Earticle

의료구조는 정부가 재정, 정책 및 기술적인 지원을 통해 경제적인 이유로 병치료를 받지 못하는 빈곤계층, 또는 막대한 의료비용 때문에 빈곤계층으로 전락한 사람들을 상대로 필요한 기본 의료서비스를 제공하는 의료보장제도이다. 의료구조제도는 사회보장제도의 한 부분으로서 사회진보와 문명의 중요한 척도이며 국가의 정치 ･ 경제 및 문화 등 요소의 변화에 따라 부단히 발전 ･ 변화한다. 중국은 사회주의 초급단계에 처해 있는 개발도상국으로서 중국의 의료 구조제도는 확립된 지 얼마 되지 않았으며 현재 발전을 위한 관건적인 단계에 머물고 있다. 또한 도시와 농촌을 막론하고 현재의 의료구조제도는 시급히 해결해야 할 여러 가지 문제점들이 존재하고 있다. 즉 의료구조제도에 대한 정부의 의지와 국민들의 인식이 아직도 부족하고, 의료구조에 필요한 자금이 많이 부족하며, 의료구조의 범위가 좁고 비율이 낮으며, 의료구조의 법체계가 제대로 확립되지 못하였고, 의료구조의 관리시스템에 문제점이 존재하는 등이다. 따라서 정부의 의지와 사회적인 인식전환이 필요하고, 효과적인 조치로 의료구조에 필요한 자금을 확보해야 하며, 의료구조의 범위와 비율을 점차 확대하고, 의료기관의 적극성을 충분히 발휘하며, 의료구조에 필요한 법체계를 시급히 확립하고, 의료구조 관리시스템을 합리하게 조절하는 등 제도적인 노력이 뒷받침 되어야 한다.

최근, 생식 보조 의료의 비약적 진보에 의해, 친자 관계의 설정, 이용 가능한 보조 의료 기술의 한계 등, 그 법적 과제의 해결이 산적해 있다. 본 보고는, 생식 보조 의료에 관한 최근의 일본의 논의 상황을 소개해, 그 폐색(閉塞) 상황을 중심으로 생각하려고 한다. 불임은 환자의 意思에 의해서 치료의 필요와 불필요가 정해진다고 하는 점에서 통상의 의료와는 다르지만, 그 치료는 여성에게 신체적・정신적 부담이 크고, 출산시의 사망 사고도 있다. 임신・출산은 여성에게 있어서 결코 항상 안전하다고 말할 수 없고, 개인차도 큰 것이다. 일본의 생식 보조 의료는, 일본 산부인과 학회의 자주규제에 의해서 사실상 규제되어 왔다. 생식보조 의료에 의해서 태어난 아이의 친자 관계의 문제도 특별법은 존재하지않고, 현행 민법의 골조 안에서 생각해 본 결과, 모친은 분만자라고 생각하는 것이 통설・판례이다.현행법에 근거하는 개별 대응에서는 아이의 지위가 불안정하고 가족 관계의 혼란을 부를 우려가 있다. 또, 실제의 사례에서 재 판소의 판단이 나뉘기도 해, 명확한 기준 마련이 필요하다. 후생 노동성은 이 문제에 대해서, 2003년에「정자・난자・배아의 제공등에 의한 생식 보조 의료 제도의 정비에 관한 보고서」를 공표해, 구체적인 제도 제안을 하고 있다. 게다가 2008년에 일본 학술회의 생식 보조 의료의 본연의 자세 검토 위원회 대외 보고서도 공표되어 있다. 그러나, 생식보조 의료의 문제는, 반복해서 같은 논점이 논의되는 경향이 있어서, 시간만 소비되고 있다고 하는 인상이 있다. 현재로서는 심각한 사태 발생은 억제되고 있지만, 최저한의 룰 만들기조차도 좀처럼 진행되지 않고 있다. 현재의 상태로는 바람직한 상태가 아니고, 上記 2003년 보고서나 위원회 대외 보고로 시사되고 있던 제도 제안을 고려하여 향후의 방향성을 찾아야 하는 것이다. 생식 보조 의료를 어떻게 취급해야 할까는 매우 곤란한 문제이지만, 미루기만 할 수 있는 상황이 아닌 것은 분명하다.

