Earticle

Since 2004, Maritime Sociology turned to be a new researching sphere of Sociology in China. It was defined as a kind of Sociology focuses on interactive activity between Ocean and Human Being, but the fundamental researching paradigm of Maritime Sociology still lacks to clear clarification. This paper takes a theoretic path of Marx-Bourdieu to build a Maritime Practice Paradigm for Maritime Sociology, which takes human`s maritime activity as practice embedded in the environment of Field, Habitus and Capital. We thus concern that Maritime Sociology`s researching paradigm should not only follow the basic logic of social science, seeking for a causal relationship of y=f(x) to simply take the factor of Ocean as an independent (x) or dependent (y) towards Human`s practice, but also treat the factor of Ocean among the situation of practice, taking a Zigzag way to notice the different ways that Ocean and Human himself suffers changes and transformation during the process of practice. This would give Maritime Sociology something special to further and enrich our research.

It is pointed out that the possibility of peaceful coexistence in East Asia in the 21st century is likely to be determined in the ocean. There is even a prediction that if a war breaks out, it will be due to a maritime dispute. Therefore, the Chinese academic community tries to secure its historical basis in order to gain an advantage in international maritime disputes. One of the hallmarks of Chinese academia is the study of maritime boundary to achieve this patriotic national goal. In general, the causes of the Northeast Asian Sea Crisis are explained by various factors such as the historical background between China and neighboring countries, the vigilance of neighboring countries due to the rise of China, and the clashes caused by the US rebalancing strategy in Asia and the Pacific. Although China is still the main objective of maritime traffic protection, it will try to broaden the scope of activities to secure marine energy and develop marine resources in the future, and this will soon increase the possibility of disputes in the marine environment. Therefore, it is very likely that the maritime boundary research to secure advantageous position on the maritime territorial dispute will increase explosively in the future. The historical narrative of the maritime boundary conflict in the East China Sea and the South China Sea shows a typical teleological view of history. Therefore, it seems difficult to resolve the current maritime territorial dispute without a fundamental shift in the historical perception. Perhaps the maritime boundary conflict is a controversial issue that has brought about the change of history into the modern frontiers of the nation-state, and this may be an anachronistic recognition of the idea of the border, the product of the modern nation-state.

In this presentation, I shall examine the labour migration within the seaport cities in Liaodong peninsula(Dalian, Yingkou, Andong) during the 1920-1930s'. The flow of Shandong people into Manchuria grew steadily beginning in the latter half of the nineteenth century, reaching an annual flow of about 300 thousand to 400 thousand people by the early 1920-1930s. They were the main industrial labourers in the cities. In particular, the Chinese labourer organization 'Bang(幇)' was in charge of loading and unloading work, which required a lot of labourer. 'Bang' was a group of labourers from the same hometown. The dock and railway station, which used to employ large-scale labours, gave full powers to 'Batou(把頭)', the leader of the 'Bang'. The object was to secure and manage a large number of labourers.

When the Chosun Diplomatic Delegation (Chosun Tongsinsa) stayed in Osaka on September 8th, Mr. Mizutar and his son, coming from Kumamoto, visited the delegation. The visitors exchanged the gifts of poems and conversations in literary Chinese with Yu-han Sin, an official literateur, and a group of document clerks for the three envoys, including Baek Gang, Mong-rang Sung, Eun-doo Jang. These collection of written conversations and poems were later scribed down by Mizutari Yasunao into a book titled Hang Hae Hyun Soo Rok. A closer look at 47 Chinese poems in the book, which were composed and read aloud during the visit, reveals frequent references and allusions to Chinese classic scholars. Notably mentioned among these poems are No Yeon, Wee Mann, who travelled thousands of miles to meet Lee Baek, So Sik, and So Sun, Cheon Sa, Yook Son, Sa Young Woon, Woo Owang, Twe Zi Han Yoo, Owang Bal, and others. What is the most fascinating among these is the reference and allusion to the young Wang Bal, because it provides a rare opportunity of glimpsing into how both Japanese and Cho-sun young scholars perceived China and its culture.

