Earticle

The purpose of this study was to examine the Influence of the laughter gymnastic program on elementary student's self-efficacy and social competence. The subjects were 84 boys and girls selected from 5th graders attending the test group(42) underwent the laughter gymnastic program and comparative group(42) experienced the traditional school curriculum S elementary school in Incheon. Data analysis was conducted through such statistical techniques as factor analysis, reliability analysis, t-test using SPSS 14.0. The results are as followings: first, the laughter gymnastic program on elementary student's affect the self-efficacy. second, the laughter gymnastic program on elementary student's affect the social competence. It came to a conclusion that the laughter gymnastic program was effective in the improvement of self-efficacy and social competence.

This study is aimed to investigate the relationship of self-management, perceived performance, and the transformational leadership of disabled sports coach, which are made through revitalization movements. Throughout the preceding research, hypothesis model was set up: the performance of athletes with disabilities can be promoted through their self-management, and along with it, the transformational leadership of the disabled sports coach enhances their performance. This hypothesis model was verified to see whether it actually reflects the reality. The total number of disabled participants are 228, including 152 males and 71 females (age: 22~87, M=46.6, s=23.5), and they are either amputees or disabled people with a degree of disability 1~6. Five questions on transformational leadership and one question on self-management are eliminated because they are deficient in the required value of standardized regression weight. Both the modified transformation leadership (TLI= .904, CFI= .921, RMSEA= .064) and the model fit of self-management (TLI= .912, CFI= .940, RMSEA= .049) are acceptable since they are above the standard value, and the validity evidence based on internal structure and the reliability of internal consistency are also accepted. In addition, the variables of the transformational leadership and self-management are also accepted based on discrimination. As a result of path analysis of hypothesis model, the transformational leadership of the disabled sports coach and the individual self-management directly improves the disabled athletes' performances. Especially, the transformational leadership joined with self-management as mediator can improve their performances indirectly.

The purpose of this study was to investigate a pre-competitive state anxiety in wheelchair tennis player on performance according to rival cognitive levels and whether or not the result of wheelchair tennis match changed by the state anxiety. Subjects consisted of 32 wheelchair tennis players (elite: 16, genenal: 16) and in age from 34-45, with a mean age of 41.7 year. The state anxiety of subjects was evaluated every 30 minute before. The data were analyzed by using two-way ANOVAs of group (elite and genenal) and result (winning and losing). And Two-way ANOVAs was conducted to investigate the difference on sports competitive state anxiety according to rival cogntitive levels. Dependent variables were cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence scores. The research findings revealed that cognitive anxiety was positively related to somatic anxiety but cognitive anxiety was negatively related to self-confidence. But self-confidence was positively related to the performance of wheelchair tennis in elite wheelchair tennis players.

This research aims to understand the effects of juveniles' autonomous after school physical activities on their anger expression modes. To do that, a questionnaire survey was conducted of 368 high school students in K city and B city, Gyeyonggi Province, Korea. Of the students, 208 responded that they participated in autonomous after school physical activities. The responses were analyzed with State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI-K) and applied with such statistical techniques as t-test based on SPSS 12.0 Window Program, One-way ANOVA, post-hoc test based on Scheffe' Method, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The following are the findings of this research. First, male students could regulate their anger more efficiently when participating in extracurricular autonomous physical activities than females. Second, the participants in extracurricular autonomous physical activities could find more vents for their anger and less factors to hold their anger than non-participants. Third, there was a significant difference in their regulating, expressing and suppressing their anger, depending upon the frequency of the students' participating in autonomous after school physical activities. However, there was not a significant difference depending upon the time of the students' participation. In contrast, there was a significant difference in regulating their anger depending upon the period of the students' participating. Finally, it is also significant that the students' participation in autonomous after school physical activities had a static effect on their anger expression modes. The above-mentioned results show that students' participation in autonomous after school physical activities has a positive effect on their anger expression modes and that their autonomous physical activities need be reflected on the programs for rehabilitating and/or counseling juveniles so that they may be adequately advised to attend regular or irregular physical exercises as much as time permits.

This study examines the concept of manpower's connection concerning long-term care that is researched Long-term Care Insurance System for the old-aged, considers present conditions and problems of manpower's service-connection and aims to develop successful improvement for successful service-connection among long-term care jobs. The summary of this study is as follows : 1. We have to state definite rules and procedures of service network in the contents of work guidelines of Long-term care-related tasks. 2. We expect that the existence of care managers(the managers of care) will be needed in forming service network of Long-term care-related tasks. 3. We have to realize the importance of service network of Long-term care-related tasks and have an enthusiastic attitude. 4. To perform these service networks successfully , we have to create the environment and criteria that Long-term care-related tasks can evaluate their subjective abilities. 5. We need the management and prevention of homogeneity among four jobs. 6. To boost the service network between professionals in the field of care, the professional network of visiting health business must be strengthen. As a result, this study provides some important preliminary data of Long-term care service's connection concerning problem and improvement among jobs of Long-term care for the old-aged. For the next study, we expect examine various factors affecting service's connection, construct more systematic theories about jobs of long-term care for the old-aged and analyze synthetically factors.

