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【Abstract】 The Identity and Direction of Korean Literature in Canada Song, Myung-hee This article looks over where Korean literature in Canada tried to find their literature’s identity from Lee Seokhyun, Park Chungdo, and Park Minkyu’s reviews. In the earlier times of immigration, Korean literature in Canada could not get out of Korea and Korean literature, so called filiation. The reviews urge Korean literature in Canada to find new affiliation, Canadian literature, instead of Korean literature, filiation. By the way, it is faced with difficulties, like language barrier and power between Canadian mainline literary world, and Korean literary world as ethnic minority’s. Park Chungdo suggested a solution to the problems that was to have Korean Canadian who can speak English help them to create literature in English. But Park Minkyu realized that it was not just a linguistic problem. Because of the power between major white society and minor colored society, he thought, although Korean literature is created in local language, they can’t overcome easily glass ceiling. Anyways, Korean Canadian writers have found literary identity to pursue as a subcategory by getting out of Korean literature gradually. But is that desirable? Canada has a mosaic society, a multicultural society which ethnically, linguistically, and culturally diverse people live in harmony keeping their uniqueness. Therefore, they need harmony more between filiation and affiliation than cutting off with filiation. Especially, to make a mosaic society, complete cutting off with filiation is not desirable. Because many races in Canada should have their own uniqueness. Korean Canadians have already twofold identities. That is, they belong to two countries, Korea and Canada, but they can’t belong to the mainstream of any nation. From a marginal man’s position which Korean Canadians have, they can embody the problems that they can’t create works in Korean diaspora’s life, and consolidation and assimilation of two cultures. I think it is the direction of identity that Korean literature in Canada should pursue.

The Current Situation and Tasks of Korean Education in Pan-Pearl River Delta. Quan You-Wei Lijiao Since Korea has established diplomatic relations with China in 1992, the Korean education has been actively progressing along withthe external factors, such as the Korean wave, the implement of Foreign Employment Permit System, the atmosphere of studying abroad along with the economic development, the investment towards China and the entry to the Chinese market of Korean enterprises, the Policy of attracting foreign students established by the Korean government, and so on. The Korean education in China has been mainly achieved in the North, where the three provinces in Northeast China are treated as the center. According to the incomplete statistics, at present, there are about 244 institutes which implement Korean education nationwide. When comparing the number of Korean students and the actual market demand, the Korean education in the North China has been saturated now. Since 2000, the main regions of Korean education has been gradually transferred from the North to the South, focusing on Yangtze River Delta and Pan-Pearl River Delta. This closely relates to the public investment situation of Korean enterprises. According to the data, since 1998, the main regions of the public investment of Korean enterprises has been gradually 44․한어문교육 제26집 transferred from Bo Hai Coastal Region, where the investment was active in the past, to Yangtze River Delta and Pan-Pearl River Delta. Wishing that Korean education in China would keep continuous progress, the reason why Korean education is in vogue in the South, which is strikingly different from the North, has been analyzed and the current situation and tasks of Korean education in Pan-Pearl River Delta has been proposed in this thesis.

Обучение корейскому языку в Узбекистане: история и текущее положение АН Ё КЁН Средняя Азия, в частности, Республика Узбекистан- регион проживания достаточно большого количества наших соотечест венников- «корёин», а потому с прошлых времен и до настоящ его времени это территория с высоким уровнем исторической значимости в области обучения корейскому языку. Также, пос кольку используемый в Узбекистане язык «корё маль» имеет сходство с «пукхан маль», в стране высока восстребованность в нынешней системе обучения корейскому языку «хангук-о». Однако, система обучения корейскому языку в Узбекистане, неразрывно связаная с Кореей, фактически не имеет достаточ ного объема исследований по сравнению с уровнем важности данного вопроса. В данной работе представлены статистические сведения о корейцах Узбекистана и системе обучения корейскому языку, а также обзор основных регионов изучения корейского языка, что может послужить основой для дальнейшего изучения эт ой темы.

