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Academic procrastination is a common phenomenon among college students where individuals knowingly delay their assignments, expecting negative consequences. The present study, mainly consisting of literature review, examined the complex nature of procrastination, focusing on the causes, outcomes, and components suggested for relevant interventions. Research suggests the following features as the causal factors of college students’ procrastination: fear for failure, low selfefficacy, and perceived irrelevance in the given tasks. Negative consequences of procrastination include higher anxiety and depression, damaged academic performance, and impaired mental health. Though a few studies indicated potential benefits of procrastination, its overall impact is highly detrimental. Interventions aiming to reduce procrastination are suggested to consist of a few components, including certain cognitive-behavioral strategies, addressing emotional approaches, and creating socially supportive environments. The literature review methodology applied to the present study contains certain limitations, such as heavy reliance on existing research, potentially restraining novel viewpoints, and inclusion of various perspectives of stakeholders. Future researchers interested in this theme are encouraged to further explore the long-term effects of procrastination, the interplay between procrastination and mental health, and to develop interventions that are culturally sensitive. The present study discusses the need for an extensive comprehension for college students’ academic procrastination in order to generate effective interventions that promote their academic success as well as well-being.

The purpose of the study was to examine the differences in self-esteem, marital satisfaction, and social support of mothers raising one child of infants by their subsequent childbirth plans. The data from first wave (2022) of the Korean Early Childhood Education and Care Panel Study were used, and the study subjects were 1,371 mothers who were raising one child of infants. The survey questionnaires were used to measure the major variables: Subsequent childbirth plans, self-esteem, marital satisfaction, and social support. The descriptive statistical analysis and analysis of variances were conducted. The results showed that mothers with subsequent childbirth plans reported statistically significantly higher levels of self-esteem, marital satisfaction, and social support compared to those without such plans. Based on the results, I suggested some policies and interventions aimed at enhancing mothers’ psychological well-being, marital relationships, and social support networks.

This paper keeps track of the state of the streaming industry in the U.S. after it hit its first major crisis in 2022 and provides insights into its development, as streaming services are the most important industry that shapes the present and the future of television and how we consume entertainment. The streaming industry, faced with the crisis of the drop in subscribers and huge losses in 2022, has undergone changes to cut costs and improve profit. Netflix has since returned to growth and maintains its market-leading position, but Disney and other media companies continue to struggle to see profit, raising the question whether all media companies can survive the transition to the streaming age. At the same time, while streaming services are now the primary form of television viewing, shifting user loyalty could imperil the long-term growth of streaming companies, pointing to the need to learn to strike a balance between pursuing profit and trying to maintain user loyalty.

Academic procrastination refers to learners’ deliberate delaying behavior on given tasks, even when acknowledging adverse consequences of their actions. Though its causes are manifold, research shows that procrastination usually results in negative outcomes, such as anxiety, depression, lower self-esteem, and impaired educational attainment. We attempted to examine college students’ procrastinating pattern in academic pursuits, focusing on their perceived causal factors, consequences, and means of resolutions to reduce related behavior. 12 undergraduate students enrolled in South Korea responded to a questionnaire that contained openended, Likert scale, and multiple-choice format items. Findings revealed the student participants’ multifaceted determinants of procrastination that consist of emotional, social, and psychological factors. They recognized avoidance of multitasking, chunking down tasks into smaller pieces, and effective planning as helpful strategies to cope with procrastination. While some acknowledged benefits of procrastination, they appeared to be skeptical about fixing their postponing habit. The results of the present study addressed and highlighted a need for interventions designed to meet and resolve the diverse challenges of procrastinating students. Relevant topics are discussed for future researchers.

Nanoindentation test is a useful analytical technique that can analyze the local properties of polymer composite materials or the surface properties of polymer thin films that cannot be measured by traditional mechanical property measurement methods such as tensile testers or Vickers hardness tests. The measurement principle of the nanoindentation test is to apply a load to the surface of the material to be measured using an indenter of a certain geometric shape, and to continuously measure the load and indentation depth that appear during the removal process, and to interpret the indentation-load curve obtained to measure the mechanical properties of the material. We will use Helmut Fisher's nanoindentator, the most representative testing machine for nanoindentation testing, to analyze the mechanical properties of polymer thin films coated on wafer glass. In addition, we will measure the mechanical properties of samples made under three process conditions from the analysis results, compare the mechanical properties of the three process conditions, and derive the optimal process conditions by analyzing them.

