Earticle

The purpose of this study is to the elderly population continues to increase in order to improve the quality of life in an aging society to achieve participational motivation and social roles for Participation Elder of Sport For All Program. The subject of this study were 564(249 male and 315 female) individuals who were selected using the purposeful sampling method. The method of statistics was practiced to be in Frequence Analysis, factor analysis, Reliability, One-way ANOVA, Pearson’s Correlation Analysis and Multiple Regression by using SPSS WIN 17.0. The conclusion of this study are as follows: First, the gender for Sport For All participation had no significant difference between motivation factors, there were significant differences in the productive role of social role factors. Second, the age of sport participation motivation for the psychological stability, relationships, health seeking all the factors of 65 to 70 years in the highest, lowest in 70 years or older, and social factors play a productive role, citizens role, family members under the age of 60-65 in the highest, lowest in 70 years or older. Third, the income between Sport For All participate motivation, human relationships, health seeking in a factor of more than 2 million won, and psychological factors of stability less than 1 million won in the highest. factors of social role play a productive role, Civil roles, family members more than 2 million won in all of the factors was the highest. Fourth, social role factor in Sport For All participate motivation is the impact on the of health seeking factors that affect all the factors were valid.

The study has been to 16 handball university males who performed maximum isokinetic tests of knee joint. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether 4 weeks of sport rehabilitation tape method was able to improve peak torque, peak torque body weight ratio, average power, total work at 60 degree /sec and 180 degree/sec from isokinetic test with Biodex3. The results were as follows: First, there was significant difference at knee flexion in peak torque and total work angular velocity 60 degree /sec(p<.05). There was significant difference at knee extension in average power angular velocity 60 degree /sec(p<.05). Second, in the 180 degree/sec there was no significant differences in values of peak torque, peak torque body weight ratio, average power and total work both for flexion and extension. This results suggest that sport rehabilitation tape method on knee joint can increase the improvement of the torque function. sport rehabilitation tape method was recommended as a useful aid in an athletic contest and develop physical strength of the lower part of the body.

The purpose of this study was to offer information for development in screen golf industry, which is one part of golf industry, by closely examining which influence the lifestyle and participatory motive have upon attributes of selecting screen golf course targeting users of screen golf course. The results of this study are as follows. First, lifestyle according to socio-demographic characteristics was evaluated the health pursuit most highly in groups with their 40s and with golf exercise in over 7 years. The group with graduation from graduate school showed the aspect of fashion pursuit most highly. The group, which exercises screen golf in more than 7 times a week, was indicated lethargy most highly. Second, as for a participatory motive according to socio-demographic characteristics, the skill achievement and pleasure were indicated a high motive in order of groups with their 50s, 20s, 40s, and 30s. Extrinsic ostentation was indicated a high motive in order of groups with their 30s, 20s, 50s, and 40s. Social gathering was indicated to be in order of groups with their 50s, 30s, 40s, and 20s. Even educational level was shown the significant difference in social gathering, and was indicated to be in order of groups with graduate-school graduate, university graduate, and high school graduate. Third, lifestyle has positive influence upon attributes of selecting screen golf course. Service factor in selective attributes is having influence in order of achievement desire and health pursuit. Expense is having influence in order of fashion pursuit and health pursuit. The fashion pursuit was indicated to have influence upon the facilities. Fourth, a participatory motive is having positive influence upon attributes of selecting screen golf course. Convenience factor in selective attributes is influencing social gathering. Expense is having influence in order of skill achievement and non-motive. The facility was indicated to have influence in order of pleasure and skill achievement. Generally, the lifestyle and participatory motive according to socio-demographic characteristics were indicated to have difference. The lifestyle and participatory motive were indicated to significant influence upon selective attributes.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of downhill treadmill running(eccentric exercise) on inflammatory factors(CRP, WBC) and CK in different sports athletes(ski, rower) and non-athletes. A total of thirty male subjects (mean age was 22 years old) participated in the study and were consisted with ski(n=10), rower(n=10) and non-athletes(n=10). Downhill treadmill running(-8% gradient) sessions took place on a treadmill performing 4 minutes of running to reach targeted intensity (70% VO2max) and continued for 30 minutes. Blood samples extracted during rest and immediately after exercise and recovery period(24 hours later). All groups showed that blood CRP and CK concentration was significantly increased at recovery period and such blood level was lower in ski player compared to non-athletes. WBC and WBC subsets significantly increased after immediately exercise and returned to the baseline levels for recovery period. Further study needed to elucidate the exact mechanism with eccentric exercise and different sport events related to immune function parameters.