This article examines the genderization of space that occurs in a US military base after the withdrawal or return of its facilities. Partial return of the Makiminato housing area of US Military base in Okinawa began from 1975, transforming the area into the new city center of Naha by 2005. This area is lined with all kinds of culture and consumer facilities such as duty free stores and large shopping malls, and the typical shopping activities carried out in this area are based on traditional gender order. Just as the existence of a US military base itself represented the relationship between the ruler and the ruled as that of male and female, the space is also genderized after the withdrawal of the US military base. Similar genderization is found in the sites that have been designated as UNESCO World Heritage in 2000. These World Heritage Sites mainly include Okinawan traditional culture and folk beliefs. Representing Okinawa as a world of shamanism dominated by spirituality divine spirits is nothing more than a metaphorical feminization of Okinawa. A thorough investigation on how genderization of space originating from militarism affects the tourism industry will have great implications on reasoning the neo-colonialism in Okinawa that continues even today.

At 1 beginning Day, average, Korea three countries were located around the East China Sea and performed cultural exchange through the sea from ancient times. If there was sometimes wartime time with the offense and defense in the long history, I might enjoy profit by trade mutually. It may be said that there was a place benefiting you to three persons three by interchange such as the trade through the sea if I look generally. Because Tsushima, Iki, Goto Islands and Nagasaki mainland region Nagasaki dotted in 2 Tsushima warm currents are located in the northwestern part of Kyushu, and the Tsushima warm current is dotted with Tsushima, Iki, Goto Islands in a flow from the north, and there is an ocean current to drift from the Fujian area to Goto again in the summer, it is the place that received various kinds of benefits. Nagasaki has shore extension distance of the second place in the whole country including islands part (note 1). Nagasaki that is not blessed with the arable land plays second fiddle to neighboring Saga at the area, but it is to the number that it is near whereas Saga is 850,000 people with the population even if I do not go to 1,420,000 and double. This shows how Nagasaki depends on the sea for economy. The way of the dependence was thought to have been accompanied by a change by the change of the times, but, by progress such as the excavation, knew that I came as bread of the life by various methods. Life to depend on the sea from 3 Jomon period A whale bone excavates it with the stone implement of the existence stem pointed utensil in "the つぐめのはなremains" mainly composed of the first half year and the middle from (approximately 8,000 years ago) at an early end in Jomon period, and it is thought with the remains which captured "a whale" because these remains are located in the place that projected into the sea of the place that got narrow of the straits. It becomes about the same, and, in the East Asia area including the East China Sea, it is thought that a flow same as a current ocean current began in the ocean current with the topography of the existence in an early end in this Jomon period. After this, it is thought that the history of people of Nagasaki was run with the Tsushima warm current which assumes the east of Taiwan the starting point. In the next Yayoi period, whaling line engraving is put for the funerary urn which is in the latter half of Yayoi period in the late third century in "the remains of Iki-shi, Nagasaki of crossroads of Hara", and a ship and the state of the fishing are pictured. I can understand the twinship in comparison with a gray whale whaling image of Korean 韓国盤亀台岩刻画. "The line engraving image indicating the state of the whaling" is pictured in the burial mound west wall of 鬼屋窪古墳which an earthen vessel of the late seventh century of the Iki-shi location excavates in this later Burial Mound age. Strain relations with 4 Korean Peninsulas which ancient, and arose If ancient, the strain relations with the Korean Peninsula are born. Japan was defeated by "the fight of 白村江" of 663 years of the seventh century in the Allied Forces of Tang and Silla and retreated to the own country, but there seemed to be a sense of fear that I crossed the sea and might receive an attack. This is because there was a factor in the geopolitics to have possibilities to receive an attack concerning the ocean currents the one which it is right in the middle, and received a benefit by fishery till then which a seasonal ocean current from "Tsushima warm current" and Mainland China drifts to Tsushima, Iki, Goto Islands and islands part first. About a spindle car to memorize of 5 Omura-shi, Nagasaki Takematsu remains exhumation "The tree capital" and a product made in talc spindle car in the about ninth century written down were found by the excavation of the Omura-shi, Nagasaki Takematsu remains of the vehicle base relations carried out from 2012 through 2016 of the Kyushu Shinkansen West Kyushu route (Nagasaki route). As for the tree (ki), a castle (ki), the capital (tsu) seem to have possibilities to use a letter of Tsu (tsu), and, about the letter called this "tree capital", it is thought about by Mr. Minami Hirakawa having changed with the castle Tsu → tree capital. There is "武留路山城跡" in near this Takematsu remains, and the harbor considered to have possibilities to be liman Tsu of the fresh water is located. "It was the fight of 白村江" of 663 years, and this was located in the Allied Forces of Tang and Silla near the Saikai Highway postal road which the defeated Yamato Administration maintained for coastal defense and might be built as a base of the defense. It prospered, or, with the thing which I came to write down the letter of "the tree capital" from a strain state, it is supposed by trade of the wood whether you expected it. This may express that the times turned from war into trade. I collect collaborating evidence and want to grow for a conclusion in future. About "a dolmen" (stone shelf grave) indicating the interchange of 6 this side and that The stone shelf grave more than 30 was excavated in Zhejiang Wenzhou ground city in 1993, and a lot of instruments of the Lu Ages were excavated. It is the dolmen which the stone shelf grave means in Japan. This is buried to a sarcophagus and the funerary urn in a grave system run in the Konan district over from B.C. 1700 to B.C. 256 under the stone shelf grave. It is thought whether it is the ancestors of a dolmen unfolding from the shape or burial of remains style in North Kyushu. "毛昭晰" he which was Hangzhou university professor of Chinese Hangzhou City was visited by Nagasaki, and, in that time when I investigated this stone shelf grave, the situation of "the dolmen" in Nagasaki was asked. Therefore after showing working papers of Onodai, Sasebo-shi, Nagasaki dolmen group Point E, it was supposed as consent was provided very much. Several kinds of variations of the form of the palm stone of the superstructure were the same and were surely judged when several kinds of stone shelf graves of the form where varied in a school entered precise Onodai dolmen group Point E at the Korean Peninsula (it presents a complicated aspect and, about the infrastructure, needs examination). A careful judgment is demanded about the exhumation remains. The carefulness of this case means that it is demanded that I do not find fault with only a difference easily and judge it generally. A theme is the one step that there is a little archeological approach whereas an attitude is magnificent, but even half step wants to stimulate this.