This study examines college students’ parental attitudes toward child-rearing and their perceptions of divorce from a cross-cultural perspective. The research aims to explore how these attitudes vary among students from different countries and how their perceptions of divorce relate to their views on parenting. A total of 75 college students (44 males and 31 females) in their early twenties—comprising Korean, Chinese, Vietnamese, and Uzbekistani nationals—participated in the survey while studying at universities in Korea. Four key dimensions of parental attitudes were assessed: guidance, communication, responsibility, and role conflict. Among these, students rated communication with family (M = 3.21) and parental responsibility and confidence (M = 3.17) highest, indicating the perceived importance of active engagement and accountability in parenting. Vietnamese and Uzbek students showed higher levels of involvement, whereas Korean students reflected more autonomy-supportive parenting values. Regarding divorce, Chinese students exhibited relatively accepting attitudes, while Uzbek and Vietnamese students emphasized marital permanence and the necessity of having children after marriage. Statistical analyses confirmed significant differences across cultural groups (ANOVA, p < .05), and strong correlations among the four parenting dimensions (Pearson’s r, p < .001). Regression results further revealed that students’ sense of parental responsibility and confidence significantly predicted the belief that having children is essential after marriage (β = .318, p < .01). These findings highlight the cultural variations in how college students conceptualize parenting roles and family values.

This study aims to introduce information design cases in Modern Korean newspapers, which were the early stages of the process of sophisticated information design and various media strategies in modern newspapers, examine the situation at the time, and understand the historical context. The subjects of the study are newspapers until 1945, including the first newspaper, Hansung Sunbo, the Official Gazette, Minbo, and Dong-A Ilbo and Chosun Ilbo, which were founded in 1920 and produced by a rotary press. At that time, newspaper information design used various pictures and photographs to convey news, but information design that visualized information was rare, and even the Dong-A Ilbo, which was produced in a modern way by a rotary press, was produced in a simple way that seemed to have been hastily drawn with a pen or brush. Compared to the sophisticated information design in the Hansung Sunbo No. 12 of the Korean Empire, it shows a low-quality version, which was identified as a result of the insufficient production environment due to the short publication date, the speed of editing articles and information due to urgent social issues, the time required for the settlement process of the new medium, newspaper, and the focus on improving type and printing technology accordingly. The information design of coastal Korean newspapers has a low production frequency compared to the type and quantity of newspapers, but it has the expected effect of being utilized as a historical source and data that continues the tradition of active and specialized newspaper information design today.

This paper presents an efficient summation circuit optimized for high-performance computational applications. The proposed design enables the addition of five 8-bit numbers using modular components, including add_10to4 modules and a 6-bit carry lookahead adder. The proposed circuit achieves a significant reduction in propagation delay enabling GHz-level one cycle operation. Compared to conventional ripple carry adders and carry lookahead adders, the proposed design demonstrates about 11 times speedup while maintaining a acceptable transistor overhead, contributing only 3–4% of modern processor resources. The circuit was validated through simulation in Logisim Evolution, confirming its accuracy and efficiency. Furthermore, the proposed summation circuit was successfully applied in matrix multiplication, demonstrating its potential for broader numerical computation tasks. This work provides a promising approach for integrating optimized arithmetic units into System-on-Chip (SoC) architectures, significantly enhancing computational efficiency.

This study aims to explore the academic evolution and research hotspots of Han pictorial stone studies in China, with the goal of providing a systematic understanding of its developmental trajectory and offering strategic insights for future research. Employing bibliometric analysis and knowledge mapping techniques, this research uses CiteSpace software to analyze literature related to Han pictorial stones published from 1954 to 2024 in the CNKI database. The analysis includes publication trends, core authors, research institutions, and keyword clustering, revealing the historical stages and thematic shifts in this field. The results identify four distinct development stages—incipient, growth, rapid growth, and fluctuating growth—during which research interests evolved from basic archaeological excavation to encompass artistic interpretation, symbolic meaning, and digital preservation. Notably, recent studies demonstrate increasing interdisciplinary integration and the use of digital technology in cultural heritage conservation. Despite these advancements, challenges such as limited methodological diversity, weak cross-regional collaboration, and fragmented resources persist. This study contributes to the field by proposing a data-driven, visualized research approach that integrates bibliometric tools with digital humanities perspectives. The findings not only highlight the current landscape of Han pictorial stone research but also emphasize the need for interdisciplinary cooperation and the development of open-access research platforms. This structured analysis is expected to serve as a reference framework for scholars and heritage professionals working to advance the study and preservation of Han pictorial stones.