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationships between leisure attitude and depression of yoga exercise participants. The subjects for this study totalled 312 yoga exercise participants over 20 years old female by purposive sampling in D city. Instruments of this study were used scales Leisure Attitude Scale(LAS) and Depression Scale. Its validity and reliability were verified by factor analysis and reliability check. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis using SPSS 18.O statistics package. The following conclusions were drawn. First, there were differences in leisure attitude of yoga exercise participants but no differences in depression. Second, there were negative relationships between leisure attitude and depression of yoga exercise participants. Third, the leisure attitude of yoga exercise participants had an negative effect on depression.

The purpose of this study is to define the effect of media and physical activity for teenager’s addiction to media and body mass index(BMI). This study analyzes student population of 805 from middle and high school, who were residing in Seoul, Gyeonggi -do, Incheon in 2008. For statistical data analysis in this study, SSPS/PC Window V15.0 program was used for frequency analysis, correlation, exploratory factor analysis and reliability test, and AM06 7.0 program for confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation model analysis. The results are followings. First, the acceptance for internet does not influence over the addiction to internet. Second, the acceptance for TV influences over the addiction to TV positively. Third, physical activity influences over BMI negatively. Fourth, rest and sleep influence over the addiction to internet negatively. Fifth, rest and sleep influence over the addiction to TV negatively. Sixth, the addiction to internet does not influence over BMI. Seventh, the addiction to TV influences over BMI statically.

The purpose of this study was to find an efficient starting movement of men’s 100m sprint. Total of 10 Korea elite 100m sprinters participated in this study. They were divided into two groups which NG and UG. NG included current member of Korea National Team and UG included meber of second level Korea National Team. Three-dimensional motion analysis was performed with 7 infrared cameras and 1 force plate in sampling frequency as 200Hz and 2000Hz, respectively. The biomechanical variables such as the stride length, the stride velocity, the take-off angle, and horizontal and vertical ground reaction forces were analyzed. After this experiment following results are found. 1) In comparison with UG, the significantly less step length and non significantly fast velocity was found for NG at the first step after take-off. 2) NG revealed significantly higher take-off angle than that of UG. 3) In the ground reaction forces, less breaking forces and greater propulsive forces were found in NG compared with those of UG.

The purpose of this study was to examine the control styles and senses of movements in varsity race walkers and to clarify the relationship between them and their skill levels. 29 male walkers rated 317 items in 4-point usability scale, which were selected in advance from free answers on the control style and sense in race walking. Spatial, temporal, and kinetic control modalities and the details of higher rated items were analyzed from the viewpoint of skill level. The results showed that beginners rigidly pay attention to their walking form, which causes unstable movements, and advanced walkers perform in relaxed way, which rather leads to stable ones. The body axis felt in race walking was discussed as a stable center axis of movements, in order to coordinate upper and lower limbs, to absorb shocks at knees, and to transform the absorbed force into a forward movement.

The Purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between health belief and happy life according to middle school teacher’s leisure activity type. The subjects of this study were teachers serving in secondary school of Seoul. Using systematic stratified cluster random sampling, 621 teachers were sampled and asked to respond the survey. To analyze the data collected for this study, SPSS 12.0 and AMOS 16.0 program was used for analyzing the data were correlation analysis, standard multiple regression analysis, covariance structure analysis. The result of the analysis were summarized as following. First, It Show the differences health belief and happy life according to populous-statistical characteristic in secondary school teachers. Second, secondary school teacher leisure activity type affects partly teacher’s health belief. Third, secondary school teacher leisure activity type affects partly teacher’s happy life. Fourth, Teacher’s health belief affects partly happy life.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mitochondria biogenesis and function of gracilis muscle following prolonged taekwondo training. In this study, taekwondo trained group (14±2.4yr, 4time week-1, 3-4hour/day-1; EXE, n=6) and non regular exercise training group(NEXE, n=6) were participated and gracilis muscle(20mg) was extracted while ACL surgery with voluntary consent AMPK, pAMPK and CAMK protein which are intracellular messenger were significantly over expressed in EXE group compared with NEXE group. PGC-1α which is referred as main controlling protein for mitochondria biogenesis also remarkably expressed in EXE group. furthermore, UCP3 and GLUT4 protein expression in EXE group were significantly over expressed compared with NEXE group. As to these results, protein overexpression for mitochondria biogenesis and function of gracilis muscle following prolonged taekwondo training were adaptive phenomenon, which might be expressed as improved taekwondo performance because of not only higher anaerobic capacity but also higher aerobic capacity in elite taekwondo player

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of middle school physical education teacher instruction type on class satisfaction of students. The middle school students in K Province were targeted, and 972 male and female students participated in the study. And the results were as follows. First, As a result of the investigation of the differences among instruction type by the general feature of students, it appeared that there were differences among teachers’ instruction type, recognized by student. To put it concretely, in terms of sex of students, male students showed higher values in types of democratic behavior, positive compensation and teaching/instruction, and in terms of school year, there was significant difference only in type of instruction. In terms of class satisfaction, male students showed higher values compared with female students in the teachers’ behavior, gym environment, and athletic ability satisfaction. In terms of class satisfaction by school year, there was no statistically significant difference. Secondly, it appeared gym teacher’s class teaching type significantly affected all sub-factors of class satisfaction.

The purpose of this study was to identify the impacts of the 8 weeks’ front and back femoral muscle taping utilizing resistance exercises on the isokinetic muscle functions of the muscles that were involved in knee flexion and extension. Twenty-one male students who was majoring in Physical Education in K University, Gyeonggi-do were selected as the subjects of this study. They were divided into three groups as Taping Training Group (n=7), Training Group (n=7), and Control Group (n=7) and the variables such as Peak torque per body weight, Average Power and Total work were measured. The results of the study are as follows. First, there was significant difference in both left and right side at 60°/sec flexion in the Peak torque/BW. Second, there was significant difference in left side at 60°/sec flexion in the average power. Third, there was significant difference in right side at 180°/sec flexion in the Total work. Therefore, the 8 weeks’ front and back femoral muscle taping utilizing resistance exercises made remarkable impacts on the flexor muscle of the knee. It is expected that taping applied exercise programs matching with the special characteristics of the sport will provide efficiency of muscle activities in skill enhancement and rehabilitation training. It is also expected that taping application to the athletics in public will bring the general public positive effects in physical strength enhancement.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of middle school physical education teacher instruction type on class satisfaction of students. The middle school students in K Province were targeted, and 972 male and female students participated in the study. And the results were as follows. First, As a result of the investigation of the differences among instruction type by the general feature of students, it appeared that there were differences among teachers’ instruction type, recognized by student. To put it concretely, in terms of sex of students, male students showed higher values in types of democratic behavior, positive compensation and teaching/instruction, and in terms of school year, there was significant difference only in type of instruction. In terms of class satisfaction, male students showed higher values compared with female students in the teachers’ behavior, gym environment, and athletic ability satisfaction. In terms of class satisfaction by school year, there was no statistically significant difference. Secondly, it appeared gym teacher’s class teaching type significantly affected all sub-factors of class satisfaction.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of serve technique and its manner of execution on the efficiency of the serve in elite male volleyball. A total of 791 serves from 18 sets during the 2010∼2011 V-league Championship games were analyzed. The variables of this study were: type of serve(spike serve, floating jump serve, or standing serve), serve efficiency, manner of execution(origin and destination), and result of the action(win or loss). Descriptive analysis and chi-square test were performed with a level of statistical significance set at p<.05. The results of this study showed that the spike serve involved a higher number of points, errors, and actions that limited the opponent. The spike serve most frequently directed toward Zone 5 and Zone 6 and this serve showed the higher level of efficiency compared with that of the standing serve. The results concluded that the spike serve should be effective when the point-to-error ratio is less than 1：2.

