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In Japan, silk fabrics called Ezo-nishiki (蝦夷錦) are found throughout Hokkaido island and northern Honshu island. In Japanese, Ezo-nishiki are synonymous with Ainu-nishiki. The word “nishiki” (錦) can be translated into English as brocade. These rich fabrics feature elegant motifs of dragons, large snakes, peonies, and other animals or plants, laced with gold, silver, and colored threads. The silk fabrics which eventually became Ezo-nishiki were originally made only in China as cloth for the uniforms of government officials. However, they were also given to the chieftains of tribes and villages in the lower Amur basin and imported to Sakhalin island over the Mamiya strait. This trade was performed by the indigenous peoples of the lower Amur basin and Sakhalin island, such as the Ul’chi, Nanai and Nivkh, collectively referred to as the Santan (山丹). Silk fabrics were then spread southward into Hokkaido by Ainu people living on the respective islands of Sakhalin and Hokkaido. They finally reached Honshu island through trade between the Ainu and the Matsumae (松前) clan, who ruled southwest Hokkaido island. This route from China to Japan via the lower Amur basin and Sakhalin island is called the “Silk Road of Northeast Asia,” and the trade is called the Santan trade. Most famous record of the Santan trade is "Todatsu Chiho Kiko (東韃地方紀行)" by MAMIYA Rinzo (間宮林蔵), who went to 'Manshu Kafu (満洲仮府)' at Deren in the lower Amur basin in 1809. Santan trade peaked in the latter half of the 18th century to the early 19th century. However, historical records suggest that it may have started as early as the late 13th century, following a Yuan Dynasty (1271‒1368) invasion of the lower Amur basin and Sakhalin island, or perhaps in the early 15th century when the Emperor Yongle of the Ming Dynasty (1368‒1644) expanded their territory. Ezo-nishiki was the main merchandise of the tributary trade. However, no remaining Ezo-nishiki was confirmed to have been made before the 18th century. We thus applied radiocarbon dating to Ezo-nishiki samples to determine their age and to clarify the origin of the Silk Road of Northeast Asia. We analyzed 34 samples of Ezo-nishiki from Hokkaido, Akita prefecture (Honshu), and Sakhalin island by accelerator mass spectrometry. Calibrated radiocarbon ages of 33 samples indicated fabrication since the middle 17th century, confirming that the Silk Road of Northeast Asia peaked under the Qing Dynasty (1644‒ 1912). One sample from a Nivkh bridal hat collected in Lupolovo of northwest Sakhalin island indicated fabrication between the first half of the 14th and the early 15th century. The samples of Ezo-nishiki thus provide evidence showing that the Silk Road of Northeast Asia originated at least as early as that time.

This study analyzed the role played by Jeju residents in Japan on the development of the citrus industry in Jeju in the 1960s and 1970s, including not only "things" and "money" but also "people." As a result of the examination, it was found that in addition to the generally known donation of citrus seedlings, Jeju residents in Japan played an active role as mediators and coordinators between Jeju and Japan in the inflow of related technology and knowledge. There are various ways in which the diaspora is involved in the development of their home country(hometown), but when intermingling with "people" as examined in this research, the role played by the diaspora cannot help but become more positive. This research is an attempt to gain a more comprehensive understanding of how diasporas are involved in the development of their home countries(hometowns), and it is possible to conduct comparative research with other cases.

This study focuses on sea region linguistics in sea region humanities literature. ‘Sea region linguistics’ is a field of study of the movement of language and language culture, which mainly deals with languages that cross the sea and foreign language cultures used in daily life. In this study, we would like to examine the common vocabulary used in the names of imported crops that have crossed the sea from Europe and settled in East Asia from the viewpoint of sea region linguistics. The purpose is to clarify the lexical characteristics that emerged during the influx and settlement of imported crops. As a result of the study, the imported crops leave traces in the names of the crops as they move across the sea. In other words, each transoceanic crops are labeled as having moved (region name and alien species). For example, names such as potatoes, sweet potatoes, pumpkins, and peppers are appropriate examples. It was also discovered that some of the crops that were introduced to China first and others arrived in Japan first.