The purpose of this study was to invest the relationship difference according to elementary school students' physical strength .sociality and their self-esteem. In order to achieve this aim, the study selected 244 sixth graders in M elementary school in Incheon, and determined their physical strength level though a measuring method by items to test in the assessment system of students' health and physical strength. Based on obtained data, the study verified the relationship between the students' physical strength and sociality and their self-esteem by employing the SPSS 15.0 for windows through one-way ANOVA, and gained the following results. First, there was a significant correlation between their physical strength and sociality. The higher was their physical strength level, the more the level of sociality development in sociability, cooperativity, volunteering mind, and responsibility except for planning quality, all of which are sub-areas of sociality was likely to be high. Second, there was a significant correlation between their physical strength and self-esteem. The higher was the physical strength level, the higher was the development level of general self-esteem, scholastic self-esteem, and social self-esteem except for familial self-esteem, all of which are the sub-areas of self-esteem. This result implies that elementary school students' physical strength and sociality portray an important role in the development of their self-esteem. Sociality and self-esteem, which are indispensable factors for self-realization and proper social life, develop remarkably during the elementary school period. Accordingly, it is desirable to promote physical activities for improving physical strength during the elementary school period. With this goal, there is a need to lead elementary school students to perceive the importance of the development of physical strength and to emphasize the normalization elementary physical education.

A few studies investigating lumbar ROM, lumbar extension strength, and pain degrees of patients after lumbar microdiscectomy due to herniated intervertebral disc (HIVD) have been reported in the literature. The purpose of this study was to investigate rehabilitation exercise (RE) programs on lumbar ROM (sit-&-reach, trunk extension, lateral bending), lumbar extension strength, and pain degrees after 12 weeks. Subjects were 30 patients who underwent lumbar microdiscectomy with a minimum one year of follow-up were randomly selected. They were randomly classified with RE (n=14; male 7, female 7) and non-RE (n=16; male 8, female 8) groups. We measured lumbar ROM from sit-&-reach, trunk extension, and lateral bending tests, lumbar extension strength from MedX machine, and pain degrees from pain scale invented by Taylor, Hallett, and Flaherty (1981). Statistical analysis was performed using independent t-test and paired t-test. Results are as follows; First, there were significantly increased in ROMs of sit-&-reach, trunk extension, and left or right lateral bending in RE groups after 12 weeks. Also the ROMs of RE were significantly different to those of non-RE after an experiment. Secondly, there were significantly increased in lumbar strength of isometric back extension tests which had 7 angles, 0-72°, in RE groups after 12 weeks. Also the lumbar strength of RE were significantly different to those of non-RE after an experiment. At last, there were significantly decreased in pain degrees in all groups. However, the pain degrees of RE were more declined than those of non-RE. The results suggested that rehabilitation exercise for patients operated by HIVD can furnish positive effect on ROM, back strength, and pain after 12 weeks.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to introduce a therapeutic exercise program for successful return to activity after repairing Superior Labrum from Anterior to Posterior (SLAP) lesion. Method: A professional baseball pitcher with type II SLAP lesion voluntarily participated in the study. ROM of a shoulder complex was measured with a goniometer. Internal and external rotators strengths of the shoulder complex were measured with an isokinetic equipment at 60°/s and 180°/s. Results: The results were as follows: Full ROM and shoulder strength were restored functional recovery at the final 5th stage was prolonged more than expectation in order to achieve high fast ball speed and control of pre-injury level. Conclusions: Rehabilitation exercise may require extended periods for functional recovery in an athlete. Also functional rehabilitation stage should be considered about sports specific movements and activities.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of aquatic exercise rehabilitation on the knee joint pain and function in elderly women with osteoarthritis. For this purpose, 30 subjects over 65 years old who were osteoarthritis patients divided into two groups, exercise group and non-exercise group. Collected data were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed rank test and Mann-Whitney U test. The results of this study were as follows. Pain score significantly dropped in exercise group(p<.01). There were significant differences in the percent change of pain score after the aquatic exercise rehabilitation between exercise and control group(p<.001). Range of Motion(ROM) was significantly increased in exercise group(p<.05). There were significant differences in the percent change of ROM after the period between the two groups(p<.001). Time of Get up and go(GUG) significantly dropped in exercise group(p<.05) and also Steps of GUG significantly dropped in exercise group(p<.01). There were significant differences in time and steps of GUG after the aquatic exercise rehabilitation between exercise and control group(p<.05). Therefore, the aquatic exercise rehabilitation decreased in pain score, but ROM and function of knee joint were increased.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of aerobic exercise for 12-weeks on Vascular Compliance and Blood Lipids in over age 60 elderly women patients with hypertensive. Twenty-three elderly women were divided into the following 2 groups; (1) control group(n=11), (2) exercise group(n=12). Elderly women were subjected to aerobic exercise for 3day a week for 12 weeks. Two-way repeated ANOVA was conducted to verify the statistical differences between (1) and (2). The results are as follows. There was no significant difference in the categories of SBP, DBP, HDL-C, Total cholesterol, Triglyceride, baPWV Right, baPWV Left within two groups. The exercise groups decreased than the control groups in the categories of HDL-C, baPWV Right, baPWV Left and Triglyceride. The control groups decreased than the exercise groups in the concentration of total cholesterol. These results were made certain that control the low the blood lipid for elderly on aerobic exercise. Besides, We will be effective the Vascular Compliance and prevent the hypertensive As doing the aerobic exercise.