The purpose of this study is to identify effects of participation of amateurs and professionals in mixed martial arts in games on stress hormones and muscle damage and inflammation. The subjects in this study included amateurs (n=7) and professionals (n=7). The methods included measurements of blood pressure and pulse, and their blood was collected at resting one day before the games (the 1st period), 10 minutes before the game (the 2nd period), and 10 minute immediately after the games (the 3rd period). As a result, all the items did not show differences between the amateurs and professionals. However, there was significant difference in periods within the groups: as for HR, the two groups showed significant differences in periods (p<.05); as for SBP, the two groups showed significant differences only in the first and the second period and the first and third period (p<.05); and as for DBP, the two groups showed significant differences only in the first and the second period (p<.05). As for cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, CK, LDH there were significant differences in both groups by periods (p<.05). As for hsCRP, there was no significant difference in both groups, but in the third period that of the professionals was higher than that of the amateurs. In conclusion, stress hormones did not show difference by periods between amateurs and professionals who participated in the mixed martial arts games but the hormones were increased considerably immediately before the games and after the games, a finding that shows both groups were under much stress in participation in the games. Meanwhile, the subjects showed muscular damage after the games.

The purpose of this study was to verify the relationship among u-Sports computing environment, using intention and introduction intention under sports environment. To meet the purpose, the data were collected from university athletes in Seoul, Gyeonggi and Incheon areas. As a detail method of data collection, the random sampling was adopted and those surveyed, who were willing to answer the survey after explanation on the purpose of study prior to survey, participated in the survey. The survey was filled out by using of self-report method and total 500 copies of data were collected. The collected data were proven not to be unfaithfully prepared and they were computerized with SPSS 12.0 program. To analyze the relationship between each factors, the confirmatory factor analysis and structural model analysis were carried out by using of AMOS 7.0 program. The results were as follows. First, the receptiveness factor of u-Sport environment had positive effect on the using intention. Second, the receptiveness factor of u-Sport environment had positive effect on the introduction intention. Third, the using intention had positive effect on the introduction intention.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the hematological changes of junior elite bodybuilders during competition and non-competition period in junior elite body builders(18.4±1.06yr). A group of junior elite bodybuilders aged 20 or younger was examined for hematological changes during competition and non-competition period. The findings were as follows: 1) As for serum lipids, T-C(total cholesterol) and TG(triglyceride) dropped by a significant decrease(p<.05) during competition periods compared to non-competition periods, but there were no differences in HDL-C(high density lipoprotein cholesterol) and LDL-C(low density lipoprotein cholesterol). 2) In a liver function test, AST(aspartate aminotransferase) and ALT(alanine aminotransferase) rose by a significant degree(p<.05), whereas ϒ-GTP(gamma-glutamyltransferase) showed no changes. Representing an inflammation level, hs-CRP(high sensitive-C reactive protein) made a significant increase(p<.05) during competition periods, and so did CK(creatinine kinase) and LDH(lactate dehydrogenase)(p<.05), which represent muscular damage. The findings reveal that there were positive effects on serum lipids during competition periods compared to non-competition ones, but competition periods also brought about damage to the liver function, inflammation, and muscular damage.

