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This study aims to analyze tourists' emotions related to palace tourism using big data-based sentiment analysis and to derive the current status and improvement measures for palace tourism. By utilizing SNS data collected from October 2023 to October 2024, positive, negative, and neutral sentiments were analyzed, and key keywords and sentiment factors were identified. The analysis results revealed that positive sentiments accounted for a higher proportion than negative ones, indicating that experiences such as traditional cultural activities, understanding historical value, and nighttime tours contributed to high tourist satisfaction and intentions to revisit. In particular, tourists were found to have positive experiences through activities like wearing traditional Korean hanbok, appreciating traditional architecture, and enjoying nighttime palace tours. On the other hand, negative sentiments stemmed from inadequate tourism services, poor facility management, and crowded environments, which were analyzed as factors that could reduce tourist satisfaction. Accordingly, this study proposes practical improvement measures, such as enhancing the quality of tourism services, strengthening maintenance systems, developing diverse experiential content, and implementing marketing strategies that involve tourists. This study provides a foundational resource for diagnosing the value of palace tourism based on tourist sentiments and for promoting sustainable development in the sector.

As a main purpose of ecotourism is to protect natural environment, it is important to ensure sustainability of ecotourism sites. Also, understanding ecotourists’ behavior related to sustainability is a key for ecotourism because their activities might impact on the sustainability in any form. Thus, this study was designed to analyze the integrated model of Self-determination Theory and the Theory of Planned Behavior, along with sustainable intelligence as a moderating variable, to identify the behavioral intention of ecotourists. The empirical analysis was conducted using 265 questionnaires collected from ecotourists visiting Geomun Oreum Lava Tube, utilizing SPSS/WIN 27.0 and AMOS 23. The results revealed that a stronger sense of intrinsic motivation positively influences planned behavior and ultimately has a significant impact on the formation of behavioral intention. Furthermore, it was confirmed that sustainable intelligence has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between ecotourists' attitude and their behavioral intention. The contributions of this study are as follow. First, this study provides unique understandings on ecotourists’ behavioral intention based on the integrated model of the two theories which has not been actively discussed in the previous studies. Second, this study suggests new findings on the value of sustainable intelligence as a moderating variable in order to improve ecotourists’ behavioral intention. Based on these contributions, we need to develop ecotourism considering the relationships among the variables of self-determination and planned behavior related to sustainable intelligence of ecotourists.

As workplace relationships become increasingly complex, the prevalence of Machiavellianism has led to a significant depletion of employees' work and emotional resources. This has prompted some employees to adopt workplace deviance to prevent resource depletion and even retaliate through negative reciprocity. workplace deviance by employees has become one of the major causes of economic loss in companies and has gradually attracted attention in the field of organizational management in recent years. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate whether Machiavellianism increases workplace deviance among employees and to analyze the role of moral disengagement as a mediator in this process. In addition, we investigated the moderating role of perceived abusive supervision between Machiavellianism and moral disengagement and whether the mediating role of moral disengagement in the process of Machiavellianism influencing employees' workplace deviance is moderated by perceived abusive supervision. To test this model, we collected data from 282 employees from Chinese SMEs. The results showed that Machiavellianism positively influenced employees’ workplace deviance through moral disengagement, perceived abusive supervision positively moderated Machiavellianism's influence on employees’ workplace deviance, and moderated the mediating effect of moral disengagement in Workplace Exclusion on employees' workplace deviance. This study reveals the negative effects of Machiavellianism and moral disengagement, provides new perspectives for organizations to guard against workplace deviance, broadens the field of research, and brings important insights for organizations.

We examined the changes in science high school students' epistemological beliefs about chemistry after completing Advanced Chemistry 2, as well as the impact of these changes on their academic achievement in the subject. For 75 second-year students at G science high school in Gyeongnam, changes in epistemological beliefs about chemistry were analyzed over a 7-month period, from January 2024 to August 2024, before and after completing Advanced Chemistry II. Chemistry academic achievement was assessed by classifying end-ofsemester grades from Advanced Chemistry II into upper and lower levels in the first semester of the second year and analyzed statistically using SPSS 28. The results showed that students' favorable response rates for epistemological beliefs about chemistry decreased after completing Advanced Chemistry II. Among the detailed factors, the 'concepts' factor demonstrated an increase in favorable response rates, while the other factors showed a decline. To further explore the trends in changes in epistemological beliefs about chemistry, in-depth interviews were conducted with six selected students.