This study explores the factors influencing digital payment adoption in rural Nepal, specifically along the Annapurna Circuit Trail. Employing a mixed-methods approach—including surveys, interviews, focus groups, field observations, and secondary data analysis—it offers a comprehensive perspective on adoption trends. The findings identify digital literacy, internet quality, and education as key drivers, with regression analysis indicating that digital literacy has the greatest influence, followed by education and internet quality, while age and distance to banking facilities negatively affect adoption. To provide a comprehensive understanding of this phenomenon, the study draws upon the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Diffusion of Innovations theory. Younger individuals, those with secondary education, and users with higher digital literacy are more likely to embrace digital payments. Major barriers include unreliable internet, inconsistent electricity supply, limited smartphone access, complex registration processes, and low merchant acceptance. Despite these challenges, opportunities for growth exist through infrastructure improvements, capacity-building initiatives, and policy reforms. With the current adoption rate at 35%, the study suggests that a 50% adoption rate is achievable within two years through strategic interventions. The research offers practical recommendations for stakeholders, emphasizing the need for collaborative efforts to enhance digital infrastructure, improve user education, and address systemic barriers.

With the rapid advancement of generative AI technologies, issues concerning copyright and the fair use of copyrighted works have grown increasingly complex. Despite the heightened attention to these challenges, clear legal frameworks to effectively address them remain lacking. In response to this gap, this paper is designed to serve as a starting point for research on balancing copyright law and the fair use of generative AI. This study examines the limitations of economic rights under South Korea’s Copyright Act and explores ways to align AIgenerated outputs with the existing legal system. In particular, the relevance between the limitations on economic rights and generative AI is quantified using a Ricardian-type scale. Additionally, it highlights the importance of addressing access to copyrighted works during the training of generative AI, particularly in data mining, where reproduction and transmission may occur without authorization from rightsholders. By investigating these issues, the study seeks to contribute to developing a more coherent and adaptable legal framework suited to the era of artificial intelligence.

This study explores how a conversational artificial intelligence (AI) system can be integrated into a learning management system (LMS) to support learners’ immersive interactions. It presents a chatbot model designed through a design-based research (DBR) approach, using data collected from LMS usage logs, learner interaction cases, and expert consultations to inform scenario mapping and dialogue construction. The goal of the study is to design a chatbot that provides academic guidance and responsive communication tailored to learners’ individual needs. This study applied a design-based research methodology to reflect actual educational settings. The chatbot can support various learning tasks such as understanding learning content, recommending actions, and providing encouragement by integrating rule-based functions and AI-based text generation functions. The entire system is organized around three practical areas: supporting learning activities, guiding course access, and tracking learning progress. The chatbot’s conversation patterns and interaction design were specified using representative learner scenarios. These scenarios contributed to deriving a timely and appropriate feedback provision method. Although this model has not yet been verified in an actual classroom environment, it provides a starting point for future applications and research. This study demonstrates that conversational AI can improve the quality of learner-system communication in digital education environments, and suggests that its effectiveness is greater when it is consistent with educational intent. Although this model has not yet been verified in an actual classroom environment, it is intended as a prototype foundation for future implementation studies, while the current findings contribute to conceptual validation.

The education landscape is rapidly evolving with the integration of online technologies, creating a digital divide in skills and knowledge. This study investigates the effectiveness of microlearning in coding education in the Philippines. Using a modified information system success model and system usability scale, the factors were tested on an online platform amongst students from three universities. Results from the partial least squares structural equation model analysis show that information quality and system usability positively influence user satisfaction and the net benefits of microlearning platform. This research offers insights for educators and academic institutions on adapting microlearning approach to coding education to improve learner skills and advance quality education, as promoted by the Sustainable Development Goals.