This paper describes the names of yellowtail in Northeast Asia sea region as linguistic geography. As a result, various names were associated with geographical features of the oceans and land, the movement of yellowtail, and commercial routes from which yellowtail were sold. In addition, South Korea and the island of water on three sides, Japan, and East China Sea, such as Northeast Asia countries discussed in position to share the waters. The differences in food culture and fish names that move freely across borders enabled us to lay the foundation for understanding marine culture. * Chul-se-eo is a fish which changes its name after a certain period.

The East Asian maritime order currently dominated by the US is seriously challenged by China in the South China Sea. Since when and how has the US ruled the Northeast Asian maritime order? This study is based on the assumption that the US-led Northeast Asian maritime order was established at the Portsmouth talks (1905). As is often argued, the US-sponsored Portsmouth Peace Treaty is a document that formalized Japan’s victory in the Russo-Japanese War. It is accepted as a fact that Japan allowed the US to colonize the Philippines and the US allowed Japan to dominate Korea in return. However, many researchers have overlooked the fact that the US had a big plan for the Northeast Asian maritime order behind the Portsmouth Talks. After the Opium War, the US Navy warships were free to navigate the inland of China and the Northeast Asian waters without any sanctions. The US won the Spanish-American war and occupied the Philippines (1898). Whenever the US Navy White Fleet sailed and showed off its naval forces around the world, it visited Yokohama Port in Japan (1907-1909). Then, it is right to understand the Portsmouth Talks in a series of historical facts in relation to the above fact. Nonetheless, experts on East Asia have ignored such aspect. President Theodore Roosevelt received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for arranging and mediating the Portsmouth Peace Talks. The Americans have considered him as the first great politician in the 20th century. This proves that he was involved in the fact that the US took control of the Northeast Asian maritime order. Therefore, this study understands that the US’ having properly taken root in the Northeast Asian maritime order is closely related to the conclusion of the Portsmouth Peace Treaty between Japan and Russia after the Russo-Japanese War. The above analysis is intended to date back to the time before the Northeast Asian maritime order was dominated by a particular country, and to examine how the present US-led Northeast Asian maritime order has been formed. Through this, it is expected to provide a basis for resolving maritime conflicts occurring in the seas of East Asia including the present South China Sea.

