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The purpose of this study is to examine the historical formation process of Busan's hillside villages in the interrelationship with the migration phenomenon through the sea region. Hillside villages in Busan were formed in a multi-layered manner amid several times of social population growth, especially urban poor, in modern and contemporary times. And the process was closely related to the movement of the population to and from Busan Port. Paying attention to this aspect means re-examining Hillside villages in Busan from the perspective of maritime humanities.

In the 13th and 14th centuries, the sea of Northeast Asia was the point where various cultures such as politics, economy, culture, and religion intersected in Korea, China, and Japan relationship. we examined the ocean route between South Korea, China and Japan in Northeast Asian sea area, and researched the phase of Tamra, which is located in the middle of the route at that time. Goryeo and China mainly used the a southern ocean route linking Gaegyeong-Heuksando- Jusan-Myeongju. China and Japen used East China ocean route linking Maungju and Hakada. Tamra was a midpoint of Northeast Asia's maritime trade routes and served as an intermediate stopover, a safety origin for long-distance navigation, and a destination for drift. In addition, Tamra contributed to human and physical exchanges between countries, and as various cultures crossed through Tamra, it became an opportunity for Tamlines to accept new culture.

It was the defeat in the Opium War that led Qing to pursue policies to improve marine power. If the Opium war is the event that drove the modernity of East Asia as well as China, it is no exaggeration to say that the modernity of East Asia originated from war. However, wars in East Asia were historically frequent before modern times. And there was no naval battle like the Japanese invasion of Korea, but the reason that the modern East Asian era originated from the war is that it was a war that occurred in the sea or sea area. So, what is the difference between the pre-modern naval warfare and the Opium war such as the Japanese invasion of Korea? This difference is the standard to distinguish the modern and the modern. In order to explore this difference in connection with the modern East Asian era, I would like to examine the Book of World Geography "Haegukdoji" as an analysis object.

After the outbreak of the Korean War, many refugees entered Busan by land or sea route. Busan's population, which was about 470,000 before the Korean War, has nearly doubled since the January 4 recession. The refugees, who came down naked amid urgent wartime conditions, devoted themselves to economic activities and education to survive and to settle in a new life. During the Korean War, Busan is Provisional Capital. It was paralyzed by the influx of people exceeding the limit. The significance of Geoje Island, which restored it and played an auxiliary role, was considered. In particular, we looked at the educational environment of Geoje Island at that time and closely looked at how Geoje Island educated refugees based on oral materials of five refugees. At that time, Geoje Island was a quiet fishing village with a beautiful natural landscape with a population of 100,000 and was a place where the tension of war did not reach. This Geoje Island was responsible for the auxiliary functions of Busan, the capital city, which was already oversaturated with many refugees, and played a role of education and socialization as well as accepting prisoners of war and refugees. Through these oral materials, many refugees who came to Geoje Island by LST from North Korea, often disembarked in Geoje Island and moved back to Busan. They moved to Busan, where the foundation of economic activities was established, and raised funds to support their families through commerce, collaboration, and manufacturing, and it was shown that their children were educated while living in Geoje Island. In addition, the abundant natural environment of Geoje Island provided food for the survival of seafood, wild greens, and firewood, and provided land for the expansion of facilities such as schools and houses. In addition, it was found that the government procured insufficient supplies through sea routes, carried out education and socialization of refugees, childcare of refugee children, and treatment of the injured.

Many Chinese ceramics have been excavated from the underwater off Mado Island in Taean since 2009. Since ancient times, the sea has been called ‘Nanhangnyang’ meaning that is hard to cross. These Chinese ceramics are interpreted as a result of the Goryeo Dynasty’s Yeosong Trading. Most of these ceramics, which are believed to have been left behind by merchants and envoys of Song-Wien era were made in Fuzen China and reached the Korean Peninsula through the old Chinese city of Puzou and Chonzou. The Chinese pottery, which was excavated coast of Mado-Island is made from the Five Dynasties to Jin-Song-Wien era and is mostly exported from the Min-river of Fuzen Province. It is also a proof that the trade between the Koryo and Song Dynasty was so active. Since 2009, when underwater excavations began off the coast of Taean Mado, Chinese ceramics have presented many challenges tj Korean and Chinese researchers. In the future traffic studies on historic cities and old kiln site, including surveys on the Min River in Fuzen Provice will be needed.