We aim to establish a mid- to long-term master plan to drive the sustainable development of Daejeon City's future garden infrastructure. This plan focuses on expanding garden culture and industrial infrastructure while fostering new initiatives through a thorough diagnosis of the current situation and the discovery of innovative projects to build a competitive garden industry cluster. In particular, it is characterized by presenting the development direction for Daejeon City's gardens based on the Korea Forest Service's Second Basic Plan for Garden Promotion. By objectively analyzing the economic and social value assessments and ripple effects of various garden sectors and types, we will develop organic implementation strategies across all garden-related fields, including new business discovery, garden education, garden culture, garden industry, and programs.

Nowadays, the availability of data security is considered important. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to derive a strategy for improving data security for digital transformation(DX) of SMEs. The research method compared previous studies to derive necessary indicators for digital transformation of SMEs in four stages. First, in the planning stage, it is DX strategy establishment, product development conversion, IT security management. Second, in the marketing stage, it is data management, strategic use of data. Third, in the production management stage, it is operational efficiency improvement, innovative smart factory management. Fourth, in the personnel management stage, it is education and collaboration conversion, internal and external personnel management. In addition, the results of finding various methods for data security and mapping them by item are as follows. Strategic planning requires access control, authority control, and virtual table methods. The field of marketing requires access control, authority control, The field of production management requires access control, authority control, and virtual table. Access control was needed in the field of personnel management.

Mindfulness, which indicates a practice of conscious awareness, is currently gaining much attention in educational fields as it shows promising potential to foster college learners’ mental health as well as academic performance. The challenges learners increasingly face such as heavy academic demands, social pressure, and emotional stress have led to growing interests in mindfulness-based interventions, or MBIs. The present study aims to navigate both potential benefits and challenges of incorporating MBIs in higher education. For this purpose, a comprehensive literature review that consisted of studies published between 2020 and 2024 was conducted, examining the impact that mindfulness approach can result in on academic performance, mental health, and the overall well-being of learners in college. The key findings of the study show that MBIs appeared to be effective in reducing negative emotions such as stress, depression, anxiety, and in improving college learners’ cognitive function, attention, motivation, and academic performance in general. However, relevant challenges and limitations still remind, including meeting the adequate need for qualified instructors, potential harms that its misuse could cause, and lack of long-term research conducted on the MBI effectiveness. Taking these factors account and developing evidence-based strategies in mindfulness would be necessary to reach the full potential of MBI implemented in higher education. Relevant implications are discussed.

This study explores the roles and implications of photogrammetry and volumetric technologies, essential tools in 3D graphics and digital content production. Interest in these technologies began to rise in the early 2000s, but adoption was initially hindered by high costs and technical complexity. However, the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the demand for non-face-to-face solutions, positioning these technologies as key enablers for creating realistic 3D representations of objects, spaces, and individuals in virtual environments. This study aims to analyze the significance of photogrammetry and volumetric technologies, their industrial applications, and their role in immersive media and digital transformation. Text mining techniques, including keyword trend analysis, relationship analysis, and word cloud visualizations, were used to assess industry and public interest. The findings reveal a growing demand for high-quality 3D data and highlight the transformative impact of photogrammetry and volumetric technologies across various industries. Their applications in immersive media tools, such as virtual tourism and digital twin construction, are particularly noteworthy. The study also emphasizes collaborative efforts between public and private sectors in advancing these technologies. This research establishes a foundation for future advancements, contributing to the improvement of 3D capture technologies in digital content production. By highlighting their increasing role in immersive media and digital transformation, the study provides insights into their expanding industrial applications and sets the stage for further technological development and accessibility improvements.

