Earticle

This study examines the legal issues surrounding small UAV flight in the airspace above national major infrastructure, focusing on the limitations of the current legal framework and proposing directions for improvement. As s-UAV usage expands rapidly across military, industrial, and commercial sectors, unauthorized UAV flights near sensitive facilities increasingly raise concerns regarding national security and public safety. Therefore, the establishment of clear legal regulations governing such airspace has become an urgent necessity. Through an analysis of existing laws and regulations, including the Aviation Safety Act, this paper identifies key legal and regulatory gaps concerning airspace designation, operational approval procedures, and enforcement measures. The study highlights the need to clarify the legal definitions of protected airspace, establish detailed operational standards, and implement both technical and institutional monitoring systems. Ultimately, this paper aims to balance the freedom of UAV flight with the imperative of national security, and to suggest legal and policy directions that support the safe and lawful use of airspace around national major infrastructure. The findings may serve as a foundational reference for future legislation and policymaking in this evolving field.

This paper examines the unique characteristics of NFT artworks within the metaverse, exploring h ow these technologies reshape artistic creation, exhibition, and ownership. It highlights the transform ative features of metaverse-driven NFTs, including overcoming physical boundaries in art exhibitions, enabling secure blockchain-based transactions, and providing immersive virtual reality gallery experi ences. The study also looks into examples of how real artists are actively using NFTs in their creat ive practices, profiling figures such as Beeple, KAWS, Federico Clapis, Maylee Todd, Cassie McQua ter, and Refik Anadol to illustrate diverse approaches to NFT art. While the NFT art market has d eclined in speculative popularity, this paper discusses its potential for future reuse and integration a s digital platforms continue to evolve. By analyzing these key aspects, the paper contributes to a cl earer understanding of how NFT artworks may develop within immersive virtual spaces and offers i nsights into the direction of digital art in the metaverse.

The present study explores college learners’ experience associated with generative artificial intelligence (gen- AI) tools such as Gemini and ChatGPT, focusing on their usage patterns, benefits they perceive, and relevant concerns. An online survey consisting of 13 undergraduate students in South Korea revealed diverse usage of AI tools in their academic pursuits, such as idea generation, research assistance, and writing facilitation. The student participants reported higher efficiency, creativity, and information access as main benefits of using gen- AI tools. On the other hand, they appeared to be worried of the inaccurate information that AI generates, potential cognitive recession, and declined academic integrity. For a more productive AI usage, the students emphasized the need for proper training for AI literacy, provision of clear guidelines, and faculty development for effective AI implementation in lecture halls, while reducing its inevitable risks. Further research in gen-AI tool integration in higher education needs to address means to facilitate student engagement, explore the longterm effect, and involve larger sample sizes.

This paper proposes an EOQ model that integrates stock-dependent demand with a trade credit financing scheme. In many retail environments, higher inventory levels visibly stimulate consumer demand, while trade credit serves as a key incentive mechanism offered by suppliers. The model minimizes total inventory cost by considering ordering, inventory carrying, and capital opportunity costs during the permissible delay in payment. Analytical solutions for the optimal order quantity and replenishment cycle time are derived. Through sensitivity analysis, we show that extending the trade credit period increases both the order quantity and replenishment interval, while reducing total cost, though with diminishing returns. These results highlight the importance of synchronizing financial and operational decisions in inventory planning. The model provides practical guidance for managers dealing with demand-responsive products under delayed payment conditions.

Back pain is a musculoskeletal disease in the back. It is caused by a lack of exercise time and poor sleep as more time spent sitting and living. Low back pain can cause serious complications if ignored. Therefore, this paper is to investigate the effect of acupressure and stretching on the improvement of low back pain patients. The subjects of this study were 60 subjects who visited the orthopedic outpatient clinic of a general hospital in the Chungnam area. Data collection and experiments were conducted from July 1 to November 31, 2024. Acupressure and stretching were done five times a week for three weeks. The results of this paper are as follows. Firstly, alcohol drinking was significantly higher in the experimental group at 64.5%, compared to 37.9% in the control group(X2=3.74, p=0.03). Secondly, the frequency of back pain was significantly higher in 32.3% of the experimental group than in 6.9% of the control group at least 5 times a week(X2=3.17, p=0.00). Thirdly, the previous pain management was 80.6% in the experimental group, significantly higher than 44.8% in the control group (X2=2.85, p=0.00). Therefore, low back pain can be prevented only by continuously stretching and acupressure. Measures should be developed to continue stretching and acupressure to prevent back pain in the future.