The purpose of this study was to find out the different body composition, functional fitness, and blood pressure investigate the change after combined exercise of the rural elderly. The subjects of this study were consisted of 40 elderly who were over 65 year old and dwelled in the rural area(combined exercise group=20, control group=20). The combined exercise program was executed 60 minute a day, 3 times a week for 24 week. The result explains that the combined exercise group were as follows; Above all, The result of the study %fat, fat mass have decreased markedly and skeletal muscle mass has increased after their practice, All the parts has improved except for back scratch test in functional fitness. 244cm up- and-go has decreased markedly and diastolic blood pressure has decreased markedly. The result of the study is that composition exercise has positive effect on body composition functional fitness, and blood pressure.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of medio-lateral pelvic asymmetry on the lower extremity kinematics during walking in female adults. To solve the research question three-dimensional motion analysis was performed with 7 infrared cameras(Proreflex MCU 240, Qualisys) with sampling frequency as 100Hz. Total of 10 female adults participated and they were divided into two groups: Asymmetric group(AG; n=5, age: 26.4±3.8 yrs, Pelvic tilt: 9±2.1 mm) and Symmetric group(SG; age: 25.6±3.2 yrs, Pelvic tilt: 2±1.0 mm). To determine their pelvic asymmetric level, Formatric-III was used. Total of 8-segmental rigid-link human body model(trunk, pelvis, left & right foot, shank and thigh) was used for this study. To find the group differences independence t-test was performed (α= .05). After data analysis following results were found. Firstly, for all of the 3-dimensional lower extremity joints pattern during walking, AG revealed similar pattern with SG. Secondly, for the asymmetric index, AG showed higher asymmetric indices of lower extremity joints than those of SG at most of events. The frequency of this pattern also increase at proximal joints compare with distal joints. Thirdly, for the knee joint, AG showed significant asymmetric difference compared with SG at HC of sagittal plane motion (p <.05). Finally, for the hip joint, AG showed the higher asymmetric indices than those of SG at TO and MSW of both frontal and transversal planes motion.

The aim of the present study is to evaluate effects of Spheroid 9000NS applied to 10 elderly patients with Chronic Low Back Pain. The effects were measured and analyzed by means of MPQWL, VRS, VAS-I and VAS-U after 4, 8 and 12 weeks, respectively, during the 12-week application of the Spheroid 9000NS. From the findings of the measurement and analysis, following conclusion could be drawn: Significant reductions in MPQWL were confirmed at each period of measurement since the use of Spheroid 9000NS(p<.001). Significant reductions were also revealed in VRS at each period of the measurement(p<.001). Significant reductions were also revealed in VAS-I at each period of the measurement(p<.001). The same reductions were found as well in VAS-U 4, 8 and 12 weeks after the application of the Spheroid 9000NS(p<.001). In sum, it may be concluded from the outcomes that the use of Spheroid 9000NS may help reduce drastically Chronic Low Back Pain, mostly effective to remove them speedily and safely. Patients, rehabilitation therapists and health experts are, therefore, recommended to employ the products as safe and effective means to control pains. Continued researches and experiments should further be conducted to collect more data from the larger population of patients with particular diseases in clinical situation, though.