In a business environment shaped by technological change, intensified global competition, and the push for innovation-driven development, employee behaviors such as implementing change, applying new knowledge, or improving processes in an organization can enhance the individual capabilities of employees. In some Chinese SMEs, employees redefine work processes in personally meaningful ways and innovatively align their vision with organizational goals, fostering concrete innovations through positive motivation.This study was conducted through a questionnaire survey of 291 employees of SMEs in China. The empirical findings show that job crafting positively influences employees' innovative work behaviors through job engagement, while self-regulated learning ability has a significant positive moderating effect on the relationship between job crafting and job engagement. This study not only expands the research scope of employees' innovative work behaviors, but also verifies that the development of self-regulated learning ability is a novel and necessary way to release employees' innovative potential, and provides a theoretical basis for further research on the impact brought by employees' job crafting.

The surprise military provocation against Israel carried out by Hamas in October 2023 has delivered a significant shock to the international community, including Israel. In response to Hamas’s provocation, Israel has expressed its determination to annihilate Hamas by conducting retaliatory military operations in the form of missile attacks and ground operations. Considering Hamas’s limited military power and Israel’s historical responses, Hamas’s military provocation against Israel can be evaluated as an irrational decision from the perspective of rational decision-making. This study aims to examine the cause of such irrational decision-making by Hamas from the perspective of strategic culture. Strategic culture is a theory that the unique culture formed by a nation or group influences their decision-making. This approach is meaningful in that it can logically analyze irrational decisions that cannot be explained from the perspective of realism. In this study, a text analysis technique based on semantic network analysis, a representative methodology of strategic culture analysis, was applied to scientifically derive Hamas’s strategic culture. As a result, this study analyzed the cause of Hamas’s provocation based on the inferred strategic culture of Hamas, and aimed to derive the strategic implications for Korea in the North Korean issue from this strategic cultural approach.

Many educators find teaching stressful and hard to meet the rapidly growing demands of the complex classroom settings. It becomes increasingly more important to preserve their mental health and a sense of efficiency in teaching because of adverse consequences that would otherwise develop. Mindfulness, in this regard, an ancient practice of conscious awareness of the self, has received much attention for its promising effects in fostering teacher well-being and better practices in learning environments. The present study investigates mindfulnessbased interventions and its both positive and negative impacts on secondary school and college instructors, derived from a comprehensive, yet balanced review of the existing literature. The results showed that incorporating mindfulness practices appeared to be a powerful tool for reducing negative emotions (e.g., stress, anxiety, and teaching-related burnout), and fostering emotional regulation, self-compassion, and skills for classroom management. On the other hand, the authors also acknowledged the manifest challenges and limitations linked to mindfulness: need for explicit operational definition, potential threats of misinterpretation and frivolous applications. In order for stakeholders to thoroughly and adequately reach the promising potential of mindfulness practices, the authors suggested a few practical strategies for its successful implementation. Sufficient comprehension of both inherent gains and harms of mindfulness would help educators to enhance their emotional well-being, ultimately leading to create a more productive learning setting.

We need to study what content should be introduced to the garden village and determine the context for operating garden-related programs in connection with the national (local) garden. This will enable Gangjin to function as the first true Namdo tourist destination. Additionally, we aim to identify the types of experiences and services the garden village can offer to visitors of the national (local) garden and develop a plan to create the garden village in a way that brings economic benefits to the local residents. As a result, we will propose programs that can be operated using existing village housing, roads, and spaces, and suggest ways to transform these areas to effectively support the planned programs.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of preschool mathematics education classes using blended PBL on pre-service preschool teachers' mathematics teaching efficacy and attitudes toward mathematics. For this purpose, 40 students enrolled in a college in City A were selected as research participants. The participants were divided into two groups: Group A received preschool mathematics education using PBL, and Group B received preschool mathematics education using blended PBL. Both groups were organized into teams based on the results of a learning style assessment, and surveys on mathematics teaching efficacy and attitudes toward mathematics were conducted before and after the course. The results indicated that students who received preschool mathematics education using blended PBL showed more positive improvements in their mathematics teaching efficacy and attitudes toward mathematics. These findings provide implications for effective preschool mathematics education class management for pre-service preschool teachers.