The government announced the expansion of R&D support related to healthcare technology in the Information and Communication Broadcasting Technology Development Project in 2022 to promote national health. Through this study, we design a roadmap for developing healthcare-related technologies at a policy level. As a result of previous research, there were technical and policy approaches, but no economic approach. In this study, the classification criteria for healthcare products were divided into four stages: prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and aftercare. A development roadmap was derived through IPA to find technologies to be developed sequentially according to the economic feasibility of the product line at each stage. As a result, the first product group that needed to be developed quickly was aftercare service devices. The products include wearable health monitoring (Apple Watch Series), AI-based health prediction platform (IBM Watson Health), and personalized nutritional supplements (personalized protein supplements). Second, diagnostic devices are a product group that is economically ineffective because its technology is still in the mature stage. The products include wearable fitness trackers (Bluetooth smartwatches) and smart healthcare devices (smart blood pressure monitors). Finally, the technology that is not economically effective even if newly developed is preventive devices. The product is a smart exercise device (indoor bike). The treatment devices include a mental health monitoring app or chatbot (Woebot), and a smart nutrition management app (MyFitnessPal).

Korea has established numerous websites aimed at helping foreigners access information, integrate into society, and better understand Korean culture. However, we identified a notable absence of a comprehensive website dedicated to providing assistance and services specifically for international students. To address this gap and meet the unique informational needs of international students while assisting their adjustment to student life in Korea, we developed an integrated information web system along with a corresponding intake interface. We conducted a user satisfaction analysis based on the Information System Success Model after completing the development. We found that scores for each aspect surpassed 5.5, indicating the viability of creating a comprehensive information website. We expect that the implementation of this comprehensive information web system will effectively address the essential informational needs of international students in Korea. Furthermore, and we envision it to serve as a foundational model that can be adapted and expanded in other countries.

This study examines the effects of biophilic design on healing environments, particularly within healthcare settings. Drawing from evolutionary biology, biophilic design incorporates natural elements—such as sunlight, greenery, water features, and organic forms—to support human health and well-being. Empirical evidence confirms that biophilic environments significantly reduce stress, enhance cognitive function, and accelerate patient recovery. Sensory elements, including natural light, fractal geometries, curves, and color, are shown to elicit restorative psychological responses and improve emotional resilience. Historical and modern architectural examples further demonstrate the healing potential of biophilic principles. The study also highlights the benefits of visual and physical interaction with nature, such as decreased pain perception and improved satisfaction among patients and staff. To address implementation challenges, including hygiene concerns, cost, and compatibility with medical technologies, the research proposes practical design strategies—such as UV-sanitized water features, antimicrobial-treated greenery, and dynamic lighting systems. The findings underscore the clinical value of multi-sensory, nature-based design approaches and advocate for interdisciplinary collaboration in developing cost-effective, scalable biophilic solutions. Overall, the study affirms biophilic design as a viable and evidence-based strategy to improve health outcomes and enhance the quality of healing environments.

This study aims to empirically analyze the effect of cultural and artistic leisure activities on the happiness of multicultural adolescents, focusing on the mediating role of self-esteem. As Korean society becomes increasingly multicultural, there is growing social interest in improving the emotional well-being and life satisfaction of multicultural youth. However, due to linguistic barriers, cultural discrimination, and social isolation, these adolescents are more likely to experience low self-esteem and psychological withdrawal, which can negatively affect their happiness. We designed this study specifically to target multicultural adolescents, who are often vulnerable to social exclusion and emotional challenges. By focusing on this population, we aim to provide empirical evidence on how participation in cultural and artistic leisure activities can enhance their self-esteem and ultimately improve their overall happiness and life satisfaction. Using data from the 5th wave(2023) of the Multicultural Adolescents Panel Survey (MAPS) conducted by the National Youth Policy Institute, this study analyzed the structural relationships among cultural leisure activities, self-esteem, and happiness among 1,620 multicultural adolescents. The results showed that participation in cultural and artistic leisure activities had a significant positive effect on both self-esteem and happiness. Moreover, self-esteem also positively influenced happiness and significantly mediated the relationship between leisure activity and happiness.These findings suggest that promoting cultural leisure activities and enhancing self-esteem through an integrated approach is essential to improve the well-being of multicultural adolescents. This study highlights the academic and practical significance of developing emotion-support programs based on cultural and artistic activities for this population.

