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The Turkish nation established two major states in western Asia, Seljuk and Ottoman. In the 17th century, when the territory of the Ottoman Empire was at its largest, its borders reached the vast majority of Asia, Europe and Africa. The expansion of the borders has increased the cultural diversity. When the Ottoman Empire collapsed after World War I, the Republic of Turkey was founded and has continued this cultural diversity. For this reason, Turkish society has a multicultural structure. Not only various ethnicities exist but also religions are diverse. Turkey's official language is Turkish but since it is a multicultural society many languages are spoken. This study will examine the structure of cultural diversity and multiculturalism in Turkey. South Korea's multicultural structure will also be briefly mentioned. The study will then mention the bilingual education in Turkey.

This paper examined the literacy that is the basis of learning Korean language ability as a part of the basic discussion on learning Korean, the core of KSL education. In other words, it explored the literature developmental aspects of Korean native speaker children and KSL child learners through literature review and discuss the key issues in the literacy education of KSL child learners. A KSL child learner is a bilingual learner who has already developed a certain level of ability to use a native language. For mother tongue speakers, early childhood is basically the period of spoken language and the beginning of basic literacy development. During this period, the Korean reading ability starts from the level of recognizing a word as a whole unit, and develops to the level of connecting the phonemes of the word with the sound of the syllable unit The following points are suggested in the literacy education of KSL child learners. First, the curriculum should be differentiated according to the age at which KSL learners start to study Korean. Many studies showed that learners in the higher grades show higher achievement than learners in the lower grades of elementary school. Second, the level of achievement should be different considering the level of development of KSL learners. The current curriculum aims to improve the level of Korean proficiency to TOPIK level 4 within one year regardless of grade. Third, it is necessary to differentiate educational contents according to the Korean acquisition patterns of KSL learners. As shown in the results of the study, for example, KSL learners in 3rd and 4th grades show the lack of vocabulary such as lack of production vocabulary and lack of understanding of homonyms, which is an important factor to lower the text comprehension.

This study aims to clarify the general principle of the pattern where traditional conceptual literacy is advanced to the advanced level, focusing on the ability to understand and use spoken and written words by the media of Korean alphabet phonemes and characters. And this study analyzes the contribution of a poet Yoon, Dong Ju to raise the level of aesthetic literacy of the Korean discourse community. To this end, it will first identify the general principles of literacy development, and classify the rhetoric applied in Yoon, Dong Ju’s poems as Mimesis, Allegory, and Irony. Through this analysis, it aims to reveal the value that intellectuals of the 21st century can gain by improving Korean literacy.

This paper gives an example how national history even of a country that stays thousands of kilometers away could be researched from a certain foreign archives. The profound research of the Bulgarian archival documents reviles many different aspects of the contemporary Korean history. The core of all Bulgarian arrives related to the Korean Peninsula are from the most dramatic and turbulent part of the Korean history, the time when the country has been divided into two parts and two Korean states has been established which eventual reunification had become a hostage of the confrontation between the two main Superpowers during the Cold War period. The shift of the relations was also in the context of the general shift of the whole paradigm of the Cold war in the East Asian region at the beginning of the 70s related with the new stage of the relations between China and USA. This as well as the era of a so called “Peaceful coexistence” promoted by the Soviet bloc as well as the era of Détente in the East-West international relations helped the improvement of the relations between Bulgaria and North Korea during 70s. This study would go back to the main point of that paper that the profound research of different Bulgarian archives from the Cold war period gives a very good opportunity to shed a light on many aspects of the Contemporary history, some of which has its consequences and impact on the current political, socio-economic and military processes on the Korean peninsula and the profound knowledge about them could help us not only to understand better the logic of these processes but also to try to predict and foresight, to some extend their future development.

Image is a unique lens to study Tibetan frontier societies. From 1900s to present, authors with various backgrounds created numerous works about real historical events and figures in a specific time period. This text uses images about Tibetan frontier societies created in the past century. I will discuss the societies and cultures reflected in these images and reveal the positions, methodologies, and power relationship behind them.