In this article, since the opening of the port, the diplomatic delegation, which was officially dispatched to Japan, returned after the return home, Kim Gi-Su's ｢ 日東記游」and five years later the inspectors' gentlemen's leisure team Based on ｢日槎集略」by Li Hwon- Young who is a report of "Japanese new Kanji words made in Japan". Immediately after the opening of the port, as a representative of the diplomatic delegation dispatched at the request of the Japanese government, mainly Kim Gi-Su's ｢日東記游」as a result of examining the aspect of the Japanese Kanji at that time, about 150 Among them, only 10 pieces And, as a result of considering the aspect of the Japanese Kanji at that time, mainly about the hearing statements of Li Hwon- Young's ｢日槎集略」which is a report of the gentleman's office of the inspection group after five years, about 50 Among them, the modern Japanese-style Chinese word corresponds to 24

The purpose of this study is to explain phonological opacities related to pre-nasalization in the northern Tohoku Japanese by using combinations of constraints within the framework of Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky 1993/2002). To explain these opacities, I propose a cup-joined complex constraint [Dep(nas)∪Id(Lar)]seg and a if-joined complex constraint [Dep(nas)→Id(Lar)]seg. This study shows the underapplication opacity caused by an interaction between pre-nasalization and voicing in the northern Dohoku Japanese can be explained using the cup-joined complex constraint [Dep(nas)∪Id(Lar)]seg. And the overapplication opacity caused by an interaction between pre-nasalization and devoicing can be explained using the if-joined complex constraint [Dep(nas)→Id(Lar)]seg within the framework of Optimality Theory without abandoning parallelism..

As we all know, there is a close relationship between Japanese and Chinese. Therefore, there are many related researches. Based on the research of seniors, I intend to re-explain the correspondence between Japanese pronunciation and different pronunciations in Japanese and Chinese from the perspective of phonology and acoustics. Both Japanese and Chinese are the voices developed on the basis of ancient Chinese in ancient times. Although Japanese has experienced many developments and changes for a long time, Chinese is the root of Japanese, and the two languages still have voice. Multiple connections. This thesis will focus on the 272-word polyphonic words in Japanese pronunciation, and explain the relationship between Japanese and Chinese characters from the Japanese and Chinese syllables, Japanese consonants and Chinese consonants, Japanese vowels and vowels. Correspondence relationship. The correspondence relationship mainly explains the development process of Chinese Pinyin in different historical periods and the correspondence between Japanese Wuyin, Hanyin, Tang and Song Dynasties, and idioms. The main purpose of writing this paper is to discuss the subtle relationship between Japanese and Chinese speech, find out the corresponding relationship, and discuss the reasons for formation as much as possible.

Concerning the usage of Korea and Japan’s postposition, this research aims to consider the character by organizing the usage around “~e daehayeo” and “ni tsuite” and comparing case maker ‘eul’ and “o” of the same function word. As a result, “~e daehayeo” and “ni tsuite” were in used together as 'topic usages'. Case maker ‘eul’ and “o” were in used as ‘object usages’ but, while ‘eul’ was easy to be used in case that the previous constituent is ‘a demonstrative object’, ‘a demonstrative sentence’, “o” was different depending on characters of things in previous constituent. In other wise, when previous constituent is comprehensive topics, “~e daehayeo” and “ni tsuite” was easy to be used and when previous constituent is a concrete reference or object, ‘eul’ and “o” was. Both languages in elements determining postposition and case maker are influenced by ending constituent of character, but it could be found that those are restrictive and preferably easy to be determined by previous constituent.