The rapid aging of modern society has heightened interest in the health and quality of life (QoL) of older adults. This study aims to examine how health status and subjective future expectations influence QoL among the elderly. Using the 9th wave (2022) of the Korea Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA), data from 6,057 individuals aged 65 and older were analyzed. A structural equation modeling (SEM) approach was employed to investigate the structural relationships among demographic factors, health status, future expectations, and QoL. The analysis revealed that health status negatively affected future expectations (β = -0.530, p < .001), and future expectations positively influenced QoL (β = 0.332, p < .001). Additionally, health status had a direct negative impact on QoL (β = -0.362, p < .001). These findings suggest that poor health reduces both future expectations and QoL. The study underscores the critical role of both physical health and psychological outlook in shaping older adults’ QoL. It recommends a comprehensive policy approach that fosters not only physical well-being but also emotional stability and a positive outlook on the future.

This study examines the historical background and development of the concept of Social Design, focusing on the Arts and Crafts Movement and the Avant-garde Movement. Social Design refers to design practices aimed at recognizing and solving social issues, closely linked to the contradictions that emerged after the Industrial Revolution. The first focus, the Arts and Crafts Movement, led by William Morris, resisted mechanical production and labor alienation, emphasizing the artistic value of labor and aesthetics of everyday life. Subsequently, the Avant-garde Movement expanded the social role of design by subverting traditional art concepts and actively criticizing social realities. Beyond historical analysis, this study provides a new perspective on the contemporary significance of Social Design by demonstrating its enduring capacity to address modern challenges—such as environmental crises, human rights issues, and social inequality—through responsible and transformative design practices. This research reveals that these two movements laid the theoretical foundation for contemporary Social Design and underscores the growing importance of design as a socially responsible and innovative force.

This study aims to explore the factors that enhance life satisfaction among the elderly in the context of a rapidly aging society, by analyzing the mediating effect of social support based on the concept of active aging proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Using data from the 9th wave of the Korean Retirement and Income Study (KReIS), the study analyzed 3,754 individuals aged 65 and older. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed to examine the relationships among active aging, social support, and life satisfaction. The analysis revealed that active aging had a significant positive effect on life satisfaction, and that the indirect effect mediated by social support was also statistically significant. Specifically, active aging positively influenced social support (β = .318), and social support in turn had a direct positive effect on life satisfaction (β = .362). While active aging had a direct effect on life satisfaction as well, the indirect effect through social support (β = .064) demonstrated a stronger influence. The mediating effect of social support was further validated using the bootstrapping method. The 95% confidence interval [.029, .203] did not include zero, confirming the statistical significance of the mediation. This finding suggests that social support plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between active aging and life satisfaction. These results underscore the importance of not only enhancing physical health and encouraging social participation among older adults, but also strengthening emotional stability and expanding social networks. Policy implications include the need to establish community-based social support systems, provide customized activity programs, and develop integrated elderly welfare policies.

As global efforts toward sustainable development intensify, Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) practices have become a core element of corporate strategy. This study aims to examine how different dimensions of corporate ESG activities shape Generation Z consumers’ perceptions of corporate image— specifically warmth and competence—and how these perceptions influence their evaluations of corporate sustainability. Drawing on the Stereotype Content Model, which posits warmth and competence as the two primary dimensions of social perception, this research analyzes the distinct impacts of ESG dimensions on these perceptions. A survey conducted among Generation Z individuals in China yielded 297 valid responses. The findings indicate that environmental initiatives significantly enhance both warmth and competence perceptions, whereas social initiatives fail to significantly influence warmth perceptions, and governance efforts do not significantly impact competence perceptions. Furthermore, both warmth and competence perceptions positively affect sustainability evaluations. These results highlight the dominant role of environmental initiatives in shaping favorable consumer perceptions and underscore the need for improved communication and visibility of social and governance practices. This study contributes theoretically by integrating ESG with consumer perception models and provides practical implications for firms seeking to strengthen corporate sustainability through strategic ESG initiatives and targeted communication.