In this study, we will consider fishing-related companies that flourished during the pioneering period of Ocean fishing. In particular, I would like to focus on Namyang Fishing Network, a fishing net maker. Early on, Korea's Ocean fishing industry succeeded in tuna testing in Samoa in the southern Pacific Ocean of Jinamho Lake in 1957, and began to enter the five oceans from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean. When Namyang Fishing Network Industrial Co., Ltd. was founded, it was a time when social turmoil and the overall economic downturn continued immediately after the Korean War. Korea's fisheries industry was at a time when it was unable to escape its vulnerabilities in terms of funds, technology, and management, and the fishing net industry was also in a moribund state due to its smallness and backwardness in terms of facilities and technology. With the invention of synthetic fiber, the use of clothing in the industrial sector was already in full swing in advanced countries following the revolution of clothing. Although it has not yet left the development stage in Korea, Namyang has set up test and development labs and tried to develop technologies to replace the materials of fishing nets with synthetic fibers and explore overseas export markets. As a result, it has entered more than 102 countries and has developed its own technology away from dependence on Japanese technology.

The purpose of this study is first, to analyze the status and characteristics of US aid to the Korean fishery industry. Second, we analyze how the economic growth and change of the Korean fishery industry progressed due to such aid before and after the Korean War armistice. Third, it analyzes the growth and development of the fishery industry in the 1960s, when the five-year economic development plan was initiated and the fishery development policy was implemented in earnest. 　After the establishment of the independent government of South Korea, the United States signed an aid agreement with South Korea and introduced ECA (Economic Cooperation Agency) aid to revive Korea's industry and realize economic independence. In particular, aid to fisheries, including fishing vessels and ships, can be found in ‘Restoration Projects, Surveys, and Technical Assistance’ in 1950. In particular, it can be seen that the revival of the damage to the fishery facilities due to the Korean War has progressed considerably with external aid such as the CRIK, FOA, and UNKRA programs. And after the armistice of the Korean War, the restoration of the fishery industry began in earnest. The Ministry of Commerce and Industry undertakes various revival plans to build a balanced industrial structure that can guarantee the achievement of minimum economic independence in the future, including the establishment of a five-year industrial revitalization plan. In particular, the economic growth and changes of the Korean fishery industry were examined according to the following six plans related to the fishery industry.

A military port city is a place that has been rapidly urbanized by the laying of naval bases and other naval facilities where it used to be a poor village, and in that sense, it is positioned as a model of a modern city. Such a naval port city has gone through a unique urban formation process that is different from other cities, and the traces of it still remain in the landscape. 　In addition, a naval port city can be positioned as an urban space equipped with military-specific port facilities and production functions, with a unique spatial organization produced based on the installation of the launching department and the naval air force (organizations and facilities that become the predecessors). In this paper, a humanistic approach is attempted in the entertainment space of Sasebo, a military port city. In particular, the attempt in this paper is to investigate how the relationship with those who are otherized by power subjects such as the state or local administration affects the formation or change of entertainment spaces. This study is expected to be a response to the modern challenges surrounding the current situation of the naval port city. In conducting this study, I would like to read the atmosphere of the entertainment space of Sasebo at the time while referring to books related to the entertainment space of Sasebo (such as the <National Guide to the City of Japan> and the <Newspaper>) and look at the entertainment space that constitutes the military port city again.

In 1696, 8 Koreans drifted to Ezo. They left Busan in April the same year, but drifted to Ezo and were sent back to Busan in March the following year. Pyojurok and Lee Jihang Pyohaerok were recorded in Korea, and Hyoryu Chosenjin Risentatsu Teiji and Fukuyamahifu are records made by the Matsumae Clan. This article introduces the contents of the drifting incidents recorded in Matsumaekaki and Hokkaizuihitsu, which remain in Japan. Furthermore, the article considers the possibility that information in these records related to Koreans drifting to Ezo in the 17th century were spread across Japan as rare information about Ezo and Joseon.