This study explores the expressive characteristics of interactive fashion art by examining its conceptual, material, and experiential dimensions. Building upon a theoretical framework combining fashion art and interactive art, the research analyzes five representative international artworks created from the late 20th century to the present. Through empirical analysis, it identifies objectivity, interactivity, and complexity as the most highly correlated expressive features, followed by conceptuality, creativity, and immersion. The findings highlight how interactive fashion art engages audiences through tactile participation, transforming passive spectatorship into active, personalized artistic experiences. Despite strong performance in interactivity and material engagement, the study notes limitations in media diversity and site-specificity, suggesting areas for future innovation through digital technologies. We are offering a systematic approach to evaluating interactive fashion art, thereby contributing to academic discourse and laying a theoretical foundation for future artistic and scholarly exploration.

This study analyzes the spatial determinants influencing interregional in-migration promotion in South Korea and seeks to reframe regional governance as a strategic response to structural challenges such as population decline and regional extinction. The research investigates how factors influencing in-migration promotion may support a regional governance model centered not on metropolitan cities, but rather on adjacent medium-to-large-sized cities. This analysis offers policy perspective on the direction of regional governance. Spatial statistical analysis reveals that population movement is not random, but is significantly influenced by spatially correlated variables such as employment opportunities, transportation accessibility, aging rates, and income levels. These factors reflect economic stability, access to essential infrastructure, and demographic preferences of different regions, thereby explaining the mechanisms through which specific areas emerge as population inflow hubs. Cities such as Suwon and Hwaseong-adjacent to major metropolitan areas but possessing independent growth potential-have emerged as primary centers of in-migration promotion, rather than mega-cities like Seoul or Busan. This suggests the need to move beyond conventional metropolitan governance paradigms and adopt an approach focused on functional integration within practical living zones. This study proposes a reconfiguration of regional governance based on the principles of New Regionalism, emphasizing functional expansion of public services and quality-of-life improvements rather than mere spatial consolidation.

We investigate how participation barriers in Taekwondo affect the consumption desire and participation intention of Chinese youth. To achieve this objective, the study targeted Chinese adolescent Taekwondo practitioners. A total of 400 survey responses were collected through convenience sampling via an online platform. After excluding 50 invalid responses due to insincerity or duplication, data from 350 respondents (200 males and 150 females) were included in the final analysis. The research employed a questionnaire survey method, using scales that had been validated for reliability and validity in previous studies. These were revised and supplemented appropriately for the current study. The questionnaire items were rated on a 5-point Likert scale. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0, applying statistical methods aligned with the research objectives. The findings are as follows: First, Taekwondo participation barriers were found to partially influence consumption desire. Second, Taekwondo participation barriers were also found to partially affect participation intention. Third, Taekwondo consumption desires were partially influential on participation intention.

This study focuses on Nongfu Spring Co., Ltd., exploring its growth trajectory and strategic initiatives. As a leading player in Chinese beverage industry, Nongfu Spring has achieved remarkable growth since its founding in 1996, transforming from a regional brand into a market leader through sharp brand positioning and continuous product innovation. The research systematically examines the company's key milestones— from its breakthrough in the bottled water market to building a diverse product portfolio. It highlights strategic decisions such as the shift toward natural water, brand image upgrades, and global expansion. Amid intensifying competition and shifting consumer preferences, the study uses SWOT analysis to identify Nongfu Spring's competitiveness, product innovation, and supply chain management, while also addressing challenges like product homogenization, channel integration, and overseas localization. To maintain its competitive edge, the study proposes strategic recommendations, including expanding premium product lines, and tapping into emerging markets. Beyond offering a study on Chinese evolving beverage industry, this research provides practical insights for FMCG companies in crafting sustainable growth strategies.

This paper analyzes the evolving role of Korean universities in lifelong education and the development of regional cooperation models amid rapid socio-economic changes such as the Fourth Industrial Revolution and demographic shifts. As labor market polarization, declining middle-skilled jobs, and population aging intensify, enhancing labor productivity and fostering regional talent through lifelong learning have become national imperatives. In response, the government has initiated policies to reposition universities as lifelong learning hubs and to strengthen partnerships with local governments and industries, as exemplified by initiatives such as the LiFE Project and the RISE system. Drawing on international case studies, recent policy trends, and an assessment of university participation in lifelong education, this study highlights the necessity of regionally tailored university lifelong education models and effective governance frameworks. It proposes differentiated models-including regional hub, industry-linked, and integrated approaches-based on local industrial structures and demographic characteristics. The findings underscore that universities must restructure their systems to support adult learners and collaborate closely with local stakeholders, while both central and local governments should provide robust policy and institutional support. Ultimately, the study suggests that such efforts will enable universities to contribute to balanced regional development and national competitiveness by establishing a sustainable, adult learner-centered lifelong education ecosystem.