During the Joseon Dynasty, Prison was divided into round walls and buildings that separated men and women. The wall is estimated to be about 3 meters high and 1.1 meters thick. The wall foundation was strengthened with large stones so that prisoners could not escape by digging. Outside the fence, moats were built and filled with water to prepare for prisoner’s escape. The men's prison building was large, and the women’s building was small but tile-roofed structure that not allowed to escape through the roof. In front of the circular fence, traces of offices and rooms where the Prison officials worked were found in the excavation of the remains. The roof of this building was made by connecting thatched houses, and access to the prison was only possible through this structure. In 1426, King Sejong distributed this Prison plan nationwide to manage prisoners. During the Joseon Dynasty, many records have been confirmed that kings tried to legally protect sinners and their lives.

In this book, based on the period of promulgation of the Chosun Education Ordinance, which was the basis of education policy in colonial Chosun, the actual situation of Japanese language education in social education institution is summarized as follows from a diachronic perspective. Through the 1st Chosun Educational Ordinance, education ideology and though were also taught to nurture loyal and good citizens through obligation of dumbing down policy and reading of the imperial Rescript on Education, and the 2nd Chosun Educational Ordinance, which was implemented during the period of cultural rule in the 1920s, deceived Chosun in the name of Japan’s internal extensionism and temporary movement, destroyed Chosun language in the academic system, and strengthened spread of Japanese. The 3rd Chosun Education Ordinance, which was enforced after the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War in 1937, was a precursor to the war supplies from colonial Chosun and the implementation of the conscription system for the youth of Chosun, reflecting the wartime system to create the Imperial people’s Generation who could obey the emperor. Finally, the 4th Chosun Education Ordinance, as a ‘wartime education ordinance’ resulted in a means of the training warriors for mobilization of the wartime system through the reorganization of the educational system.

This study examines the conflicts and patterns of return in North Korea immediately after liberation, especially before the Japanese in Pyongyang escaped to South Korea. The Soviet military government has been stationed in North Korea since August 10, and after banning the movement of Japanese to outside areas, sent them to the Soviet mainland and the Siberian Primordial Territory to use them for various kinds of labor. The Japanese were not aware of the time of their return, and because of the tyranny of the Soviet army, women were always forced to live in an attitude of escape. The Japanese could not bear it and tried to smuggle and escape, but it was especially difficult to escape south because Pyongyang was the capital and various governing bodies were concentrated. However, in a situation where they could not wait for their return, the mass escape began at the end of February 1946, and the official salvage of the Japanese was announced shortly after the mass escape was almost completed.

The purpose of this research is to enhance the effectiveness of sports events by developing key indicators to quantify the effectiveness of sports events. The research is to develop more than 150 kinds of quantitative key performance indicators (KPIs) for successful operation and results based on the stakeholders and life-cycle operational performance of sports events. The research method is to establish a basic system through two preliminary studies (quantitative studies) and to give about 150 quantifiable indices using expert group discussions and Delphi techniques. And the expected effect of this study is ① To increase the effectiveness of sports events as Gangwon Youth Olympic Games, 2032 Seoul-Pyongyang Olympic Games, etc. ② To revitalize residents and revitalize the region ③ To achieve the target of the market ④ To achieve the adverse function of mega-sports events.

The importance of observing and documenting children’s play is more emphasized in the field of early childhood education and care, before and after the revision of the ｢4th standard childcare curriculum｣, pursuing for a child-and-play-centered. This study aims to explore how childcare teachers conceptualized the purpose of observation and documentation of play, and what difficulties they experienced while observing and documenting play. The data are collected from 189 childcare teachers through distance interviews via e-mail, and the thematic analysis is conducted. The results show that the core purpose of observation and documentation of play is ‘understanding of child development’; and the main difficulty is ‘the realistic limit of childcare environments.’ This study critically discusses the tensions and contradictions in the dominant discourses of ‘development’ and ‘objectivity’ within observation and documentation, and it suggests the expansion of the policy and academic horizons for observation and documentation in which children’s play is alive.

Japan is denying its sovereignty over Dokdo. The jurisdiction of ‘Edict No. 41’ (1900) is ‘Jukdo, all Ulleung islands, stone island(Dokdo)’. However, Japan ‘Sukdo’ is Dokdo are not now. Japan denies the facts without objective argument. Therefore, Japan's argument has no value or binding force. Edict of 41, is Dokdo is Korean territory by international law is strong evidence. Japan has no scientific evidence to deny the edict 41. But Dokdo is absolutely can not be Japanese territory. So, claiming its sovereignty over Dokdo by the Edict of 41, a Japan.