This study investigates how the integration of Chinese and Western cultures influenced the design of interior furniture used by modern Chinese literati. Focusing on representative literati residences, it systematically analyzes transformations in furniture typologies, styles, materials, and spatial layouts during the modernization period (1840-1949). Employing interdisciplinary methods-including case analysis and material culture research-the study reveals how literati selectively inherited traditional aesthetics while embracing Western functionalism. The findings highlight the dual role of cultural heritage and innovation, showing how furniture became a medium for expressing evolving identities and social values. Distinct from prior research, this study contributes a new analytical framework that emphasizes cultural semantics over formalism and demonstrates the authors' unique contribution in reconstructing a design history shaped by cross-cultural synthesis. The results offer both theoretical insights and practical references for contemporary designers navigating between tradition and modernity.

This study was a qualitative research that analyzed college students’ perceptions of life-sustaining treatment. The participants were 30 college students enrolled in a hospice nursing course at G College, divided into five groups of six students each. A total of three interview sessions were conducted between May 19 and May 30, 2025. The interview data were analyzed through content analysis by two researchers with experience in qualitative research, in order to explore the meaning of lived experiences. As a result of the study, a total of 12 themes related to life-sustaining treatment were identified. The general structural description, which represents the meaning of the experience from the perspective of all participants through situational structural statements, was as follows: The participants perceived life-sustaining treatment as merely a way to delay death, but they held a careful and cautious stance toward such treatment. They believed that the self-determination of the patient should be respected. Attitudes and influencing factors toward life-sustaining treatment were found to be shaped by experiences with the death of a family member, religious beliefs and personal values, the social atmosphere surrounding the participants, completion of bioethics-related courses, and clinical practice experience. Additionally, participants suggested that bioethics education should be improved through participatory learning such as ethical dilemmas, case studies, and role plays, experience-based education such as simulations, bioethics-related games and quizzes, and by strengthening communication skills.

This study investigates the potential of generative AI tools to create pictorial health warnings (PHWs) for cigarette packaging. Traditionally, PHWs have utilized real photographs to depict the health risks associated with smoking—such as lung cancer—in order to evoke fear and discourage tobacco use among the general public. This research explores whether generative AI can serve as a viable alternative or supplement to traditional methods in producing images that elicit fear and disgust based on factual information. Using DALL·E 3, the image generation tool integrated with ChatGPT-4o, a set of experimental visual mock-ups was produced based on four types of image generation prompts. These prototypes were analyzed in terms of visual design elements— including color, tone, and brightness—as well as their effectiveness in eliciting fear. To deepen the analysis, a focused group interview (FGI) was conducted with design experts for this analysis. Furthermore, the study examined the fear-evoking effects of each image type based on the prompt and identified the visual elements responsible for eliciting fear responses. Images were generated based on four prompt types, each aimed at producing fearoriented visual content: Emotion-Appealed Photograph Images, Fact-Appealed Photobraph Images, Emotion- Appealed Illustration Images, Fact-Appealed Illustration Images. Each image type exhibited distinct visual characteristics. Among the color elements, red was used most frequently (16 times), followed by black and yellow (9 times each). Regarding tone, “deep and dark” was most common (5 times), while “Clear and strong contrast” and “bright and clean” each appeared 4 times. In terms of brightness, “dark tone” was the most prevalent, appearing in 7 images. In the survey assessing which prompts were most effective in eliciting fear, the Emotion-Appealed Photograph Images(EAPI) type was found to be most effective for laryngeal cancer, lung cancer, and heart disease. For oral cancer, both EAPI and FAPI were similarly effective. When asked which visual elements influenced fear perception the most, participants identified "visual style"—referring to the type of image expression—as the most influential factor across all four diseases. With more nuanced and strategically crafted prompts, AI-generated images could potentially intensify emotional responses. This limitation highlights the need for further refinement in prompt design to ensure comprehensive coverage of various health conditions relevant to tobacco use.