When I read Japanese bible, I felt one question every single times. That is difference of sino-Japanese verb and Native Japanese verb. In my point of view, there's no any differece, same meaning. So I started research to find out about difference of sino-Japanese verb and Native Japanese verb. First, I categorized sino-Japanese verb among New Testament of Meiji, shinkaiyaku, shinkaiyaku2017 version. There were some patterns, 1) keep using verb 2) used verb 3) using verb. I researched that throughout Bible's history, arising things, like sino-Japanese's roles, what part of sino-Japanese, etc. I hope some people who studing, speaking Japanese as foreign language be of help.

Numeral Quantifiers (hearafter NQs) in Japanese are composed of a numeral and a numerative (or an auxiliary numeral). For example, ni-satsu(: two-Classifier for book) is composed of a numeral ni and a numerative satsu. I discuss the relation between an NQ and its host NP in terms of a numeratives forming the former, and classify numeratives into three categories as follows. Couning-Classifiers constitute Kitahara's(1996) Individual NQs (ni-satsu) which count objects discretely, Measurers his Content NQs(ni-guramu: two-grams)which measures objects or a continuum as a mass, and Counters-cum-Measures Group NQs (ni-hako(no ringo): two boxes (of apples)) which have properties of both Individual and Content NQs. Finally, I propose that most of Group NQs as Individual NQs be analyzed into a numeral and a noun. In Japanese, one of the classifier languages, there are numeral expressions similar to ones such as three books in English, one of the non- classifier languages.

The Japanese causative sentence appears in the form of "verb +(sa)seru."Regarding the meaning of the causative role, Aoki (1977) states that 'The causative role means that the causative action reaches another person, so it is not different from the characteristic of the other verb, which is said to have meaning.'It may be natural to exchange an intransitive causative form for another verb, but it may also be unnatural.It turns out that the meanings of the causative sentence of the corresponding intransitive verb and the transitive sentence do not match at all. Then, what is the difference between the causative sentence of the corresponding intransitive sentence and the transitive sentence? This article compares the intransitive (-u) of one's own and other corresponding psychological verbs, the causative sentence of the transitive verb (-eru) type intransitive verb with the transitive verb sentence, and clearly makes a difference.

This presentation has two purposes. One is to analyze leaners’s needs through questionnaire survey if there is a Japanese language class in virtual reality. The needs are described as follows: 1) sex of favoured teachers, 2) races of teachers, 3) teachers’ hair styles, 4) teachers’ facial forms, 5) teachers’ look and facial expression, 6) teachers’ comments in class activity, 7) teachers’ voice, 8) teachers’ body type, 9) teachers’ outfit, 10) teachers’ age, 11) teachers’ attitude in class, and 12) learning space. The other is to provide significant information to future learning contents producers on the basis of the Japanese language learners’ needs revealed in this presentation.

This diachronically deals with semantic changes of the onomatopée with the deribation of kara ,koro and kuru. In this paper, we present the meanings in modern languages and the meanings in classical literature (from the Ancient to the Middle Ages), and discussed the common points and the differences. In the Ancient Japanese, the adjectival base kara and koro has the core meaning of "sounds of hard objects touching". koro also has the meaning of "to rotate" like kuru. kara originally depicted ‘sounds of hard objects touching’, which was semantically extended to ‘a big laugh’ in the Middle Japanese. On the other hand, kuru, whose core meaning was ‘to rotate’, was semantically extended to ‘Speaking smoothly’ and further to ‘moving in a hurry’. koro also has the meaning of ‘to rotate’. However, it is a meaning derived from the adjectival base kuru. Both of them differentiated from the originally meaning of ‘to rotate’, kuru became the meaning of "spining", and koro took on a different meaning of "rolling".