The purpose of this study was to empirically students’ participation in the sports activities the body composition, physical fitness, and physical self-concept. In order to achieve this purpose, 60 subjects were selected by the purposive sampling among students of C-elementary school in Gangwon-do. Peer relation was measured 2time at pretest, at sports activities finished. The survey questionnaires were the physical self-description questionnaire developed by Marsh(1994) and standardized in the study by Kim(2001). The following results were obtained: first, the comparison of the body composition: cardiopulmonary body fat in DA were statistic significantly(p<.01) higher than those of NA. Weight in DA was higher than those of NA with no significant difference. second, the comparison of physical fitness: muscle endurance, Cardiopulmonary endurance, flexibility, and reflex in DA were statistic significantly(p<.01) higher than those of NA. third, the comparison of physical self-perception: sports competence, appearance, physical activity, flexibility, endurance and whole factors of body items, body fat, muscle strength in DA were statistic significantly(p<.01) higher than those of NA.

The purpose of this study was to compare kinematic factors between two groups (a skilled vs. an unskilled group) for Yamawaki in horizontal bar. Eight national man gymnasts participated in this study, and eight Oqus-300(200Hz), infrared cameras were used to capture motions for three dimensional analysis. The results were as follows: First, skilled men made a swing with them upward and horizontal at release, but unskilled men with them vertical near horizontal bar. Second, skilled men had a low vertical position at release but a high during aero flight and a high vertical position at landing. On the contrary, unskilled men had a high vertical position at release but a low during aero flight and a low vertical position at landing. Unskilled men's low horizontal velocity during upward swing made a high vertical position at release. Third, after skilled men threw themselves backward by means of a rapid horizontal velocity at release, they erected their upper bodies inversely with them pulling the horizontal bar. But it was difficult that unskilled men erected their upper bodies by means of throwing themselves upward from rapid vertical velocities at release. Fourth, skilled men made large shoulder joint angles, but unskilled men made large hip joint angles at landing. Also, at landing, unskilled men’s small shoulder joint angles and large hip joint angles made a landing near the horizontal bar and a performance by means of hip joint flexing excessively.

The purpose of this study is to analyze effects of participation after school sports and weekend sports on sport we-ness and self-efficacy of the elementary school children. The subjects in this study were 211 students from D elementary school and S elementary in Gang Won-Do. The instrument for data collection was a questionnaire in which we-ness scale as identified by Kang(2007) and self efficacy scale as identified by Han(2009). Data analyses consisted of frequency analysis, reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, independent t-test and one-way ANOVA used SPSS 15.0 and AMOS 7.0 version. The following results were obtained: First, there were not significant differences in we-ness and self-efficacy between grade of elementary school students . Second, there were significant differences in we-ness and self-efficacy between participation after-school sports and weekend-sports or non-participation after-school sports and weekend-sports of elementary school students. Third, there were partially significant differences in we-ness and self-efficacy among participation period after-school sports and weekend-sports of elementary school students.

This research was conducted to compare cardiopulmonary function, isokinetic muscle function and muscle fatigue between 9 national-reserve cross-country skiers and 9 general skiers and the following result s were obtained: First, for the test of cardiopulmonary function VO₂ max and maximal heart rate were measured. Statistically, the national reserve group had more favorable results than the general group as evidenced by lower measurements in both tests (p<.05). Second, for the test of isokinetic muscle function, the rotational power around the knee joint was measured at 60°/sec and 180°/sec. For peak torque tests of the flexor muscle at 60°/sec and 180°/sec the national reserve group had higher measurements than the general group (p<.05) and for the average power of the extensor muscle at 180°/sec the national–reserve group had also more favorable results than the general group (p<.05). However, for the tests of peak torque/body weight and total work, the national reserve group had slightly better results than the general group but the difference was statistically insignificant. Third, the degree of leg muscle fatigue was measured. The national-reserve group had slightly lower measurements than the general group, but the difference was statistically insignificant. In conclusion, the national-reserve group had better cardiopulmonary function and muscle function than the general group. Thus, to reduce the difference in athletic ability between the two groups, leaders of general cross-country skiers should focus on intensive training to strengthen cardiopulmonary function and muscles , especially development of training programs suitable to the characteristics of cross-country skiing including seasonal training program (snow season vs. non snow season).