This study presents a U-Net-based deep learning segmentation model for automatic crack detection on concrete surfaces. Designed with a symmetric encoder-decoder architecture and skip connections, the model preserves spatial details and enables precise segmentation of irregular crack boundaries. Trained on a dataset of 40,000 images (20,000 positive, 20,000 negative), the model achieved an IoU of 0.484 and a Dice score of 0.513. It demonstrated strong real-time capability with 1,978.91 FPS, 7.18 GFLOPs, and only 1.87 million parameters. Visual results confirmed consistent segmentation across various crack types. The model's lightweight design and high efficiency support practical deployment in real-world applications such as drone inspections, CCTV systems, and edge computing. This approach highlights the potential of U-Net for scalable, real-time infrastructure monitoring.

A key challenge in analyzing dessert trends lies in their rapid and unpredictable shifts over time. To solve this problem, this study aims to derive the characteristics of the current dessert and consumption culture and analyze desserts that will be popular in the future, focusing on the characteristics of popular desserts and consumption culture. To explore trends in Korean dessert preferences, this study collected data from 2023 to 2025, used text mining, used UCINET to visualize network analysis, and then classified each keyword into clusters in the CONCOR analysis. Based on the characteristics derived from this analysis, you can analyze the dessert that will be popular in the future and prepare for the trend, and you can come up with a solution that can commercialize it by substituting the characteristics that match this into the dessert.

This study investigates the multifaceted role of stage design and spatial composition within the performing arts, foregrounding their function as dynamic agents of meaning-making that extend far beyond the traditional notion of scenic backdrops. Grounded in interdisciplinary theoretical perspectives from spatial theory, performance studies, and visual culture, the research conceptualizes stage space as both a tangible physical environment and an intangible aesthetic domain. This duality allows stage design to intricately shape narrative progression, character psychology, and audience engagement, thereby actively participating in the construction of dramatic meaning. Employing a case study approach focused on Disney’s musical Aida, the study conducts a detailed analysis of how symbolic spatial configurations, visual elements such as lighting and color, and the dramaturgical use of objects collaboratively articulate complex thematic layers and heighten emotional intensity. The findings reveal that contemporary stage design serves as a critical mediator of artistic expression, effectively embodying the director’s conceptual intentions while enriching the overall performative experience. By integrating spatial, visual, and symbolic dimensions within the theatrical context, stage design emerges as an essential, generative force that not only supports but also shapes and transforms the narrative and emotional impact of the performance.

This study aims to examine how vegetarian and vegan trends particularly the increasing presence of plant-based meat are influencing consumer interest and transforming the restaurant industry in the digital age. As interest in health, environmental sustainability, and ethical consumption continues to rise, plant-based foods have become both a lifestyle choice and a strategic focus for the foodservice industry. To explore how these trends are reflected in digital consumer interest, the study analyzed unstructured online text data collected from Google and Naver between January 2022 and June 2024. Using the Textom platform, high-frequency keywords were identified through word cloud analysis, and co-occurrence structures among core terms were explored through network analysis. Key concepts such as “plant-based,” “alternative meat,” “health,” “ethics,” and “sustainability” emerged as central in digital conversations, indicating a strong emphasis on value-driven consumption. By employing big data text mining instead of traditional survey methods, the study demonstrates methodological originality and captures real-time, organic consumer sentiment. The findings offer practical implications for product development, branding, and digital marketing strategies in the foodservice sector, while also laying a foundation for future research that utilizes unstructured data in the context of food consumption behavior.

After COVID-19, the medical service industry selected a clinic through online reviews, that is, reviews that appeared on social media, and the younger generation who used smartphones and the new silver generation who are accustomed to smartphones choose a clinic based on reviews and evaluations from nearby clinics to receive medical services. For this study, Korean medical clinic is selected as the central word and big data words are collected. In other words, the collection period is a total of three years from January 2022 to December 2024 Korean medical clinic was ranked first, and the frequency was 12177, the largest central word. In addition, in terms of the proportion of each topic, Topic 8 was the largest area, confirming that the subject occupies a major proportion within this corpus. This suggests that Topic 8 forms an independent subject area that is distinct from other topics. In the Concor analysis, Therefore, it appeared as three clusters, but when the words were confirmed, it was analyzed in this study as a total of three clusters, and the first cluster was named oriental medicine recognition, the second cluster was named patient disease, and the third cluster was named oriental medicine treatment. In this way, the perception of oriental medicine clinics was confirmed, and it was confirmed that patients' perception of oriental medicine clinics changed for the purpose of treating diseases such as diet and hair loss in traffic accidents. However, it is analyzed that this cannot be competitive because patients can choose oriental medicine clinics or Western medicine clinics according to their propensity.