Study program in Home country for overseas koreans for the korea descendants in CIS region: suggestions for improvement Jeong, Hyung-geun It is processing apace to increase the exchange of various personal and material resources beyond borders. In this situation the neccesity of so-called ‘transnationalism’ has been suggested , which social identity isn't always in accord with ethnic identity in. This study is a research on korea descendants staying in Commonwealth of Independent States in a long history of Immigration. This study can be expected to make a contribution toward restoring the homogeneity of Korean and play a role as great mediator between original country of residence and home country. I intended to draw several conclusions through surveys and In-depth Interviews on korea descendants. After conducting a survey, they are somewhat inferior to overseas Koreans from other area. In particular, they experience difficulties in learning Korean at the beginning due to difference of pronunciation between Russian and Korean. Therefore, they presented their wish of improving Korean speaking. They mostly showed lots of interests in Korean traditional culture. It is considered because of the previous 98․한어문교육 제26집 generation's influence who has tried to preserving inherent traditional culture. There were many opinions that they want to stay in Korea hereafter and demands for institutional improvement of expanding scholarship funding and solution of difficulty in issuing visa. Thus, the opportunity of learning through various experience should be provided for raising them as both global talented person within ethnic identity and expert of a certain field. There will be need of developing effective teaching methods to reinforce pronunciation training for beginners. The Korean Government should expand more active educational program managed by government expense like Israel's Ulpan.

A study on the application of focus on form(FonF) in Korean as a Foreign Language Woo, Hyeong-shik The purpose of this paper is to describe the characteristics of the focus on form(FonF), and discuss how the FonF has been applied in grammar education of Korean as a foreign language(KFL). The FonF takes a serious view of integrating the form, meaning and function of grammatical items for appropriate communication in real context. So, FonF has been called as a teaching method in pursuit of accuracy and fluency for the target language. This study in KFL with FonF might include: First, there are many methodical techniques in FonF, but a few of them have been applied in KFL; input enhancement, input processing, recast, dictogloss etc. Second, some grammatical forms and categories have been noticed; adnomial ending, indirect quotation marker, derivative passive, past tense, irregular conjugation, modality, particle etc. Third, the various tasks have been applied for language acquisition; reading materials, listening and selecting, picture test, restructuring of materials and speaking etc. But a lot of problems are left, for example short lesson program, limited selection of forms, and intentional teaching model. So, we have to make up for weakness in forward research of FonF in KFL.

The gradable speaking consist method using time limit Kim, Myeong-gwon Speaking practice uses two approach method for language learning. The one is for practicing vocabularies and grammar, another one is for providing a chance which can use language directly. Most learners have their final purpose for using language in reality. However, There is not enough time to become proficient language, because students learn grammar, vocabularies, etc., with various activities all together in most classes. For these reasons, learners have desire for attaining proficiency speaking, especially colloquial language speaking, and teachers research how to improve speaking ability as soon as possible. This paper is purpose for improving speaking ability for students as setting time limit qualification. This paper suggests time limit, add gradable consist method and select topic as for each consist method. And it makes learners practice speaking in each situation. Finally, I suggest example of real class and introduce teaching method which is more easy to practice and be real.

A Study on Creativity Training Method in Writing Education: conceiving and organizing through discourses of postmodernism Song, Ji-yeon In school education, there is a question how to actually teach students to exert their creativity as a factor linked to conceiving and organizing stages of writing. As a matter of fact, creativity is just one of the abstract objects of education, and there aren't yet any specific, well- planned efforts to teach creativity. Focusing on this reality, it's meant in this study to discuss this issue from a reflective perspective to find some solutions. Existing studies of creativity education have just catered to adults without providing authentic information or ideas on educational contents about writing tasks. In this study, creativity was classified into three to define its concept. One is creativity as a method of problem solving, and another is creativity as a way of self-expression. The third is creativity as a method of conceiving and organizing. And the scope of discussion was confined to creativity education as one of college general education courses of writing. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to examine how creativity should be educated at a college as a thinking process of conceiving and organizing. This study intends to assert and suggest that one is able to think in a 178․한어문교육 제26집 new and creative way through ‘becoming,’ ‘transcending’ and ‘mixing’ when he or she writes. The concept of ‘becoming’ is similar to that of Deleuze's ‘becoming’, and refers to trying to become something else or someone else. That is associated with sympathy, flow and empathy skills. Students can train themselves to speak in their own unique manner, not in a conventional or stereotyped way, by trying to ‘become’ something else or someone else. ‘Transcending’ is closely bound up with ‘meta’ thinking. And this is a matter of perspective as well, namely the way of looking at something, and something here is comprehensive of not only the theme of writing but its form and genre. Creativity of ‘transcending’ can be acquired by a thinking process that one has a doubt about existing authoritarian formula and raises a question. In this sense, this is overlapped with creativity as a way of problem solving in large part. ‘Transcending’ is to think from another perspective, and parody is a good example to practice ‘transcending’. Finally, ‘mixing’ is a solution about the structure of writing. Exerting creativity is a matter of ‘how’, not ‘what.’ It means that having a creative idea hinges not on ‘what to take something out’ but on ‘how to do it.’ The 21st century could be called the age of integration, while the 20th century could be called the age of experts. So competent people who will take the initiative in knowledge-based society should think in a creative way by crossing over different fields and integrating all the knowledge, which experts overlooked in the past. Being new and fresh is a matter of arrangement, not a matter of factors. Surf the Internet, and you can find someone else has already post on it what you want to write. You can find someone else has already post on it what you want to draw, and you can find someone else has already post a photograph that you want to take. It's meaningless to add just another piece of information in today's age inundated with information. What matters is to organize information in a new way, not to produce new 대학 글쓰기 교육에서의 창의성 훈련 試論․179 information, and one of typical ways to do that is ‘mixing’ that can be replaced with fusion, hybrid or crossover. In writing, one of good and firsthand ways of mixing is to make use of analogy and a figure of speech. So far, ‘thinking’ is just an extremely small and nominal part of the college writing curriculums, and the primary purpose of this study is accomplished by suggesting the way of educating it and actual training cases. ‘Desubjectification, Anti-authoritarian, Convergence’ were selected as the core of postmodernism discourses in this study, and then were selected as the key words of an approach toward creativity education in order to show the possible sociocultural significance of these creativity training tools. The proposal and attempt of this study are expected to make a contribution to college general education by assisting students to write in a new, significant way.