Based on the theory of three planes, this paper makes a multi angle analysis of "x-huo". Firstly, from the syntactic level, through the screening and investigation of the collected corpus, this paper classifies "x-huo", and then briefly expounds the syntactic function of "x-huo". Syntactic analysis mainly studies the internal structure of "x-huo", which lays the foundation for the following. Then it focuses on the analysis of "x-huo" from the perspective of semantics. This paper first traces the semantic development of "Huo" and examines its changing track from object to human, and then makes it clear that the research center is "x-huo". It also analyzes the process and reasons of "Huo" affix. Finally, it discusses the structure and pragmatic value of "x-huo" from the perspective of pragmatics, focusing on the change of emotional color of "x-huo". Through the above analysis, we summarize the reasons for the development of "x-huo" from the internal and external aspects of language. We think that the development of "x-huo" is promoted by the lexical model and the principle of language economy from the internal, while the frequent use of social life and social members creates an environment for the existence of "x-huo".

Specifically, the analysis results are as follows. First of all, in terms of influence coefficient, the fact that specialized equipment manufacturing and metering/instrument manufacturing were ranked at the top in 2012 indicates that the supply-side reform implemented by the Chinese government is achieving some effectiveness, and the transition from traditional manufacturing, which was responsible for quantitative growth in the past It can be seen that progress is being made towards qualitative growth. In addition, it can be analyzed that it had an impact on the IT manufacturing industry, where technology and expertise were added, under the influence of government policies such as specialized equipment manufacturing industry, other manufacturing industry, and measurement/measurement manufacturing industry. Second, in terms of sensitivity coefficient, it can be seen that most of the high-ranking industries in 2012 were traditional manufacturing industries that made a great contribution to China's economic development. These industries can be seen as the main targets of the supply-side reform implemented by the Chinese government. It is worth noting, however, that the wholesale and retail industry, along with the traditional manufacturing industry, influenced the growth of the wholesale and retail industry through various domestic demand stimulus support policies implemented to overcome the short-term internal and external economic crisis, and furthermore, the steel industry. It can be seen that the industry has been affected.

In recent years, in the new background of media convergence, the martial arts film and television works that have set off several crazes in the domestic and international markets have used all-media platforms to expand the scope of dissemination of themselves , the presentation mode has also achieved diversified development. In addition to large-scale film and television productions, low-cost web dramas rely on their own advantages to further expand the scope of the dissemination of such film and television works, and gradually form a series of dissemination and diffusion mechanisms that conform to their own operational logic. Communication itself is a manifestation of social relations. Therefore, under the sociological context, the elements of the formation, occurrence and acceptance of communication and their linkages can be more clearly demonstrated. This article selects the first phenomenon-level online martial arts drama The word of honor in 2021 as the case study object, and uses the modified cultural diamond theory which come up with Victoria D. Alexander as the framework to explore its communication mechanism from the perspective of art, society, authors, consumption and distributors.

『ChengGukPyouRyuD(淸國漂流圖)』 is written on based of diaries of SatsumaHan people of japan which is named 『ChengGuk Pyouilgi(淸國漂流日記)』 from 1810.7.22 to 1810.12.23. By 『ChengGuk Pyouilgi(淸國漂流日記)』, 29 men started from Naha Port Of Ryukyu on 1810.7.22, but they were suffered with bad weather and wave from 24th of July. Two men died on the ships among sailimg to Nagasaki of Japan. After they drifted for about 41 days, and arrived at Haimen(海門) of Gangnam area of Ceng Dynasty by saving of Chinense fishermen. They stayed from september to december of 1810 years at Gangnam area, and moved for Zafu(乍浦) which is the starting port for Nagasaki of Japanene Dtifter. This essay is analyzed about the people’s world of the Gangnam area and relief system of Ceng Dynasty on 1810 year. The Japanene Dtifter were impressed very much about the treatment of ChengGuk(淸國) Official, they experienced so many good and interesting social life such as seeing many stores and batheing and seeing the street festival and communicating in writing. And they made some friends and were guided to many Chinese restaurant and bar. They rated very much high about their drifting life of Ganam area of ChenGuki(淸國). We whould have much informations about the social and econmic aspects of ChenGuki(淸國) in the early 19th century.

This study paid attention to the marine image of representative seaport cities of Southwest and Southwest Asia experienced by the parties of Burlingame and Iwakura in the course of their homeward journey. Homeward sea route of the missions of the two countries came to an end with Hong Kong and Shanghai after passing through Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Island of Ceylon, Bay Of Bengal and South China Sea. Having a stopover in many colonial cities including India and Southeast Asia away from Europe, their views on Asian looked twofold. In other words, sympathetic attitude toward the same race and a critical attitude toward the Orient which was inferior to the U.S. and European civilization were overlapped. Especially, Chinese mission gave a fond look at the Chinese living in Southeast Asia by separating them from the natives, but Japanese mission showed clear distinction by disparaging them as insanitary and smelly people.