This is a randomized controlled trial to determine the effects of music therapy (Healing Beat) linked to an individual's heart rate on anxiety, stress, autonomic nervous activity, blood pressure, and heart rate in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Data were collected from December 20, 2019 to February 20, 2020, and a total of 61 patients undergoing chemotherapy in the one university hospital were randomly assigned to the experimental group (n=31) and the control group (n=30). The experimental group was provided with music (healing beats at a BPM equal to their own heart rate) for 30 minutes, while the control group was placed in a quiet environment without music. The collected data were analyzed by independent t-test and repeated measures of ANOVA using IBM SPSS/WIN 24.0 program. The results of this study showed that the anxiety of the experimental group was significantly reduced compared to the control group (t=-6.00, p=<.001), and it was found to be effective in reducing stress (F=3.46, p=.002). In addition, the experimental group showed a significant reduction in heart rate compared to the control group (F=5.36, p= <.001).Therefore, the music therapy (Healing Beat), which provides beats based on an individual's heart rate, could be expanded in a variety of settings as a nursing strategy to reduce anxiety and stress in cancer patients.

This paper presents the development of an AI-assisted system designed to support IELTS writing preparation by integrating large language models and retrieval-augmented techniques. The system was built using Python, with Streamlit providing the user interface, OpenAI's API enabling natural language processing capabilities, and FAISS combined with LangChain facilitating efficient semantic retrieval and conversational context handling. The tool allows learners to input IELTS writing tasks via direct text or uploaded PDF files, from which it extracts and processes text, tables, and images to generate personalized writing guidelines. It also enables automated grading aligned with IELTS writing criteria and offers improved essay suggestions targeting a specified band score. Integrating modular components and AI capabilities, the system offers a scalable framework for automated writing support in language learning contexts. This innovation advances the expanding domain of AI in educational settings and helps illustrate AI systems' potential to improve language skills.

Korean grammatical particles present a persistent challenge for Vietnamese learners due to fundamental syntactic differences between the two languages. Vietnamese lacks case-marking particles, often leading to substitution errors involving eun/ neun (은/는), i/ka (이/가), e (에), and eso (에서). Traditional teaching methods offer limited success in addressing these issues. Motivated by the need for more adaptive and learner-sensitive solutions, this paper explores the fine-tuning of the LLaMA 3.2.1B language model to correct Korean particle substitution errors commonly made by beginner Vietnamese learners. A custom dataset was developed by generating simulated learner errors based on authentic sentence structures. The model was fine-tuned using Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) and instruction-based prompts to ensure efficiency and contextual accuracy. Evaluation on a 5,800-sentence test set demonstrated a sentence-level accuracy of 91.15%, compared to just 8.36% for the pre-trained baseline. With appropriate fine-tuning, these results endorse the capacity of large language models for providing sound grammatical corrections that are personally suited to the requirements of the learners. This technology exhibits promising potential for intelligent tutoring systems in facilitating one-to-one, real-time feedback in second language learning environments.

Currently, the central government establishes its own management system, including the contents of support tasks, selection criteria, and performance management standards, according to the R&D area under the jurisdiction of each department, so even if a complete transfer is carried out, there is a possibility that the characteristics of the project will be changed or the sustainability will be slightly reduced depending on the management system, and furthermore, the R&D business performance can be affected. This study compares and analyzes the difference in efficiency of R&D project performance according to the dualization of the project supervision department. It was intended to measure the efficiency of various R&D performances (scientific, technical, economic, and social). In particular, to verify more multifacetedly, internal and external influencing factors were verified along with differences in efficiency by business week ministries and research regions. As an analysis method, data statistical analysis, data envelope analysis (DEA), average difference between group analysis, and correlation analysis were used. As a result of the analysis, there were statistically significant differences between the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy and the Ministry of Small and Medium Venture Business in both quantitative and qualitative efficiency in R&D projects. In conclusion, it can be seen as a result of reflecting differences in management capabilities, such as setting management systems and performance indicators.. Since this study was analyzed based on a specific R&D project, it is somewhat insufficient to generalize the results. There is a possibility that not all of the R&D characteristics that generate performance over a long period of input have been reflected, and there are some areas that are somewhat insufficient to explain precise causal relationships, so it is expected that causality verification between variables will be necessary through the application of various analysis methodologies in the future.