This research is basically for developing the ways to evaluate fencing trainers effectively and eventually for making fencing a more publicly available sport. This will be done by providing lesson plans and evaluation through drafting trainers, dividing by technical level and training plan and by preparing specific and objective standards by which each trainer will be screened. The objects are 45 members who took the fencing lessons in “Kosmo Fencing Club” from 2005 to 2010. Through the use of evaluation and screening standards during matches which were developed based on accuracy, physical strength, professional skills and game competence. I have come to the following conclusion: First, we need diverse evaluation methods for fostering more capable trainers. Second, we need to focus on setting up better facilities. Finally, we should make access to fencing easier without any prejudice and eventually contribute to making fencing a more publically accessible sport.

The purpose of this study was to provide relative intensity of taegeuk poomsae(1~8jang) with graded exercise test (GXT) and arm-ergometer(AE). For this stusy, Taekwondo poomsae national team(n=10) were involved and measured physiological responses(VO2max, HRmax and blood lactate). VO2max and HRmax were significant difference by poomse types(p<.001); As to VO2max and HRmax, 5 jang has the highest volume compared to the other’s; In addition, 5 jang shows the highest level of blood lactate among taekuk poomsaes whereas there was no significant difference between poomsae types. VO2max ratio based on the GXT and AE, 5 jang(33.71 ml/kg/min) was 60.29%(GXT) and 80.91%(AE). Futhermore HRmax ratio based on the GXT and AE, 5 jang(154.02 bpm) was 80.51%(GXT) and 92.55%(AE). Finally, lactate ratio based on the GXT and AE, 5 jang(3.59mmol/ℓ) was 40.46%(GXT) and 63.00%(AE). Furthermore VO2max ratio in successive taegeuk poomsae was 83.08%(GXT) and 111.52%(AE); HRmax ratio was 95.58%(GXT) and 110.02%(AE); and lactate ratio was 70.19%(GXT) and 113.90%(AE). In conclusion, these results shows that the taegeuk poomsae is sufficient to improve cardiovascular function. It would be necessary that performance time and intensity of poomsae may be modify to improve physical fitness, thus taekuk poomsae become more scientific sport.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of golf galleries’ participation types on their viewing satisfaction in KLPGA competitions and customer loyalty . For the study, Securities Ladies Championship in June, 2009 at Ildong Lake C.C. 400 samples were collected among galleries who participated in High1 Resort Cup Charity Women’s Open(High1 C.C.) and LG Electronics Women’s Open in last August and September. Among them, 365 questionnaires were analyzed except for 35 questionnaires which were not collected. As analysis methods, frequency analysis, factor analysis, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were performed, using SPSS version 15.0 for Windows. As for the effects of golf galleries’ satisfaction on customer loyalty, the sub-categories of golf galleries’ satisfaction, satisfaction about core products, satisfaction about promotion products and satisfaction about extension products had positive effects on the customer loyalty. It showed that managing emotional benefits through golf competitions such as the tranquility, relaxation and pleasure of mind was much more important than the viewing satisfaction of golf competitions through players or competitions.

Purpose of this study is to find the effect of complexly composed as walking, resistance exercise with weight bearing, and balance training to young old women. VO2max was significantly increased which related to locomotion ability category, step up and down, trunk standing, sit-and-reach showed significant increased which related to daily activity category. Also, squeeze and sit and stand up on a chair which related to strength significantly increased. Consequently, this study has found that complexly composed as walking, resistance exercise with weight bearing, and balance training have positive affect to body composition, locomotion ability, daily activity, and strength which health related physical strength to young old women.