‘Subject’ and ‘Agent’ in the grammatical education of the Korean language - Concerning establishment of Terminology for distinction - Park, Kum-yeon In the grammatical study of Korean language education, the noun phrases (NP) combined with ‘i(이)/ka(가)/kkeaeo(께서)’ are referred to as subject. However, in the sentence, it is called ‘honoring the agent’ by using the term ‘agent’ when [+honoring] a person by adding ‘kkeseo’ to the person(grammatical person). Likewise, in the Korean language educational grammar, terms can be expressed differently like ‘subject’ and ‘agent’ in accordance with the categories being used even though the object directed by the speaker in a sentence is in the same language environment. At this time when the education of Korean language has been activated, foreign learners who are intending to learn Korean in-depthly will learn the nominative particle ‘i/ka/kkeaeo’ and understand the subject, but they say that Korean is a difficult language because of the dualized terminology of grammar field referred to as ‘honoring the agent’ instead of ‘honoring the subject’ from the aspect of honoring situation in reality. A part of the cause of such problem can be said that there was no clear establishment of terminology for the grammar fields in education of Korean language. Accordingly, in this study, ‘kkeseo’ and ‘-(eu) si-’, which are using without 한국어 교육에서 ‘주어’와 ‘주체’․205 distinction between ‘subject’ and ‘agent’, are to be connected so that the actual phenomenon for them can be studied clearly.

This study examined the types of code switching observed in the materials of interviews with 2nd‐generation Chinese residents in Korea and identified the causes of code switching. First, in the results of analyzing the number of utterances in the intonation unit, 26,607 (96.9%) of 27,448 were Korean. This shows that the Korean language has been engraved on them like a mark on the body since their childhood and this is the reason for their saying that they do not have any problem in conversing with Koreans. Next, we analyzed examples of code switching by part of speech. According to the results, the most frequent part of speech was noun (76%), which was followed by noun phrase (8.7%), loan word as a stem + ‘hada’ (4%), and loan word as a noun + ‘hada’ (2.6%). The distribution of English or Chinese words followed by ‘hada’ in predicates suggests that they understand the grammatical structure of the Korean language accommodating loan words, but compared to Korean residents in Germany they have not internalized the grammar of the Korean language completely. Furthermore, this study attempted to identify the causes of code switching, and found that 759 (90%) were simple changes made as adequate Korean vocabulary did not come into the head. This shows that most of code switching is used when they cannot think out an appropriate 이중언어 사용자의 코드 스위칭의 유형과 원인 분석․237 Korean word. However, we could see their racial identity as Chinese as they professed in that they spoke Chinese in delivering suggestive meanings with proverbs or idioms, or expressed in Korean or English and then interpreted or repeated it by putting an additional word like ‘Saying in Chinese,’ or uttered through code switching to Chinese when expressing their words in a moderate tone. (Ewha Womans University)