Currently, with the rapid advancement of big data technology, the era of digital economy for logistics enterprises is swiftly approaching. To more accurately identify the factors influencing the development of logistics enterprises in the context of big data, this paper employs the literature research method to review relevant research literature and draws on existing research findings to construct a research model that examines the relationships among big data capabilities, enterprise logistics capabilities, and enterprise performance. Initially, descriptive statistical analysis was conducted on survey data collected from 257 logistics enterprises. Subsequently, reliability and validity tests of the questionnaire were performed, followed by mediation effect tests to empirically validate the theoretical hypotheses. The research results indicate that big data capabilities have a positive impact on the performance of logistics enterprises, big data capabilities positively affect the logistics capabilities of enterprises, and logistics capabilities positively influence the performance of logistics enterprises. Furthermore, logistics capabilities play a mediating role in the impact of big data capabilities on logistics enterprise performance. This study can provide significant practical assistance in helping logistics enterprises enhance their competitive advantage and promote reform and development. Its academic significance lies in breaking through the boundaries of traditional theories, constructing a new framework for the co-evolution of technology-organization-environment, and laying a methodological foundation for subsequent research.

This study examines the impact of flipped learning-based presentation activities on EFL college students’ English-speaking abilities and their perceptions of communication competence. Forty-four students participated over 15 weeks. They engaged in pre-learning through video lectures, collaborated in group tasks during class, and delivered final presentations after receiving feedback. The results showed significant improvement in speaking fluency, followed by complexity and accuracy. Students’ perceptions of communication competence also increased across all subcategories, with the greatest improvements in “ consideration” and “understanding subject.” These findings suggest that flipped learning-based presentation activities effective enhance both English-speaking skills and perceptions of communication competence.

Emotional digital humans have powerful applications in various fields due to their ability to respond to users' emotional needs. The realization of emotional digital humans requires a complex technological approach that tracks emotions and generates responses that match the flow of conversation. We aim to enable digital humans to respond more precisely and effectively emotionally, so that they can be applied to various services through emotional and intuitive conversations with people. To this end, we developed a model that analyzes emotional changes occurring during conversations by combining the latest deep learning-based emotion analysis model and natural language processing techniques. The model proposed in this study consists of a emotion analysis module for multimodal data, a transformer-based context recognition module for contextual emotion recognition in conversations, and an adaptive emotional response module based on reinforcement learning that reflects user feedback. As a result of our research, we confirmed that a multimodal model that integrates text, voice, and facial expression data has higher accuracy and F1 score in emotion recognition than a single modal model. We confirmed emotional changes according to the conversation stage, which shows that digital humans should adjust their emotional responses according to the progress of the conversation. We expect that this study will provide insights into building an emotion analysis framework essential for digital humans with emotional intelligence.

The fashion industry has actively incorporated AI technologies to revolutionize the entire process from design to production, distribution, logistics, inventory management, trend forecasting, and personalized services, thereby achieving strategic efficiency and increased revenue. As generative AI technologies rapidly advance across various sectors, fashion collections created with AI have emerged as a trending topic, positioning AI as a key driver for seasonal product launches. Consequently, understanding the characteristics of AI-driven fashion collections underscores the need for research into the effective application of generative AI programs within the fashion design industry. This study aims to analyze examples of fashion collections utilizing generative AI and serve as foundational data to prepare for the future changes and developments in the fashion industry.