The integration of sustainable energy solutions and smart technologies in urban environments is becoming increasingly important. In particular, there is a growing demand for facilities that are both functional and aesthetically pleasing in public spaces. Existing solar technologies have had difficulty producing energy without compromising the urban landscape due to efficiency and design constraints. This paper focuses on this very point and aims to develop a smart art bench design that combines AI technology and high-efficiency n-type solar power. The goal is to design a bench that naturally blends into urban spaces while producing energy and providing various smart functions. In the design process, we first considered an aesthetic form and layout suitable for the urban environment, then studied the application of the latest n-type solar panels to increase energy production efficiency, and utilized AI algorithms for optimal panel layout and energy management. In addition, we explored ways to integrate smart functions (e.g. USB charging, Wi-Fi hotspot, environmental information provision, etc.) into the design to increase user convenience. The smart art bench design developed in this way can serve as a distributed energy source that produces energy for the city itself, provide convenient smart services to citizens, and contribute to improving the city’s appearance. Furthermore, it is expected to become a model case for implementing a sustainable smart city. The smart art bench design developed in this way will serve as a decentralized energy source that produces the city's energy by itself, provide convenient smart services to citizens, and contribute to improving the city's aesthetics. Furthermore, it is expected to serve as a best practice in implementing a sustainable smart city.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of participation barriers on consumption desire and participation intention in Taekwondo among Chinese youth. To achieve this objective, the study targeted Chinese adolescents currently practicing Taekwondo. A total of 400 survey responses were collected using a convenience sampling method via an online platform. After excluding 50 responses due to insincerity or duplicate entries, data from 350 participants (200 males and 150 females) were used for final analysis. The survey instrument was a questionnaire based on previously validated and reliable scales from prior studies, which were modified and supplemented to fit the context of this research. The questionnaire employed a 5- point Likert scale. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0, and statistical methods appropriate for the research objectives were applied. The results derived through this process are as follows.: First, Taekwondo participation barriers were found to partially influence consumption desire. Second, Taekwondo participation barriers were also found to partially affect participation intention. Third, Taekwondo consumption desires were partially influential on participation intention.

This study analyzes the Act on the Promotion of Education of Critical Foreign Languages and the Program on the Promotion of Education of Critical Foreign Languages. The ‘Act on the Promotion of Education of Critical Foreign Languages’ enacted in 2016 established a structural and financial foundation for supporting education and research in critical foreign languages. The ‘Program on the Promotion of Education of Critical Foreign Languages’ is being implemented as a means to realize the Act. This study evaluates the process and status of enactment and revision of the Act, and the composition and progress of the program to confirm the status of implementation of the Act. Through this evaluation, this study aims to present the challenges the Act on the Promotion of Education of Critical Foreign Languages faces and to seek ways to improve it.

This study developed a radiation protection education program and verified the effects of the program on the knowledge, attitude, and behavior of operating room nurses regarding radiation protection. A quasiexperimental design with non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest was used. The conceptual framework was Keller’s ARCS (Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction) model. There were 21 participants in the experimental group and 21 in the control group. The experimental group attended four sessions of the radiation protection education program while the control group was given printouts as learning materials. The learning program lasted for a total of 80 minutes over one week and consisted of four sessions of 20 minutes each. The data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA, independent t-test, Friedman test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Mann-Whitney U test with SPSS WIN 23.0. Results: There was a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in the attitude (p= .001) and behavior (p<.001) of radiation protection. Also the experimental group showed significantly lower posttest scores in the value of the personal radiation exposure dosimeter using TLD (thermoluminescence dosimeter) than control group (p=.028) The web-based radiation protection program demonstrated statistically significant improvements in nurses’ attitudes and behaviors compared to the control group. However, its effect on knowledge acquisition was not clearly distinguishable, as both the web-based intervention and leaflet yielded comparable outcomes in knowledge improvement. Owing to its high accessibility, flexibility, and capacity for self-directed and repetitive learning, the web-based program presents itself as a feasible and effective educational intervention for nurses requiring continuous professional development. Further research is needed to enhance knowledge acquisition.