Hanyangga is a full‐length (total 764 lines) custom Gasa created by Hansan Geosa in 1844. In this work, the culture and institutions of Chosun in the 19th century and the city life are described showing the cultural atmosphere of the contemporary Hanyang. Based on the previous research results, this article develops its assertion focusing on the space which is materialized in Hanyangga. Hanyang which the author tries to embody is not a simple combination of artificial structures and objects, but a base of the life of people who lived in Seoul in the 19th century. How they perceived this space and as what kind of object they considered it are closely related with the emotional base or aesthetic orientation of the speaker. Therefore, it is needed to review how the space is set as a humanistic background and how the speaker coordinates with the objects that he sees and what aesthetic value he gets from them. To do this, the spaces were classified as the palace, offices, markets, inside and outside of the castle and the scenes composing there spaces were analyzed. The contextual meaning of the author’s choice of these spaces was reviewed by comparing mismatched scenes and matched scenes. 270․한어문교육 제26집 Conclusively, in Hanyangga, dynamic life and the emotion of city were highlighted stimulating five senses. Through such analysis, the article tries to find the meaning of the materialization of Hannyang, a 19th century city, which the speaker dealt with as a whole in the work from the perspective of the history of custom lyrics.

This thesis aims to analyze meaning of the ecological consciousness of Park Du Jin's poetry. Ecology tends to be mentioned related with orient philosophy and organism. It has transcended nature and religion. Park Du Jin pursued his poetic idea and reached the end of “Art Stone”. If the meaning of nature in the poems of Park Du Jin has been evaluated different, transcendent virtuality can revaluated the meaning of nature in their works. In his poems, nature regarded not only as a object but a valuable living things like human beings. Because nature is valuable things such as human beings and god. Park Du Jin connected the world with ecological consciousness by the Faith Poem. He regarded the poems on “Art stone” as a kind of Faith poem. He thought a religion and literature as incompatible oppositions unlike another poets. I would like to say that the beauty of nature is superior to the beauty of art, but the latter is inferior to the former in the world of “Art Stone”. The ecological consciousness is significant because it has a strong the sublime toward succession of the tradition adapted to the cosmotic world. The world of “Art Stone” is the condition of the sublime cosmos which he has been so desirous to reach.

『Toji』A comparison between the original work and its adaptations - With a focus on the personality changes of female characters depicted in the films and TV dramas - Jeong, Hye-gyeong This essay will examine the changes in the female characters that occur in the film and TV drama adaptations of the epic novel "Toji," written by Park Kyung-li. This will keep in mind that the saga is fully able to communicate in the context of Asia, as well as the fact that Korean films and TV programs have become major players in the region due to the "Korean Wave." Consequently, examining the transformation of female characters in the various adaptations is not only because they reflect the realities of the times, but also because the author, main characters, and most of the viewers are women. In the case of the film adaptation in 1974, only a mere portion of it being translated into the film notwithstanding, the female character changes were influenced by the realities of that era's politics, which ultimately led to a poor execution of the project regardless of its commercial success. In spite of such problems, film adaptations of novels not only directly reveal the realities of a period, but also result in the public seeking out the original literary works. Therefore, a construction of systematic theories regarding adaptation processes is urgently required in order to lead the way to a more desirable transformation in literary awareness. Although there have been three TV drama adaptations, the one attempted in 1979 was abandoned due to problems in the material. In the case of the 1987 and 2004 adaptations, the characteristics of the times were also indeed reflected as they were in the projects. In particular, if one examines the distortion and transformation processes of the female characters, their causes are mainly due to the realities and circumstances of the respective periods, and one can see the patriarchal perception still dominating those characters even in the 2004 adaptation. Furthermore, there have been many cases of character distortion and damage to the work due to commercial purposes. However, comparative research of the female characters in different adaptations must continue if only for the creation of images formed by the spread of media, and it is the opinion of this author that one cannot ignore the possibility of their direct influence on the consciousness of female consumers.

A Study on Dongyanggeukjang, Korean Theater Company in the 1930's Kim, Nam-seok This paper studies about Dongyanggeukjang. Dongyanggeukjang is a theatrical troupe that led Korean theatrical circles in the 1930s. As yet, the study of Dongyanggeukjang isn't progressed. So Dongyanggeukjang remains obscurity. This paper intend to examine Dongyanggeukjang‘s substance and feature. This study will be a groundwork of the restoration of Korean play's history