This study analyzes the Australia's initiative to establish a multilateral security cooperation framework in the Asia-Pacific region in the 1990s and explores its implications for the current security situation in Northeast Asia. The initiative, proposed in response to the changing international order after the end of the Cold War, was an attempt to apply the CSCE(Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe) model to Asia. Based on constructivism, this paper examines Australia's efforts in terms of norm formation and diffusion, trust-building through interaction, institutionalization of norms, and re-conceptualization of ideas. It also explores the feasibility of multilateral security cooperation in Asia, particularly through the case of security cooperation between the ROK(Republic of Korea) and Australia. Australia’s initiative contributed to invigorating discussions on multilateral security cooperation in Asia and disseminating international norms, such as the commitment to arms control and disarmament. However, it faced limitations due to the clash of strategic interests in Asia among major powers, notably the United States and China, reflects the competing priorities and geopolitical agendas in the region. Insufficient consideration of regional particularities was another main cause why the initiative has not yet been accomplished. Notwithstanding, this study highlights the necessity of multilateral cooperation in the current security context in Northeast Asia. This is because non-traditional security threats can serve as an opportunity for regional states to enhance security cooperation. If trust is built through cooperation, it will provide another opportunity to expand into military domains such as arms control and reducing military threats.

This study analyzed the relationship between metacognition and academic achievement among university students. A survey was conducted with 74 university students, using a metacognition questionnaire based on six areas: goal setting, learning planning and strategies, self-evaluation and reflection, time management, problem-solving and adaptation, and learning motivation and confidence. The results showed that the overall average metacognition score of the students was 3.43, indicating an active attitude toward learning. Particularly, goal setting and problem-solving strategies were found to have significant correlations with academic achievement. Gender analysis revealed that female students generally had higher metacognition scores, but the gender difference in academic performance was minimal. Additionally, correlation analysis of each item confirmed that learning planning, time management, and referencing materials for problem-solving influenced academic achievement. This study emphasizes the significant impact of metacognition on learning outcomes and suggests the need for educational approaches aimed at enhancing learning strategies and metacognitive abilities.

An oxide ceramic composite material powder was prepared from a precursor in which a metal hydrate aqueous solution of nickel and zinc was impregnated with starch, a natural polymer. The surface structure of the synthesized NiO-ZnO nanocomposite was investigated with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the crystal structure and particle size of the NiO-ZnO nanocomposite particles generated according to an increase in the heat treatment temperature of the precursor were confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and SEM. The size of the NiO-ZnO particles obtained by calcination at 400-800°C for 1 hour was 50-200 nm, and a NiO-ZnO crystal phase was formed at 400°C. Only a single NiO-ZnO phase existed up to 800°C, and the size of the generated particles grew as the calcination temperature increased.

This study aims to create a structured framework for designing facial expressions in digital humans, enhancing their emotional realism and user interaction. By employing Plutchik’s model of eight primary emotions, the research analyzes the connection between emotions and facial muscle movements, expanding on Paul Ekman’s six basic emotions by adding two additional emotional states. Emotions were further categorized by intensity, allowing for more nuanced emotional representations. The study’s main contribution lies in developing design principles that go beyond visual replication, fostering emotional interactivity between digital humans and users. These principles enable more natural, emotionally engaging digital interactions, enhancing user immersion in applications requiring emotional intelligence, such as virtual reality and AIdriven platforms. Despite the study’s qualitative nature, further research is needed with quantitative data and cross-cultural exploration to strengthen generalizability and ensure the framework's global applicability. Ultimately, this research provides a scientifically grounded approach for improving digital human emotional expressions, with future studies focusing on empirical user evaluations and cross-cultural perspectives to refine its impact across diverse fields.

By classifying overseas wedding dress designers and finding out the trends of wedding total coordination according to the designer from 2022 S/S to 2025 S/S by dividing them into dresses, hairstyles, makeup, and accessories, we analyze the characteristics and trends of the season and find out the trends of the designer. The purpose is to identify professional and systematic theories and popular styles in the wedding field by deriving the characteristics and differences of each wedding coordination. Elie Saab is a simple, minimalistic dress with an A-line made of silk material. The makeup was semi-smoky, the hairstyle was modern, and no accessories were worn at all. Oscar de la Renta wore a mermaid line, mini dress, natural makeup, natural waves in the hairstyle, and simple earrings as accessories. The Reem Acra dress had a classic crinoline style, natural makeup, the hairstyle was braided to emphasize femininity, and the accessories were colorful and shaped to add emphasis to the hair decoration. As above, it can be seen that wedding dress designers showcased dresses, makeup, hairstyles, and accessories by taking advantage of each person's individuality and characteristics. Although the researcher looked at the limitations of this study and future research directions focusing on foreign wedding dress designers, it is believed that future research will be needed to compare and analyze wedding trends among domestic wedding dress designers and the styles of domestic and foreign wedding dress designers.