This study aims to inquire the impact of foot reflexology on blood lactic acid and ammonia level, and identify and apply the usage of foot reflexology on sports as a part of physical therapy. For this study, six male students of physical education department were participated in this test. Before exercising, objects went all out on bicycle ergometer with the intensity of (weight × 0.075) kp for 90 seconds or 2 minutes. Their blood was collected the total of three times before exercising, after exercising and 30 minutes after recovery method. The data were processed using SPSS-PC (ver 14.0). The significance level was set up as a=.05. Regarding the results, blood lactic acid reduction ratio according to the rest type for 30 minutes showed significant difference (p< .01). And the change of blood ammonia level showed significant difference in foot reflexology group with 30 minute-convalescence (p<.05). These suggest that foot reflexology could be an effective recovery method after exercising. It would be effective to overcome fatigue, boost immunity, enhance performance, and be in a good state of health if it is applied to sports in various ways.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of participation in a complex exercise program on the ability to cope with the fall and balance is the elderly. The study subjects residing in the Metropolitan B over 60 years of age who were elderly. Selection criteria of study subjects experienced a fall of more than one elderly woman as independent as possible to everyday life, and I do not understand the instructions of the program's intellectual and spiritual level, and fill in the experiment gave consent to accept female volunteers 10 was comprised. Complex exercise program (exercise bands, balance pad exercise) 3 times a week for 10 weeks, average of 70 minutes was conducted. First, the subjects of the composite average of 7.3 time fixture conducted an exercise program, the standard deviation is 1.889. Exercise conducted after making a composite average of 12.1 time, the standard deviation is 2.378. Conducted multiple exercises do not I do strength and muscle strength after implementation of the corresponding value of 14.697 samples t- test results, and note that the probability (α =. 05) appeared to have found a statistically significant difference. Second, the subjects carried an exercise program before the equilibrium of the composite average of 8.89 seconds last name, the standard deviation is 3.186. Complex exercise conducted after an average of 15.284 seconds, the standard deviation is 1.097. Conducted multiple exercises conducted before and after the balanced equilibrium value of 14.759 t Castle corresponding sample test result, and note that the probability (α =. 05) appeared to have found a statistically significant difference.

The object of this paper is to find out the effect of stretching training on motor ability of children with hemiplegia through three factors: flexibility, muscle strength and agility, body balancing. The followings are the results found after applying the stretching training program to three children with hemiplegia 3 times a week for 12 weeks, totally 42 times. First, the effect of the stretching training for flexibility realm was shown to be excellent comparing with other considering factors. After regular stretching training program, it showed continuous improvement of exercise capacity in flexibility. Especially, the effect was evident in boys rather than girls. Second, the stretching training has a huge effect on the muscle strength and agility realm. It showed that it was more effective in the filed of the sub skills of push-up, return running and body location changing than the sub skills of long jump. Third, the stretching training is effective on the improvement of the body balance realm. Although it showed less active results than other filed, it had the similar effect to three students regardless of their gender. Meanwhile, there are some minor differences in the former researches on the filed of flexibility, which results from the gap of the method of training. Recent studies have some matters such as time of stretching, period of stretching, frequency of stretching, and maintenance of stretching. To handle these matters, the differences of individual property, circumstance of the students should be considered enough, and there should be more specific in constructing programs. Also, it is required that various and individual stretching programs should be developed deliberately and be applied to many institutions such as households and schools to maintain maximum effects.

This study is aimed at verifying the effect of aerobic exercise prescription during 16 weeks and discontinuance of it 4 weeks on the. recognizing the importance of aerobic exercise, analyzing changes of body composition in obesity management, understanding the influence of aerobic exercise on the athletes and middle-aged obese women, and being a help to improvement of national physical strength. Dividing twenty middle-aged women living in K province of I metropolitan city into exercise group and non-exercise group by ten participants, during 16 weeks one hour a day, four times a week, exercise was conducted with 40% intensity during 8 weeks, and 50% intensity during another 8 weeks, in accordance with a formula of maximum heart rate, and during 4 weeks, exercise was discontinued to test. As the result of body-fat analysis, it showed significant difference by p=.015 after conducting 16week aerobic exercise, and by p=.013 in 4 week comparison after discontinuance of exercise. As the result of analyzing abdominal fat ratio, it showed significant difference by p=.003 after conducting 16 week aerobic exercise, and by p=.005 in 4-week comparison after discontinuance of exercise. As the result of obesity degree (%) between groups, it didn't show significant difference by p=.047 after conducting 16-week aerobic exercise. Leptin(㎍/㎗) Difference in concentration in the exercise group than non-treatment group the difference was significant at p =. 035.