In this study, I compared the lives of two genius intellectuals(Choi Chi-Won and Kim Si-Sup) who were ahead of their time. I also looked into the world of works and major issues of <Choi Chi-Won> and 『Geumo Shinhwa』, where their lives are projected. Through this, I tried to reexamine the status of these works in the history of Korean novels. Despite the distance of 600 years, Choi Chi-won and Kim Si-seup resemble each other in many ways. They were the best intellectuals of their time, and they could not be in harmony with the times. After experiencing ideological wanderings, they unfortunately turned their back on the world. <Choi Chi-Won> and 『Geumo Shinhwa』 occupy an important place in the history of early Korean novels. By dealing with the unacceptable relationship between the protagonist as problematic individuals and the world that oppresses them, the two works opened up the novel era in the history of korean literature.

The chunmunryucho(천문류초) written by lee sun-ji(이순지) in the early joseon dynasty represent the Celestial planisphere knowledge and water conception during the joseon dynasty. it was because that The chunmunryucho(천문류초) had astromantic conception and yin-yang and five elements(음양오행) conception also. In the chunmunryucho(천문류초), there were the two constellations which are related to the conception of water creation and water circulation. chon-il(천일) is related to the conception of water creation. the other hand, tae-il(太一) is related to the conception of water circulation such as rain, dew, frost, snow, hail, mist, fog, cloud. tae-il(太一) makes the heavenly energy such as rain, dew, frost, snow, hail fall into earth. also tae-il(太一) makes the earthly energy such as mist, fog, cloud upto heaven. so the heavenly energy and earthly energy circulate between heaven and earth by tae-il(太一) By the comparative Study on the wind(風) of 『chonmunryucho(天文類抄)』 and the the wind foretell(風占) of 『gaewongumkyung(開元占經)』, we can conclude that The chunmunryucho(천문류 초) had a integrating conception in water creation and water circulation. but in order to stress yin-yang and five elements(음양오행), the integrating conception of the chunmunryucho(천문류초) gave more important role to yin-yang and five elements(음양오행) than to chon-il(천일) and tae-il(太一).

With the end of the Cold War and changes in the material and ideational structures of world politics, human society in the 21st century is witnessing the emergence of a new diplomatic paradigm. A typical example is public diplomacy, which has emerged as a great strategic option for not only great powers but also middle-powers, with the increasing importance of soft power. As such, not only the great change in the content and method of diplomacy, but also the diversification of the diplomatic actors can be seen as innovative in the context of a paradigm shift in diplomacy. In particular, the emergence of diplomacy at the sub-national level such as local government, especially city diplomacy, is a very interesting phenomenon. This study aims to examine the city diplomacy of Busan in the context of paradiplomacy. This paper also subsequently draws future challenges and implications for Busan’s city diplomacy.

Research design of this paper involves the adoption of KakaoTalk's Bulletin Board to increase communication efficiency with learners in online Japanese For Tourists classes held during the COVID-19 era. After one semester of using the bulletin board as a communication channel in Japanese For Tourist classes, an analysis was conducted on the role of the instructor and the responses of 33 learners. The results are as follows: First, Contents posted on the bulletin board were analyzed and results show that the instructor plays the role of a supervisor, a facilitator, and a provider of supplementary materials. Second, Frequency of the announcements posted on the KakaoTalk bulletin board was examined and ranked. The order is as follows, General Notice(Class-related)>Assignment Details>Review> Audio File Attachment>Online Class Guide>List Of Assignment Submissions>General notice(School Life). Third, Learners were asked questions about their use of the KakaoTalk bulletin board. Results rank in the order, Learning & Comprehension>Learning & Participation management >Review>Accessibility>Convenience.

This paper argues that ISHIZAKA Koreki, an activist of J iyu Minken Undo in the early half of Meiji Era, had three problems despite he did have his ambition to be a distinguished statesman, when he arrived at San Francisco and started to live in Oakland in December 1886, so as to attack Japanese Meiji Government from outside of Japan. The first problem was that Ishizaka was not clear what to do in the US. He announced that he would study commerce at a school, but according to his letters from America, we cannot check the fact. The second problem was that although there were some phenomena of racism around SF at that time, he was not able to notice them, because there was no racism among people in Japan until that time. The third problem was that he had no ability of eagerness of collecting information from Chinese immigrants communicating by writing Chinese letters. However, Ishizaka would soon have “The Season of Politics”, and he would publish political newspapers and send them to Japan.