In the complex backdrop where globalization and geopolitics intersect, China-US trade frictions have not only profoundly impacted the global economic landscape but also presented unprecedented challenges to the enterprises involved. ZTE Corporation, as one of the leading companies in China's communication industry, has drawn particular attention for its digital transformation strategy in this broader context. This paper delves into ZTE's response measures and transformation paths amid China-US trade frictions, aiming to reveal how it copes with external uncertainties through internal management and technological innovation, as well as the achievements and challenges encountered in this process. This paper employs SWOT analysis to comprehensively evaluate ZTE's market competitiveness and financial health amid ongoing trading tensions between China and the United States. In the face of trade sanctions imposed by the U.S. government and severe market challenges, ZTE has effectively mitigated the negative impacts of these sanctions by accelerating digital transformation, strengthening compliance management, enhancing its independent research and development capabilities, and reinforcing its leadership in key technological areas such as 5G and cloud computing. The ZTE has successfully improved its market competitiveness and financial performance through continuous innovation and transformation despite the difficulties of China-US trade friction.

Despite the outstanding natural environment and unique cultural characteristics of the islands in the Incheon region, their potential is limited due to restricted accessibility, lack of infrastructure, absence of professional promotion, and economic difficulties. Therefore, fostering new industries to create jobs is essential to addressing the issue of declining local populations. In particular, the outflow of the younger generation is accelerating, making job creation for them an urgent priority. To promote the tourism industry in Incheon’s coastal island regions, it is necessary to establish a "Travel Storytelling and Travel Brand." Addressing the issues of population decline in island areas, ensuring the economic independence of local residents, and improving their quality of life are crucial. Additionally, developing tourism courses, local cuisine, and specialty products is required to revitalize the regional economy. This initiative can be carried out through the collaboration of Incheon Catholic University, Incheon Tourism Organization, and Ongjin County Office. To solve the various challenges faced by the islands, first, infrastructure improvements such as expanding transportation options are necessary, along with professional promotional efforts. Initially, development should focus on six islands with high potential, and if successful, it can be expanded to other island regions. The successful implementation of this strategy requires close cooperation between industry, government, and academia. The collaboration of key institutions such as Incheon City Hall and the Tourism Organization is expected to play a decisive role.

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping the field of design, challenging traditional human-centered approaches. This study examines the evolving role of AI in design within the framework of posthumanism, where the boundaries between humans and technology continue to blur. By analyzing AI-driven design tools and their impact on designers' cognitive processes, this research explores how decision-making, creativity, and authorship are being redefined. Findings indicate that AI augments design ideation by offering diverse possibilities, yet designers remain central in making critical aesthetic and conceptual choices. The study suggests that rather than replacing human designers, AI serves as a collaborative partner that enhances efficiency and expands creative potential. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of AI’s role in the design industry and provide a foundation for future research on AI-human collaboration in creative fields.