The Japanese started temporaily fishing in the seas of Joseon on September 25, 1883, when Korean empire government signed the “Japan People’s Trade Agreement in Joseon”. And then it became active after 1889, when the act, which allowed Japanese to fish in Joseon, came into effect. Since 1903, the Japanese colonial government had purchased territory near good fishing spot of Joseon and established a fishing base, planning migration fishing village. On the other hands, in fishing ports overflowing with fish species such as Ulleungdo and Guryongpo, migrant fishing villages were formed autonomously. The Japanese on Ulleungdo island expanded their collective settlements through fishing associations. Afterwards, Japanese shinto shrines were built in Dodong, Jeo-dong and Sa-dong of Nam-myeon and Taeha-dong of Seomyeon, to pray for the safety of sailing and good catches of Japanese fishermen by local notables of the Uldo Fisheries Association. During the Japanese colonial period, only shrine for mountain gods existed and there was no shrine for sea gods where Korean fishermen held rituals. After Korean independence, the number of farmers engaged in the fisheries industry increased, using several power vessels and fishing tools left by the Japanese; as a result, in the fishing village of Ulleungdo island, the ritual for sea gods started at Japanese shinto shrine that was abandoned by the Japanese. 　 This phenomenon does not appear only on Ulleungdo island, but also occurs in representative colonial migration fishing villages such as Gampo, Tongyeong and so on. Therefore, this paper aims to examine how Japanese shinto shrines in a migrant fishing village were related to Indigenous religion. This study might be helpful for understanding the diversity of cultural changes in colonial migrant fishing villages because cultural changes in Japanese colonial rule are not divided by dichotomous standards of oppression and resistance.

This thesis attempted to categorize the <anti-Japanese films> produced from 1945 to 2020 in Korea based on their remarkable characteristics, and then considered how those <anti-Japanese films> would be produced and consumed in Korea. During this period of time in Korea, total 6,809 films were produced, and total 314 films of them were <anti-Japanese films>(4.6%). Based on the content and characteristics of <anti-Japanese films>, this thesis analyzed the films by dividing them into total six types. The <anti-Japanese films> tend to be moved ①from hard anti-Japanese to soft anti-Japanese, ②from heavy anti-Japanese to light anti-Japanese, ③from dark anti-Japanese to bright anti-Japanese, and ④from grim anti-Japanese to delightful anti-Japanese. This trend means ①consumption of <anti-Japanese films>(anti-Japanese nationalism) as cultural products, ②Korea’s confidence and overcoming of complex about Japan, and ③growth of Korean film industry.

　Waegu(Japanese Pirates) invaded in ‘Jinpogu’、 the mouth of Keum river with a large fleet of 500 ships、 July in the year of 1380。 In response、 Goryo dynasty dispatched three generals、 Na se · Shim deokbu · Choi museon to attack the Waegu’s fleet with 100 ships and they succeed in burning it up all。 But the military headquarters of Waegu had already penetrated areas、 Occhen Chungcheong bukdo。 The military headquarters of Waegu found out that all the boats they road were burned down、 went inland for 2 months and moved around。 This is called Gyeongsinnyeon(1380) Japanese raiders。 This was the most damaging and shocking event among Japanese pirates in the late Goryeo Dynasty。 Unlike other cases of Japanese pirates、 Gyeongsinnyeon(1380) Japanese raiders had leaved various aspects of japaneses pirates in the literature、 like as its command organization system、 armed equipment、 weapons、 combat capability、 and religious ceremony。 What’s surprising is that the general commander who led the large fleet of 500 ships、 was a boy who was only 15-6 years old。 And at that time、 members of the Gyeongsinnyeon(1380) Japanese raiders were mainly naval forces in Takagi and Amakusa regions of Kyushyu。 During the rebellion of the North and South court of Japan、 these two regions were closely related fo Kikuchi clan、 a key armed force in the Seiseifu(征西府)、 Kyushu’s Southern Dynasties。 Kikuchi clan was trying to control the local families、 as the member of the southern side through the religious activities of Daichi、 the zen monk。 Such Daichi’s leadership was due to his locality、 religiosity、 and political status。 After Daichi’s death、 it was the boy who was called Azibaldo by Goryeo soldiers who replaced his role。 The fact that his family was a nobleman aristocrat、 excellent martial arts、 and command ability can be pointed out as the origin of Agibaldo’s leadership。 In this paper、 it is estimated that this Azibaldo is Ikuranomiya、 which is identified only in Japanese literature sources、 and tried to reveal the substances。 　As a result、 Ikuranomiya was born in 1365 between Prince Kanyeoshi and Takemitsu Kikuchi's daughter、 and his birth is thought to have been closely related to the independence of the Seiseifu(征西府) from the Yosino court (吉野朝廷)。 Even if Ikuranomiya (Ajibaldo) is the same person、 no special contradiction is found。 Rather、 in this regard、 the birth period of Ikuranomiya、 which has not been revealed so far、 and it is possible to interpret the movement of the Seiseifu(征西府) to self-reliance complementarily and reasonably with the results of previous studies。 With historical records and data proving that Ikuranomiya was Azibaldo、 I presented a myth passed down to Ikura、 the ritual contents of Ikura Hachimangu、 and the ritual held in Sangju Kyeongsangbuk-do Korea by Gyeongsinnyeon(1380) Japanese raiders。 In addition、 through the cultural anthropological perspective of historical records of myths and Goryeo history、 Azivaldo is the same person as Ikuranomiya。

