury. Muscle strength at low contractile velocity may present patients' pathological condition more accurately than that at medium or high contractile velocity. It is suggested that intervention strategies of improving patients' psychological compliance should be developed and applied when applying the low contractile protocol.

The purpose of this study is to compare spinal alignment, balance and muscular strength of lower-extrimity between gymnasts and freestyle snowboarders. This study measured trunk imbalance, pelvic tilt, pelvic torsion, lateral deviation, kyphotic angle, lordotic angle and the abilities of balance on each level and knee extension, flexion and ankle plantar flexion, dorsiflexion on each angular speed with 10 male gymnasts and 7 male freestyle snowboarders. The abilities of balance was measured every 3 times in 20 seconds on level 12(easy), level 6(hard), and level 1(very hard). Knee isokinetic muscular strength was measured 5 times, 5 times on the angular speed 60°/sec, 180°/sec respectively. Ankle isokinetic muscular strength was measured 5 times on the angular speed 60°/sec. Spinal alignment was measured by Formetric III, balance by Biodex stability System, and muscular strength by HUMAC. Statistical results were calculated by SPSS/PC Window version 16.0. It was analyzed by Independent 𝑡-test. The statistical level of significance was set to 𝑝<.05. 1. Snowboarders' lordotic angle was statistically higher than gymnasts'. 2. The difference between both groups were not significant on level 12(easy), level 6(hard), and level 1(very hard) tests. 3. Gymnasts' ankle plantar flexion, and dorsiflexion on the angular speed 60°/sec were denoted statistically higher than those of snowboarders. As a result, the spinal alignment of both groups were similar and both groups had excellent sense of balance. However, snowboarders' spine was bended slightly more than gymnasts' on forward direction. Snowboarders' knee and ankle muscular strength was significantly worse than gymnasts'. If gymnast's training program is applied to snowboarder, it will result in positive effects such as improvement on performances and skills.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the isotonic exercise, balance and combined(balance exercise and isotonic exercise) exercise on isometric lumbar extension strength in chronic low back pain patients. Three groups were performed for 60 minutes per day and two times a week during 8 weeks. At pre and post exercise, Medx lumbar extension strength test and Tetrax balance test were conducted. The results were as follows; i) isometric lumbar extension strength was significantly increased after isotonic exercise. Furthermore, Tetrax balance test shows that balance was significantly different among groups. ii) in balance exercise group, isometric lumbar extension strength was significantly increased after balance exercise. The balance was significantly different among groups. iii) in combined exercised group, isometric lumbar extension strength was significantly increased after combined exercise. The balance showed an improvement with the significant difference on Tetrax balance test. According to the results as presented above, the results showed statistically significant influence that isotonic exercise, balance exercise, combined exercise on isometric lumbar extension strength. The results will serve as an important information when treating low back pain patients.

The purpose of present study was to investigate the acute effects of different intensity treadmill exercise on blood lipids, atherosclerosis index (AI), insulin resistance (homeostatic model assessment index; HOMA index), and energy metabolism in overweight college-aged males. Subjects were randomly assigned to either a moderate intensity (n=6, 60-70% HRmax)or high intensity(n=6, 70-80%HRmax)treadmill exercise session that lasted for one hour. Blood lipids, AI, and HOMA index was assessed before and after the one hour exercise session. Data were analyzed by paired and independent t-tests and statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, glucose levels, and triglycerides, as well as the HOMA index and AI remained unchanged after completion of both the moderate and high intensity exercise sessions. Insulin levels were significantly decreased following the high intensity exercise protocol(p<0.05) but remained unaltered after the moderate intensity session. Both exercise protocols resulted in significant increases in total protein and free-fatty acid levels(p<0.05). Exercise intensity does not alter the lack of responses to a single, acute bout of aerobic exercise, reinforcing the importance of the need for long term aerobic exercise programs when targeting weight control and the prevention of obesity .

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Chiropractic on constipation improvement for constipation patients with subluxation. The frequency and percentage were used for the data analysis, and the t-test and Chi-square test were used for the verification of subluxation and CAS. The research results were as follows. The average angle of L1 before Chiropractic was 2.61±0.72°, but it decreased to 0.62 ± 0.68° after Chiropractic, which shows that subluxation significantly (p<.001) improved by Chiropractic adjustment. According to the RomeⅡ diagnosis standards, the sum score of "Yes" was 41(57.0%) and "No" was 31(43.0%) before Chiropractic. However, after Chiropractic, "Yes" decreased to 20(27.8%) and "No" increased to 52(72.2%), which shows that constipation symptoms improved by 29.2% by Chiropractic. CAS score before and after Chiropractic were 16.42±1.98 and 11.92±0.79, respectively, which shows that constipation symptoms significantly(p<.001) reduced by Chiropractic. In conclusion, these results suggest that Chiropractic has a significant effect on constipation improvement for constipation patients with subluxation.