This presentation indicates that Nakamura watched both Shingu City where the unemployed seeking their jobs made Burakumin people afraid that they would lose theirs, and Nakashô Village in Yoshino District where people lost rafts men as their customers. Both phenomena happened as the method of transporting woods in Kii Peninsula changed into lorries in the years before 1955. These experiences of Nakamura made him avoid to have a bad idea that people and children should only join a social movement, including a liberation movement.

Japan's birth rate is gradually increasing, drawing keen attention to the recovery of the birth rate. Despite similar experiences, such as avoiding marriage and childbirth in Korean society, interest is growing in maintaining a steady rise in the birth rate. This is because when the total fertility rate reached 1.57 children (1989) in the past, it expanded the scope of social issues to 1.57 shock and made efforts to create a low birth rate. In particular, Japan's childcare system and the establishment of day care centers in the workplace are a positive background for improving the birth rate. In addition, among various policies that could ease the burden on women's career and childrearing, the policy direction for creating a friendly environment for families and workplaces contributed greatly to the improvement of Japan's birth rate.

According to the national statistics, many Japanese people wish to die by “Death with Dignity (DWD)” and/or “Natural Death (ND)”, however, there are no choices available for them to do so. Most of them go to hospital to end lives and/or to get the Palliative Care. Though “DWD” ”Euthanasia” have been being discussed at, the court so far in Japan, we still have not had the precedent to make it use. On the contrary, DWD and Euthanasia have faded away because of the medical development. In this presentation I firstly examine the judicial precedents in Japan and argue how the unbearable pain and self-determination have been being discussed by referring two significant legal cases. Secondly, I discuss about the physician’s determination by referring two trial records, the Tokai University’s case and the Kawasaki Kyodo Hospital’s case. Especially the precedent of Tokai University’s case which made physicians scared to commit DWD and/or Euthanasia gave us a significant definition regarding Euthanasia. Finally, I analyze the advanced direction and the medical futility and conclude that we should accumulate much more data and evidences concerning those concepts.

We have studied the view of life and death in contemporary Japan with questionnaire analysis; we found that people have the less opportunity to think about their own death. We We discussed if one can die without leaving any change from the viewpoint of information science. As a result, it turned out that it it was almost impossible. In other words, the trace of having lived a lifetime does not disappear so simply.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the existing studies which are published on the academic community of Korea Monozukuri and on the effects of improvement activities on corporate performance. First of all, examined the characteristics of Monozukuri by investigating the existing studies of Korean academic area. In addition, three studies of corporate performance were selected and analyzed, which were selected to be applicable and referenceable to my future research by Son Sung Jin (2009, Cheon Jong Gi (2011) and Lee Jae Sik(2011). According to the results of the three studies, Son emphasizes the importance of corporate-wide, continuous and systematic quality management to improve quality competitiveness through customer satisfaction. In addition, for quality management to succeed, quality-oriented culture needs to be established and actively promoted by introducing quality improvement activity systems such as TQM and 6 sigma, emphasizing that cultural characteristics of companies formed throughout the organization should be appropriate. And Cheon recommended strengthening R&D capabilities and strengthening information on supply chain management as an approach to enhancing production competitiveness as a short-term innovation. Second, he emphasizes that strengthening technology, business capacity and supply chain cooperation will be valid in order to pursue corporate growth as long-term innovation and innovation. Finally, the research result of Lee showed that the company which was introduced the TPM had a positive impact on the company's performance by carrying out systematic productive maintenance activities across the company. In addition, it is presented that systematic management of TPM activity factors and performance metrics will help small and medium companies to improve their corporate performance and competitiveness.

The Asia-Pacific War clearly had a great social and psychological impact on Japanese women. They were treated as an object of government labor mobilization schemes, and so played a crucial role because the Japanese government needed lots of labor to win the war. Previous studies have argued that only unmarried women were mobilized as laborer in wartime. They have overlooked the role of married women as laborers. And they have ignored the relationship between women’s labor and child-care in wartime. In this research, I would like to talk about married women’s labor mobilization and child-care at factories in Tokyo. Specifically, I focus on Kinro yoin who worked in munitions factory. Kinro yoin system was carried out before unmarried women were officially mobilized. Tokyo National Employment Agency decided to allow a factory which built the attached nursery to hire kinro yoin to produce war supplies. If the kinro yoin system had been succeeded, I think the labor policy of Japanese women in wartime would have changed. There is no research on kinro yoin until now. In that sense I think this research is very important.