The purpose of this paper is to find structural patterns and characteristic of voice of the sentence type ‘Dai-sansha (a new person)’s Yarimorai structure.’ When the base sentence has the o-case (o-kaku), this sentence type requires a new person (receiver) in the receiving and giving, Yarimorai, structure of the sentence. The base sentence of this type doesn’t have an object like ones with transitive verbs, ones with intransitive verbs whose objects are inanimate, or ones with transitive verbs with animate objects, which require benefit different from the giver (agent)’s benefit. This research revealed that giving voice will appear with ‘no tameni’ and receiving voice appears with ga-case (i.e. ga-kaku).

　The target audience for educational methods using picture books is mainly native-speaking children, but if we focus on the characteristics of picture books, they also have a character and nature that can be used in Japanese language education for foreigners targeting junior and senior high school students and adults. This study analyses the respective characteristics of picture books and Japanese language education and the connections between the two from the perspective of learning syllabuses and learning strategies, and submits the possibilities of utilizing them in Japanese language education. While it was found that learning events such as learning new words, writing practice, presentation, creative writing and discussion can be conducted using picture books, the fact that there are no standards for levelling picture books that can be referred to when trying to use picture books in education is a problem that cannot be ignored when actually putting them into operation. It is aimed to submit a levelling standard for picture books that can be used in Japanese language education in the future.

This presentation gives an overview of the situation in Japan’s tourism sector brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic, and highlights the challenges they pose to restoring the nation’s tourism-oriented country in the post-corona era. The presentation concludes by suggesting a number of feasible measures that, considering the current situation in which various measures are being promoted, should help to revive Japan as a tourism-oriented country in the post-corona era.

This paper is a case study of essay and poetry writing activities conducted in a Japanese Creative Writing class. Writing requires the most language knowledge of the four skills of reading, writing, listening, and speaking, and is considered the best way to consolidate what has been learned. On the other hand, however, writing classes are also considered difficult due to the boring impression of writing silently at a desk on a given topic and the time required for the activity. To enable learners to be proactive in the writing class, it depends on what topics you give them. Therefore, in this paper, we attempted Creative Writing, in which learners create an essay and a poem from a single kanji character of their choice.

This paper is a study about Ancient Lagoon（潟湖）and Berth（船瀬）in Kako-gun Coastal Area（賀古郡沿岸 部）. It is possible to confirm that Lagoon and Berth existed in this area at the ancient times from the geography and viewpoint of the historical records. This paper makes clear that the inland port was connected to the ancient road(古代山陽道）, it shows the possibility that it was the center of Kako-gun）.

HOREN is not a famous priest. He was a Shingon priest who was active during the period of the Northern and Southern Courts. Horen was Monkan's favorite disciple in his later years. The “Yuka-dantou-syou” that he wrote has been regarded as one of the few clues to clarify the origin of Monkan, who has been regarded as a mysterious priest. Monkan served as head of the Shingon sect, but his origins have been unknown. In recent years, Buddhist theory books related to monkan have been discovered one after another. It is known that in many cases Horen was involved in the creation of these works. Horen's writings have been discovered one after another in recent years, and they were written based on the teachings of Monkan. In 'Himitsu-saiyou-syhou' written by Horen, it is written that when Monkan was exiled to Iwo-jima, Horen was always with him as a retainer. In February 1357, Horen visited Kakujo, an old acquaintance of the monk at Enmyoji Temple in Ise Province, and was asked by Kakujo about Buddhist theory. Taking this as an opportunity, HOREN began to write "Yuka- denshin-shou" ,which was completed in March 1358. According to the "Yuka- denshin-shou", in 1358, HOREN was 58 years old and had been a priest for 22 years. In 1336, when the Southern Court fled to Yoshino, Horen entered the priesthood. I believe that Horen served Monkan for many years as a samurai secretary and became a priest under political crisis. It is also extremely important that Horen had an old acquaintance with Kakujo, and that he was on friendly terms with him. Enmyoji in Ise Province was a branch temple of Saidaiji. Kakujo was a ritsu-priest and an important person who served as the 11th chief priest of Saidaiji Temple. Monkan in his later years was thought to have become estranged from Saidaiji Temple, but this is not the case. The Monkan sect and the Saidaiji sect maintained close ties even after Monkan's death.