This study aims to analyze the influence of parenting attitude on children's subjective well-being and to examine the mediating role of self-esteem in this relationship. In contemporary society, children's emotional well-being is regarded as a core component of life quality, and the quality of parenting environments plays a crucial role in children's psychosocial development. For this purpose, the study utilized data from the 2020 Korea Child Center Panel Study, analyzing responses from 578 elementary school students. Statistical methods including descriptive analysis, t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, multiple regression, and Sobel test for mediation analysis were employed. The findings revealed that parenting attitude had a significant influence on children's subjective well-being, and self-esteem partially mediated this relationship. In particular, supportive and democratic parenting attitudes enhanced children’s self-esteem and well-being, whereas authoritarian and neglectful attitudes were found to have negative effects. This study highlights the importance of fostering positive parenting attitudes and developing self-esteem in children to enhance their psychological well-being.

In modern society, highways serve as crucial transportation infrastructure, facilitating movement across diverse regions. As travelers using highways, they frequently stop at rest areas or spots around interchanges (ICs) to relax, explore local specialties or visit nearby tourist destinations. However, finding up-to-date and reliable information about these spots can be challenging, typically requiring users to sift through multiple websites or rely on time-consuming personal reviews. This research aims to simplify that process by developing an integrated web service which provides comprehensive information on restaurants and tourist attractions near highway ICs. Utilizing NAVER API and text mining techniques, the system gathers and analyzes blog posts, extracting key information and ranking results based on user searches related to specific ICs. The web service integrates a user-friendly interface and supports additional information retrieval via Google search, enabling users to explore their interests further. User testing, conducted in alignment with Davis's Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), revealed a high level of satisfaction with the web service's usability and functionality. Participants in the study found the service to be a valuable tool in planning their trips, with particular appreciation for the accuracy of the information provided and the simplicity of the interface. The implementation of this web service is expected to enhance user experience by offering consolidated region-specific information into a single, accessible resource and facilitate the promotion of local attractions, potentially boosting regional economic activities.

This study aims to examine the relationship between resilience and career identity and to identify the mediating effect of major satisfaction. Data were collected from November 1 to 30, 2024, and the participants were 140 third- and fourth-year nursing students from two universities located in Chung-buk. The resilience, major satisfaction, and career identity level of the study participants were measured, and the mediating effect of major satisfaction was analyzed in the correlation between these variables and the relationship between resilience and career identity. The collected data were collected through a self-written questionnaire, and the collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, regression analysis, and mediating effect verification methods. The results showed that major satisfaction partially mediated the relationship between resilience and career identity. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested to develop curricular and extracurricular programs to enhance the resilience and major satisfaction of nursing students and to conduct further research to verify their effectiveness.

This study aims to perform factors affecting surrounding help, physical condition and confidence in depression patients. The subjects of the study conducted a survey of 74 people diagnosed with depression in an outpatient clinic in two general hospitals in the chungnam area from May 13 to July 10, 2024. The subjects' surrounding help, physical condition, and confidence were analyzed by the t-test, ANOVA, and Scheffe's test. The correlation between the subject's surrounding help, physical condition and confidence were analyzed by the Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results of this study are as follows. Firstly, the average physical condition was 5.46 points, and the average confidence was 32.71 points. Secondly, there was a significant difference in the subject's peripheral help according to age among the general characteristics(F=2.798, p=.035). Thirdly, confidence differed significantly according to age(F=6.395, p=.002) and religion type(F=3.428, p=.036) among general characteristics. Fourthly, there was a positive correlation between the subject's surrounding help and physical condition(r=.375, p<.002). In conclusion, it is necessary to develop a family intervention program that reflects socio-cultural characteristics. In order to improve patients' confidence, intervention measures are needed to increase their physical condition and help around them.