In this article, based on the results of the field survey of the Pilgrimage to Saigoku, which I started in April, 2017, for about 8 months, I will examine what the modern Japanese are mainly pursuing through pilgrimage and the current significance of the pilgrimage. The Pilgrimage to Sai Goku came to modern society in Japan, and it has various modern significance in addition to religious and historical significance. Pilgrimage participants often have a pilgrimage with a couple, siblings, parents, children, or colleagues. Through this, it seeks to identify and strengthen the longitudinal human relationship between the ancestor and the offspring, and the lateral human relations between the family and peers. The pilgrimage is also the space and time of God, nature, and human trinity.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the policy of growing mainstays during the Rural Revitalization Campaign in Colonial Korea(1932-1940), with the focus on local actual condition and students’ or peasants’ reaction. From 1935, Governor-General of Korea started to utilize Agricultural Vocational Schools to develop mainstays(中堅人物、Village leader)． The number of these schools increased especially from 1935 in Colonial Korea. And it’s new teaching curriculum mainly focused on heavy agricultural practical training． But in the local(Do,道) level, some Agricultural Vocational Schools had been already changed or established before 1935 to develop mainstays and the name “Agricultural Vocational School s” were often changed． Seeing students’ or peasants’ reaction, students belonged to some of these schools escaped from their dormitory, because they couldn’t put up with the heavy agricultural practical training and the daily principle. And some students did so because they wanted ordinary education in the school, however they were elected by Do(道)in expectation of becoming good mainstays. Or some peasant children (or their parents) decide not to enter these schools from the first, because they wanted to be workers of public service(Gun郡，Myeon 面), but if they entered and graduated these schools, they must stay in their home-village as mainstays and must be involved in agriculture．

In this paper, I have tried to examine a cooperative relationship between Hata clan and three priests of the ancient God Yawata- Usa, Karashima, and Oga clan. First of all, Usa, a native of the Usa region, worshiped Munagata three Goddesses. Among the three goddesses of Usa clan, Ichigishima-Hime was stepping up as a deity to Kyoto Matsuo-taisha Shrine, which was founded by Hata clan in AD 701. Hata family, the immigrant from Gaya Confederacy (AD 42-532) in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, served Ichigishima-Hime as their female shaman who sought the safety of sailing between their hometown Busan (Kimhae) in Korea and Northern Kyushu region in Japan. Currently, the three goddesses of Usa clan are enshrined as the deity of the Ushahazimang Palace in Usa City, Oita Prefecture. By taking account of this enshrinement , we can understand a close relationship among Hata, Usa clan and God Yawata. Karashima who is a same tribe of Hata clan went east and arrived the Usa district in the middle of 5th century from Kaharu Mountain in Tagawa and blended their spirit with God of Usa and built up an initial shape of God Yawata. By the way, Usa clan could have rapidly declined in relation to Iwai's rebellion against Yamato Dynasty in the late 6th century. On behalf of the fallen Usa clan, Ogahigi, a descendant of the Miwa clan, was sent from Yamato Dynasty to Usa region, took over Usa's position. On the other side, Miwa and Kamo clan had a same ancestor, at the same time, Kamo and Hata clan owned a very similar historical tale each other. This means that all these three clans had very closed relationship. I presume that Hata clan was cooperative to Ogahigi in Usa region and they built up another new Yawata religion. Later in year AD 860, Gyokyo, a Buddhist priest, shared God Yamata with Iwashimizu Hachimangu Shrine in Otokoyama Mountain in near Kyoto . In 1045, at the age of seven, Minamoto Yoshie, the ancestor of Yoritomo who opened the Kamakura Bakufu, held an adult ceremony in front of God Yawata and was called as Yawatataro that was originated from the name of God Yamato.