The purpose of this study compares and examine physical fitness performance(power, strength, muscular endurance, agility, flexibility) level and Taekwondo kicking ability between 10 American students and 10 Korean students who are majoring in Taekwondo at university. Subjects were 20 male highly trained university Taekwondo players with mean age of 21 for American and 20 for Korean. Several measures of morphological characteristics, fitness performance level and kicking ability were collected respectively. The data was analyzed using independent T-test on SAS statistical package. The results obtained showed that somatotype of American Taekwondo players was superior than Korean players. Second, each of Taekwondo players show difference in physical strength with same age group appeared by muscular power, strength, muscular endurance, agility, kicking. Only rip strength level was superior in American players, while muscular endurance(sip-up), balance, flexibility kicking ability level were superior in Korean players than American players by statistically. In conclusion, Korean Taekwondo player could have some weak point of physical somatotype against western Takwondo players, but those problem could be cope with technical strategy.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different exercise intensity on blood inflammatory factors and muscle damage index. Ten mentally retarded females (age 25.3±4.77, weight 58.5±5.89) participated in this study and performed low(60%HRmax) and high intensity exercise(75%HRmax) by treadmill during 30minutes. Change in each parameters for low and high intensity was tested by two-way ANOVA repeated measure. The mean of serum CRP concentration was significantly increased after immediately exercise during low and high intensity exercise. There are further increase in CRP from immediately post exercise values to 24h post-exercise for high intensity exercise. Blood WBC and WBCsubsets concentration increased significantly after immediately exercise and returned baseline value at recovery period. Such exercise induced change of circulating WBC did not differ between two treatment. Blood CK concentration was significantly increased after immediately exercise rather than pre exercise value in both treatment and continued to the recovery period. But there was no significant interaction with different exercise intensity.

This study aimed to investigate the study of vertebra transforms of professional gymnasts by Formetric Ⅲ. Thirty gymnasts(male=20, female=10) volunteered to participated in this study as subjects. The vertebra transforms by Formetric Ⅲ were measured in Trunk imbalance, Pelvic tilt, Pelvic torsion, Surface rotation, Lateral deviation, Kyphotic angle and Lordotic angle. Main results of the study were as follow: Trunk Imbalance in male and female were shown to -7.50±3.14mm and -6.00±2.07mm respectively compared to base line. Pelvic Tilt in male and female were shown to 4.35±2.93mm, 6.70±2.17mm. Pelvic Torsion in male and female were shown to 2.05±1.19°, 3.50±1.59°. Surface Rotation in male and female were shown to4.10±1.81°, 3.50±1.65°. Lateral Deviation in male and female were shown to 8.36±3.64mm, 7.60±3.20mm. Kyphotic Angle in male and female were shown to 37.80±8.50°, 38.10±4.53°. Lordotic Angle in male and female were shown to 23.15±7.79°, 27.90±7.67° respectively. These results show that wrong or improper position and repetitive one-sided gymnasts practice lead a significant transforms in the vertebra. Therefore, the program for correct position and education for professional gymnasts should be needed and applied.

Eccentric muscle actions are known to induce temporary muscle damage, delayed onset muscle soreness and muscle weakness that may persist for several days. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of bench-stepping exercise on pheriphral biomarkers of muscle damage and isokinetic muscle strength. Eight healthy, untrained male subjects performed eccentric contractions during 30 min of bench stepping(50 cm step, 15 steps min-1). Isokinetic Muscle strength and plasma aldolase, creatine kinase(CK), lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase(GPT), cortisol, testosterone measured before and during 3 days following exercise bout. Muscle strength decreased 1-2 day post-exercise, thereafter recovering to basal levels, and aldolase and CK activity changed of vice versa. The changes of LDH and GOT were not showed significant difference with basal levels. The exercise did not appear to significantly affect serum levels of GPT and teststerone. The results suggest that decreased muscle strength correlated with activity of aldolase, CK, LDH, and GOT levels.