This study examines the transformation of Chinese ink art in a contemporary multicultural context through the theoretical framework of “inverse thinking,” derived from Daoist and Chan Buddhist philosophy. It identifies three structural tensions: technological innovation vs. intrinsic language, cultural hegemony vs. subjective expression, and traditional genes vs. contemporary translation. Case analyses of Yuan Wu, Kim Ho-suk, Liu Guosong, and Gu Wenda demonstrate the expansion of ink art into abstraction, installation, and performance while retaining core conceptual elements rooted in Daoist naturalism and Chan Buddhist aesthetics. We argue that the modernization of ink art constitutes a structural reconfiguration that bridges tradition and contemporaneity, aligns Eastern philosophical values with global art discourse, and establishes ink as a medium for critical reflection, interdisciplinary engagement, and creative innovation in 21st-century practice.

Language is a crucial medium for representing ideologies in media discourse. In early June, U.S. President Trump ordered the Navy to deport undocumented immigrants in Los Angeles, as part of his ongoing anti-immigration policies. We analyze five news opinions from The New York Times on this episode, using van Dijk’s ideological square to examine how ideological stances toward the issue are conveyed through language. Based on the distinction between ingroup and outgroup of the ideological square, we have examined key lexicons representing these groups as well as those describing their actions and attributes qualitatively. We have also measured keyword frequencies to determine whether the findings from the qualitative analysis are supported by quantitative data. In the news opinions, Americans and immigrants are portrayed as the ingroup, while President Trump and his administration are as the outgroup. Given this, we have found the positive qualities of the ingroup are strongly emphasized, while their negative qualities are downplayed, and the negative qualities of the outgroup are emphasized even more than the positive qualities of the ingroup. The findings are proved to be statistically significant, using a chi-square test. Based on this, we conclude that ideological stances on the deportation of undocumented immigrants are effectively conveyed through linguistic choices consistent with the ideological square framework.

Digital Transformation (DX) of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is to secure a competitive advantage by converting business procedures, products, services, and business models themselves with digital technology. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to help DX proceed in the field by creating and presenting an Information Strategy Planning (ISP) module, a consulting methodology necessary for companies, corporate managers, and consultants who will build digital transformation. By explaining the terminology in the order of research and organizing the preceding studies, the results of [Indicator for evaluating the digital transformation capability of SMEs] were reconstructed in PDCA order Finally, as an ISP module, Plan was organized into DX management field, Do was organized into DX innovation field, Check was organized into DX technology execution field, and Act was organized into DX education collaboration field. In conclusion, in the field of DX management, detailed indicators were derived for infrastructure, such as systems, readiness, and management strategies that promote DX, as well as organizational management of division of work, and customer management. Second, in the field of DX innovation, business models, intelligent product development, and service proposals were derived to present the vision of this project. Third, the implementation of DX technology was a detailed action plan, and smart factories, security, and data management were derived through DX. Fourth, education and collaboration were derived as a continuous method for DX education collaboration.

This study investigates how metaverse technologies are being integrated into city branding strategies to enhance urban identity, symbolism, informativeness, and relationality. Focusing on the cases of Seoul, Paris, Dubai, and Tokyo, it adopts a qualitative case study method to analyze the application of four metaverse types—Virtual Worlds, Augmented Reality, Lifelogging, and Mirror Worlds—in relation to core city branding elements. The results show that each city strategically adopts metaverse technologies according to its cultural context, digital infrastructure, and branding vision. Metaverse platforms are shown to facilitate immersive communication, strengthen symbolic assets, expand citizen engagement, and enhance digital governance transparency. Ultimately, the study argues that the metaverse serves not merely as a technological tool, but as a strategic infrastructure that enables participatory, emotionally resonant, and sustainable urban branding.

This study proposes a method for objectively evaluating the value of designers in the growing field of digital care services, which is expanding due to aging and increasing demand for personalized care, focusing on co-production services combined with public design. To this end, we explored methods for quantifying the value created by designers by applying EROI, an economic value evaluation indicator, and SROI, a social value evaluation indicator. The results of the study suggest the possibility of objectively measuring the value of public design services and discuss the limitations of this evaluation method and future research directions. We designed this study to establish an integrated evaluation framework that captures the full spectrum of value—both economic and social—generated by designers in the field of public digital care services. By applying EROI and SROI methodologies, we aim not only to quantify designers’ contributions more objectively, but also to promote greater recognition of their strategic role in shaping sustainable and user-centered public services. The proposed approach is expected to provide evidence-based tools for public institutions to implement more effective compensation, policy planning, and performance management systems in design-driven care projects.