In 1186,the fire set by Taira Shigehira's(平重衡)army spread and Todaiji and the temple was reduced to ashes. The person who played a central role in the restoration of Todaiji was Chogen(重源). The person who played a central role in the restoration of Todaiji was Chogen. Chogen(1121-1206)was a priest at Daigoji Temple. Chogen traveled to China and stayed in Ningbo(寧波) from 1167 to 1168. In 1268, Chogen returned to Japan. As Chogen became a central person in the restoration of Todaiji Temple, Ningbo's stone carving culture was imported to Japan. In 1192, Chogen ordered four people, including Rokuro, who had come to Japan from the Song Dynasty, to make stone two lion statues etc. To this day, this stone lion statue have been at the south main gate of Todaiji Temple. Yamakawa discovered that the stone material for this stone lion statues is made of Meiyuan stone(梅園石) from Ningbo. In various parts of this stone lion statues, there are stone carved patterns strongly influenced by the stone carved patterns of the Southern Song Dynasty. The stonework is a valuable material when considering the exchanges between China and Japan during the Song dynasty. Chinese and Japanese researchers should cooperate with each other in their research.

Nagasaki Prefecture is located in the northwestern part of Kyushu, and islands such as the Goto Islands, Hirado Island, Iki Island, and Tsushima Island are scattered in the flow of the Tsushima Warm Current. 132 km from the mainland of Kyushu across the Genkai Sea and the Tsushima Strait East Channel. The distance to the Korean Peninsula is about 49.5 km across the Tsushima Strait West Channel. 　So far, surveys in Nagasaki Prefecture have been conducted at about three sites located in the intertidal zone of the coast. The excavation survey is conducted when the tide is low, and the survey ends when the tide comes in, which is inevitably inefficient. In addition, at the 'Takashima Undersea Ruins' in Takashima, Matsuura City, a survey was conducted to confirm the traces of the Genko, and many other relics were confirmed. In connection 　With this report, a certain amount of pressed-patterned pottery and stone tools from the early Jomon period was excavated from the seabed at a depth of about 25m during a survey to confirm Genko, and the inclusion layer was confirmed by diving and collected. The vegetation of that time was also reconstructed from the soil of the inclusion layer. The ``Nishikaratsu Undersea Ruins'' in Karatsu City, Saga Prefecture is also an archaeological site located in such an intertidal zone. 　Under these circumstances, Mr. Kazutomo Mizunoe stated that he could not confirm anything that indicated a direct relationship between Jomon pottery between Japan and Korea. This unexpected statement made me feel the need to consider the embossed pattern pottery of the early Jomon period at the Takashima Undersea Ruins located under the seabed. The fact that the embossed patterned pottery culture of the early Jomon period was confirmed 25m below the seafloor in northwestern Kyushu naturally suggests that the same could be said of South Korea on the opposite shore. It seems that there are many difficult aspects to the comparison of the existence of ruins under the sea floor, but it seems necessary to take it into consideration. Of course, I knew about changes in the sea level in the Japan-Korea Strait from textbooks, but I felt it more familiar. It was also confirmed that the Tsugume no Hana Ruins, which faces the Hirado Strait, was formed during the Jomon period when the sea level was higher than it is today.

This report will discuss the relationship between studies of medieval Yezo and primary historical sources. The biggest bottleneck in the study of medieval Yezo is the paucity of primary historical sources. For this reason, attempts have been made in the past to utilize archaeological materials and historical sources from the northeastern part of Japan. In this report I would like to point out the problems of past research in utilizing primary historical sources. The primary historical sources have been arbitrarily interpreted, and as a result, incorrect views have been disseminated through the interpretation of archaeological materials and compiled historical documents such as “SINRA NO KIROKU” based on mistranslations. I hope to correct this in some small way in this report.

The Shosoin documents, a group of historical documents from the Nara period, are known as records of sutra copying projects initiated by emperors and empresses, but also contain descriptions of many sutra copying projects conducted by the nobility. In this report, I focus on the sutra copying conducted in the house of FUJIWARA no Nakamaro and provide an analysis.