Akutagawa Ryunosuke published ‘kamigami no bisho’ (1922) in January volume of ‘New Novel.’ It is a novel with the subject of conflict on the acceptance of foreign culture in Japan, appearing Organtino who is a catholic missionary as a god in a myth. The plot contains to recreate independent Japanized culture newly based on the culture passed down from foreign countries. The keyword of this story is ‘a power to revitalize’ Japanese culture. Influxes of foreign cultures in the story are described with contacts of ‘southern barbarians’ via ‘East Asian sea.’ ‘Southern barbarians,’ Portuguese and Spanish in 16th century, had pioneered colonies in India and part of Southeast Asia, and expanded their trading area into Japan. Starting the trade between Japan and these countries, they called the culture as ‘southern barbarians.’ Originally, they are names of savages in the border, but also called as the exotic and novel cultures. At the initial period of ‘trading with southern barbarians,’ most of tradings were marine trade. As the volume of tradings was increase, the trading place was moved from on the seas to the sea area. With drastic increase of movement from India to Macao, population in Macao was increased from about 800 to more than 5,000. Portuguese Catholic Jesuit was deeply involved for ‘trading with southern barbarians’ and a Portuguese who dispatched from Portuguese territory, India, became a minister in Macao. In Nagasaki of Kyushu where ‘ships of southern barbarians’ entered, many merchants gathered. Introduction of Christianity flown with ‘trading with southern barbarians’ disappeared ‘in the old folding screen 3 centuries ago’ with Organtino, which means in 1600s when was 300 years ago from 1922 in the background of the story. After that, warning to break Organtino’s dream does not mean to settle all the traces of Christianity culture introduction. Rather, it implicates the recreation by ‘a power to revitalize’ which is a keyword of the story. In this story, he claimed Japan was never conquered by foreign cultures, suggesting several cases such as Christianity, Buddhism, Chinese character, style of handwriting, etc. in the course of cultural introduction in East Asian sea.

Monkan(文観) is a high priest who served as the head of the Shingon sect(真言宗). He served as the head priest of To-ji Temple(東寺座主) and the chief abbot of To-ji Temple(東寺一長者). His origin has been a mystery, but it has been elucidated in recent years. Horen(宝蓮), a late disciple of Monkan, wrote a kechimyaku-fu(血脈譜), document of the handing down of law (dharma) from a mentor to a disciple, named “Yuka-Dento-shou(瑜伽伝灯鈔)”. 　 In recent years, research on Monkan has progressed. It has been said that Monkan had no discpiles and died in a miserable state in the mountains of Kawachi Province(河内国). This lore about him is different from the truth. He died in peace at the hospice in Kawachi-Kongo-ji Temple(河内金剛寺往生院). The list of Monkan’s disciples in “Yuka-Dento-shou” reveals that he had more than 200 disciples. His disciples belonged to the Shingon sect and the Saidaiji sect(西大 寺流), and Onomichi Jodo-ji Temple(尾道浄土寺), a Saidaiji sect temple, was a temple of his disciples.　Yushin(有深) was listed at the 108th position on the list.Prirst names are often written in reverse. If Horen mistakenly wrote Shinyu(深有) as Yushin(有深), Monkan had a famous disciple. It is bolieved that Shinyu made “IBUKI Saburo Tradition(伊吹三郎伝承譚)”, the prototype of “Ibuki-yma Shyuten-doji Story(伊吹山酒呑童子物語).　Shinyu was originally a priest of the Tendai sect, and trained at Daigo-ji Temple(醍醐寺) and became a priest of the Shingon sect.　 After 1352, he became the chief priest of the devastated Ibuki-nagao-ji Temple(伊吹長尾寺) and rebuilt the Temple.　“Ibuki-yma Shyuten-doji Story” is important as one of the variants of very famous “Ooei-yma Shyuten-doji Story(大江山酒呑童子物語). Monkan had a strong influence on Daigo-ji Temple(醍醐寺)、and served as the head priest of Daigo-ji Temple(醍醐寺座主) many times.　Finally in 1339, he became the head priest of Daigo-ji Temple. 　The time of Shinyu's training at Daigo-ji Temple and the time of Monkan's activity at the Temple overlapped. It's likely that Shinyu was Monkan's disciple.