The open state of hotel room exterior doors affects the area of smoke flow outward, which has a significant impact on fire simulation results. Moreover, based on different national standards, the results of fire simulation also vary. Therefore, this paper takes an 8-story hotel as the research object and uses PyroSim software to establish a fire simulation model. Based on the Korean standards, four fire scenarios were considered, namely, after a fire occurs, the outer door of the hotel room is in an open state, the outer door of the hotel room opens after 120s, the outer door of the hotel room opens after 210s, and the outer door of the hotel room opens after 300s. Through simulations of four scenarios, the influence of the open state of hotel room exterior doors on smoke diffusion was discussed from four aspects: visibility, temperature, CO volume, and CO2 volume. The research results show that compared with other scenarios, Scenario 3 (where the outer door of the room on fire is opened and the fire doors of other rooms are opened 210s later) shows little change in visibility below 5 meters. However, when the simulated temperature reaches 500s, the temperature of the stairwell measurement point near the fire source on the second floor decreases by 7.73%, the CO volume decreases by 9.8%, and the CO2 volume decreases by 6.73%. The simulation results of Scenario 3 are most conducive to personnel evacuation. At 210s, visibility, temperature, CO volume, and CO2 volume are all below the threshold set by the regulations. Therefore, opening the outer door of the room in a timely manner around 210s after a fire occurs is of great significance for improving personnel safety.

This research aims to reduce safe evacuation time in nursing hospital and increase the efficiency of safe evacuation in nursing hospital. This study used Pathfinder software to model and simulate various evacuation scenarios to study the impact of changing outdoor stairs to ramps on evacuation time. Through four different evacuation scenarios, found that replacing the outdoor stairs on both the left and right sides with ramps can significantly reduce the safe evacuation time, so changing the outdoor stairs to ramps has a significant effect on reducing evacuation time. To better solve the evacuation problem of this nursing hospital, an emergency evacuation plan can be formulated and the overall evacuation efficiency can be improved.

This paper presents a comparative analysis of the impact of smoke barriers on the Available Safe Evacuation Time (ASET) in hospital buildings after a fire, based on the Korean and Chinese standards. Three scenarios are established according to the width specifications of smoke barriers in both standards. Fire simulations are conducted using PyroSim software, and the effects of smoke barriers on ASET are examined from four aspects: temperature, visibility, CO concentration, and O2 concentration. The simulation results indicated that the ASET under both the Korean and Chinese standards are similar. The study also concluded that, regardless of the standard, smoke barriers play a role in restricting the spread of fire smoke. When the width of the smoke barrier is too large, its effect on improving the ASET on the floor where the fire originates is limited, but it has a more significant effect on the ASET on other floors.

In this study, the experimental building model was established and imported into the fire simulation software (Thunderhead Engineering PyroSim, Pyrosim). The Pyrosim software was used to simulate the fire caused by improper use of electrical appliances in the experimental building. The changes of smoke spread, visibility, temperature and carbon monoxide concentration during fire development were studied. The results show that in the process of fire development, the temperature, visibility and CO concentration in the burning room reach the critical value within 100 s, and the personnel in the burning room and other floors to be evacuated should take timely protective measures and evacuate to the outside of the building through the safety stairs. According to the simulation results, the corresponding conclusions and suggestions for improvement are drawn in order to provide reference for the fire rescue of experimental building Suggestions to improve the safety performance of laboratory buildings.

In modern times, many people around the world have a great interest in Korean culture and spend a lot of time learning Korean. However, the most difficult thing for foreigners to learn Korean is that there are too many words that have the same meaning. However, while Korea seems to have a lot of colored words, surprisingly, there are only 5 colored words in Korean. And these five colors are associated with the sun, river, grass, fire, and soil. In addition, when analyzed through the etymology of the Korean language, these five color words correspond to the yin-yang elements and colors, which are very old concepts in Northeast Asia. Through this study, we examined the etymology of Hangeul words in order to identify the five native words that Koreans have cherished since ancient times, and through linguistic analysis of various homophones, we wanted to confirm that the five native words of Koreans are deeply related to the elements of yin and yang. In Korean, the origin of the word haying (white) means hae (sun) and at the same time means soi (iron). The origin of the Korean color word parang (blue) is originally derived from pul (grass). In addition, the word 'bul', which is the root of the Korean word balgang (red), is derived from the word 'fire', and it can be seen that soil, which is an element of the elements of the five elements of yin and yang, means soil in Old Korean. As a result of analyzing the etymology of Korea's pure color words, it can be seen that not only are these five Korean color words exactly identical to the five elements of yin and yang, but also that there is a deep relationship with the five elements of yin and yang when we look at the etymology of the characters.