Takematsu Site of Omura City is located in Northwestern Kyusyu Island. The situation of this site is characterized by Omura alluival fan, which is the largest plain in Nagasaki prefecture, along eastern side of Omura bay. From 2011 to 2016, the archaeological excavation of this site was operated for construction of Nishi-Kyushu Shinkansen,which has started service in last September. The only similar example of a letter-engraved spindle whorl excavated in Kyushu Island is the one of Choei Site of Ogi city, in Saga prefecture. One of the most important artifact excavated from this site is a letter-engraved spindle whorl, which is used mainly in Kanto region during ancient period for religious rites of Ritsuryo Code. Two Character means directly wood and the capital, in the similar pronunciation, Sonogi District in Hizen province, and port. From linguistic view, these association of pronunciations were co0rdinated in 9th century, not early 8th century. 　However, researches of “Manyoshu” indicates that in Kanto region, these association of pronunciation is collect in early 8th century. History on Takematsu site is characterized by “Sakimori”, settled soldiers in northern Kyushu from Kanto region. Consequently, this special artifact of Takematsu site is considered to the production of early 8th century, similar to the artifact of Choei site.

The hybrid class format has been adopted during the COVID-19 pandemic and has a high possibility of becoming established as a teaching format from here onwards. However, it can be said that learners and teachers perceive it more negatively. Ishizuka (2021) also failed to confirm any clear advantages, and did not point out any notable advantages other than an "increase in class format options”. Hybrid classes are a burden on teachers and involve several problems, such as the teachers’ tendency to avoid them. Therefore, in this study, literature survey, questionnaires and interview research were conducted in order to verify the following three issues: ① While hybrid classes are spreading, do they really provide no advantages? ② Is there an educational effect unique to hybrid classes that goes beyond face-to-face and Zoom-only classes? ③ If there are any demerits, how can they be turned into advantages? As a result, although the advantages of the environment for taking classes were confirmed, the advantages of hybrid learning itself in terms of class quality could not be confirmed. Despite trying various approaches to explore the unique advantages of hybrid classes that go beyond face-to-face and Zoom-only classes, a clear answer could not be obtained. It is likely that hybrid classes will remain in the future, but it is necessary to continue exploring the ongoing issue of whether hybrid classes have unique educational effects or not. This time, the focus was on research in Japan, but in the future, it will be necessary to survey research on hybrid classes outside Japan and consider them comprehensively.

Kikuchi united many styles of mathematics taught in Japanese education into British old-fashioned one, including Euclidean geometry, in 1902. In spite of that, his theories of education seem to be influenced by a distinguished British reformer of mathematics, John Perry, acted exactly at that time. The presenter indicates these contradictory aspects of Kikuchi and advocates that they are important to get the general picture of his thoughts.

Saori weaving, which originated in Osaka, is known as an art brut that allows anyone to weave freely without being restricted by boundaries. How did it contribute to the revitalization of people and communities, and to the social inclusion of the victims? In the disaster stricken areas of Thailand, the Japanese monk, Venerable Ajahn Mitsuo Gavesako of the Theravada Buddhist Forest School introduced saori-weaving at the Bang Muang refugee camp as an alternative to "a-na-pa-nasatexi," a meditation technique that focuses on breathing for mental health. Tsunami survivors were able to leave their traumatic memories by joyfully concentrating on weaving, even without doing the practice. How the victims of the Great East Japan Earthquake regenerated their minds, became re-involved in society, and revitalized as human beings will be reported in this presentation by Takashi Higashiyama himself, who practiced the spread of saori weaving in Thailand and Sanriku. Saori weaving has the following four policies. (1) The difference between machines and humans, (2) adventure to break through common sense, (3) curiosity, and (4) group learning. (4) is unique in that it does not create a teacher-student relationship, i.e., "the one who teaches" and "the one who is taught. Higashiyama focused on (4) and implemented the five key elements of "resident-oriented,” "group learning," "autonomous," "anyone can participate," and "development of projects in accordance with the stage of recovery. All of these are based on the premise of "creating a safe place. 　The program resulted in 80% to 100% improvement of typical PTSD symptoms and enabled various forms of social inclusion.