Doctors have the right to treat patient with no interference. However, in the present legal system, the treatment is divided into two parts, western and oriental treatment, and doctors who has acquired a licence in one sector are able to treat only in his acquired licenced part. Unlicenced treatment will be punished by criminal law. This division restricts the self regulations of doctors, and brings about the problem to hinder the development of medical services. For this, following paper will discuss the development of national medical services in the constitutional aspect, comment that the two-seperated treatment system is right or not. And this paper will figure out that whether doctor's treatment over his licenced part make a restriction of doctor's self-regulation or not. And finally adduce the way the medical law should be. First, It needs to show us the way how the individual medical law should be made. Because the importance of this law as a people's healthy right and human dignity which depends on this law, as one of constitutional law's main principals, the principal of state-medical service, it needs to be written and to be guided. This paper will produce the principal of state-medical service, and analysis the fundamental right of medical service in the point of constitutional view, and explain the individual laws in harmonizing with constitutional law, try to synthesis the individual medical laws with constitutional law as center. Second, in constitutional law, the principal of state-medical service is actualized with the individual laws in the end. The core of this principal is security of the doctor's self -regulated and independent treatment practices. But the division of western and oriental medical treatment restrict the autonomy of doctors in the name of professionalization and becomes an obstacle to the development of new medicine and treatment technic at the same time. And it threats the people's healthy right and the right of to be cured. Furthermore, since the self-regulation of doctors is the essence of medical laws, it would be asked whether the doctor who treat over his or her right should be punished is excessive or not. It needs to departmentalize the composition requirement and be improved to reduce the court sentences and, and regulate by the administrative measures as possible. Third, the purpose of medical law is to make every people could enjoy the high quality medical services, and to secure and to promote people's healthy life. I would like to propose the system of cooperated treatment system as a solution of this problem. Fortunately, last Jan. 2009. the ground rules have taken effect to regulate. But it still needs more efforts and guidances on specific direction and policies. This paper will introduce the specific strategies how to practice the cooperated medical treatments.

In Korea, it is prohibited to establish profit-making corporation of hospital within Medical Law. All Medical corporations are thus not-fo r-profit, meaning that although entities may earn substantial profits o r surpluses, those funds must be devoted to the entities' charitable, r eligious or public purposes. Medical industrialization theory tries to pr omote the capital's investment in medical service segment by presenti ng the permit for profit-making hospital and the promotion of private medical insurance. Medical market open is a reality we can't avoid by WTO, DDA(Do ha Development Agenda). Changes in medical industry and open mark et analyzing the flow of medical policy and various circumstances. Th e medical hub strategy is a solution for the development of medical i ndustry. Attracting foreign hospitals and foreign patients will open job opportunities and raise profit. Up until now, discussions regarding for-profit medical corporations have been that of arguing for or against the introduction, each side p roviding advantages and disadvantages that may occur as the outcom e. Some of the advantages that have been mentioned include; through allowing investments from various fields of area other than that of m edical fields, higher amounts of investments would occur; such invest ments would lead to greater competition among health care entities, enhancing the quality of medicine overall; and inefficiency due to ma nagement by health care professionals would be replaced by more m aket-oriented officers bringing better management results. Disadvanta ges include: infusion of large investments would breakdown the healt h care system through leading small to medium size hospitals bankru pt. Though the establishment and management of foreign hospital in ' Free Economic Zones' is permitted by law, it has several serious pro blems. One of the important problems is the possibility of permission for-profit corporation to domestic hospitals. Another problem is all he alth care institutions must enroll in National Health Insurance system as provider.

The development of biotechnology not only draws the attention to the actual and potential value of the biological resources but also causes the concern about biodiversity and safety of human beings. In other words, human beings have received unlimited benefit from biotechnology but at the same time have been faced with moral, ethical and legal dilemma from its development. Biological resources, the vital resources for human beings, are the main component of the ecosystem and require the balance between use and conservation. However, it is true that the number of biological resources and the biodiversity itself has decreased while the pressure of human beings demand for biological resources has increased. In addition, the number of species facing extinction has considerably grown and the balance of ecosystem has already been disturbed. In order to address such challenge, the regulatory scope of international environmental conventions has more and more expanded at the international level. At the same time, the domestic law making process for compliance of such conventions has been actively made at the national level of the Parties to those conventions. This paper analyzes the way forward in our addressing the biodiversity and biotechnology issues through investigating major international conventions and relevant domestic legal systems including the current status of Convention on Biological Diversity and Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety.

In the 1980s, not only medical accident but also medical disputes became social problems in the nation, and from the year of 1988 me dical circles as well as the government started to discuss enactment of laws of dispute settlement in medical malpractice. The purpose of enactment of laws of dispute settlement in medical malpractice was t o regulate dispute settlement in medical malpractice as well as comp ensation for losses and damages and to compensate for people's life and physical injury as well as losses and damages of the properties promptly and fairly and to build up stable medical examination and tr eatment environment. The drafts of proposed laws were automatically cancelled at expir ation of the 14th, 15th and 16th term National Assembly because of disagreement among physicians, medical service consumers (patients), the government's department in charge and other interested parties. Lawmakers' drafts of proposed law, that is to say, not only a draft of the Law on Prevention of Medical Accidents and Malpractice Relief 1) but also a draft of the Law on Health and Medical Dispute Settlement 2), were submitted to the 17th term National Assembly, and associate d sub-committee of National Assembly had difficulties at investigation to cancel the law at expiration. In such a way, enactment of the law of medical dispute settlement continued to attempt as many as 22 years. As the press released recently, what was worse was confrontation among the government, medical circles and non government organizat ions concerning introduction of open-type investment hospitals jeopar dized base of the Law of Medical Service that was enacted in 1973. This study examined medical accidents and medical dispute in mal practice briefly to investigate the law of medical dispute settlement a nd malpractice relief and to discuss issues in dispute.