The sale of yen books led many writers to go to the Western countries in the Showa period. From November 23, 1928 to October 21, 1929, Masamune Hakucho and his wife crossed the Pacific Ocean from Yokohama to the west coast of the U.S., traveled overland to the east coast, and then took a ship to France for a tour of Europe before returning home to Japan. 　We consider that this experience inspired Masamune Hakucho to write "Kolon-ji Engi" (February 1930). The story is about Gerhard, the master builder of Cologne Cathedral at the time of its completion, who accepts a bet with the devil and loses his life. The story has a source book. We infer that Masamune Hakucho read "Legends of the Rhine," an English translation of the original work by German author Wilhelm Roelant. 　Why was "Kolon-ji Engi," based on the legends, was created in the year 1930? 　 By comparing the English translation with the Japanese original, we explore the historical circumstances and the inner motive of the Masamune Hakucho.

円本が売れたことにより、昭和になると多くの作家たちが洋行するようになった。1928年11月23日から1929年10 月21日まで、正宗白鳥も夫人同伴で、横浜から太平洋を横断してアメリカの西海岸へ渡り、陸路で東海岸へ移動 後、船でフランスに渡ってヨーロッパを周遊してから帰国した。 　正宗白鳥作『コロン寺縁起』(1930年2月）は、その体験がきっかけとなって執筆されたものと考えられる。ケルン 大聖堂が竣工された当時の棟梁ゲルハルトが、悪魔との賭けに応じて命を喪ってしまうという内容である。 　この物語には種本がある。白鳥は、ドイツの作家ヴィルヘルム･ルーラント(Willhelm Roelant)の原著を英訳した 『ラインの伝説(Legends of the Rhine)』を読んで取材したと思われる。 　伝説をもとに、なぜ『コロン寺縁起』が1930年という時期に誕生したのか。 　英訳本と本部とを照合し、時代状況と白鳥の内的状況にも迫っていきたい。

One of the most notable developments in international politics these days is the seizure of power or proximity to power by the far right. In the United States, the Trump administration was formed in 2016, and the masses, dissatisfied with the results of the 2020 presidential election, attacked the Capitol building on January 6, 2021, the following year. In France, the far-right candidate Marine Le Pen made a second decisive entry into the 2022 presidential election following 2017. Also in Japan, the assassination of former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe has exposed the relationship between the former Unification Church and influential politicians, drawing attention to the existence of extremely conservative policy agreements. 　Is the tilt of politics toward the extreme right an anomaly resulting from the crisis in contemporary society? Using Cas Mudde's theory of "pathological normalcy," this study proposes that the far right is not a crisis of contemporary society that has occurred suddenly, but is part of democracy, which has been part of the history of political discourse in various countries. 　The right and the left can be defined in terms of inequality, the former being natural and positive and considered by the state to be defended, and the latter being artificial and negative and considered a challenge to be overcome. The far right (far right) can be divided into right-wing extremists (extreme right) who deny democracy and the radical right (radical right) who embrace it, the latter being the focus of this study. The radical right has three elements: (1) populism, (2) anti-immigration (nativism), which is a mixture of nationalism and xenophobia, and (3) authoritarianism, which emphasizes law and order. This study will analyze the perspective of nationalism of the extreme right, focusing on (1) populism. 　Populism is characterized by a perspective that divides society into two opposing groups, the "pure people" and the "corrupt elite. And their view of politics as something to be done by the general will of the people is in line with classical Western democratic thought. And the xenophobic mixed perspective of nationalism, in which the nation should be inhabited only by the "true people," the native group they refer to as the majority ethnic group, considers foreigners and foreign ideas to be a fundamental threat. This populist, and the far right's argument from parochial nationalism, composition of the division of the nation by globalization is similar to the mainstream analysis of political science. The image is of a first class of citizens at the top of a pyramid, united with the global elite, and divided from the second class, the majority of the population. Although the global elite is the adversary of the far right, the main adversary and policy issue is the protection of the people's livelihood and culture through the exclusion of immigrants. 　This study compares presidential elections in the United States and France, as well as the lower house election system in Japan, where there are few changes of government, and analyzes how the far right moves closer to the government. As a result, it will become clear that the U.S. system is prone to populism, the French system functions to suppress it, and in Japan, where there is almost no change of government, far-right groups have taken root as supporters of the ruling party. 　From the perspective of the "pathological normality" theory, the populist far-right is part of democracy and its destiny. Democracy is based on the principles of freedom and equality, but the fact that democracy must accept the idea of the far right that inequality is positive and should be protected by the state as "freedom of speech" is a constant challenge for democracy.