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Novels can reflect the unique social and cultural life of a country, and how to translate cultural elements in novels is a prism that can see the translators’ ability of heterogeneous cultural communication. This study takes Korean short story ‘You Are So Lonely(너무도 쓸쓸한 당신)’ and its two Chinese translations as analysis objects, and selects representative cultural elements that can reflect the characteristics of Korean society and culture from the analysis objects. Based on the ‘three dimensional transformation’ of Eco-translatology theory, this study investigates and analyzes the translation methods of the cultural elements in the two Chinese translations of ‘You Are So Lonely’. Finally, based on this, this study discusses an executive method for translating cultural elements in Korean short stories.

The purpose of this paper is to examine how the expressions of 'love' metaphor are conceptualized and translated in literary texts from Korean into Chinese. To this end, this study builds a specific Korean-Chinese comparative parallel corpus from five Korean novels since 1990. This paper finds/confirms/provides/discovers two major features in conceptualized process and translation method. First, the abstract concept of 'love' in source texts is conceptualized through the source domains of 'a fluid in a container', 'opponent/war', 'object', 'food', 'plant' and 'river'. The 'love' metaphors were translated in three different ways: mapping onto the same source domain as the source text; mapping onto different source domain; omitting the source domain. Second, a comparison between the source texts and the target texts shows the six translation methods of the metaphorical expression of 'love', including 'replacement', 'addition', 'deletion', 'literal translation', 'simplification' and 'four-character structure'. The Chinese ‘four-character structure’ is the unique feature of the Chinese language. This study is meaningful in that it has expanded the classification of Korean to Chinese translation methods by adding the ‘four-character structure’.

본고는 문화소를 활용한 한국어 학습번역 수업 방안을 제안하는 데 목적이 있다. 문 화소 이론을 과업중심 교수법에 적용하여, 고급 한국어 학습자 대상 학습번역 수업을 개발하였다. 먼저 Ⅱ장에서는 학습번역이 의사소통식 교수법 하에서는 어떠한 역할을 하고 있는지 살펴보았다. 이어 사회문화능력을 높이기 위해 문화소 교육의 필요성을 역설하였고, 과업중심 번역 교수법을 Ali(2013)의 연구를 중심으로 살펴보았다. Ⅲ장 에서는 실제 수업을 과업 전, 과업 수행, 과업 후 단계로 나누어 설계해 보였다. 수업 주 제는 <한국 소개 영상 기획-백제 세계문화유산 편>이고, 사전자료로 학습자의 배경지 식을 활성화시킨 뒤 평가표 및 번역할 텍스트를 제공하고 팀별로 번역할 수 있게 하였 다. 학생들은 자신들의 번역본을 바탕으로 영상 제작 기획서를 만들어 발표하고, 피드 백을 주고받게 된다. 이 연구는 6급 이상 한국어 학습자의 한국어 의사소통능력 향상을 위한 수업 방안을 제안하고, 번역학 전공 외국인을 위한 기초 수업 설계의 이론적, 실제 적 바탕이 될 수 있다는 데 의의가 있다.

The purpose of this study is to propose a Korean pedagogic translation class method using ‘cultureme’. We applied cultureme to the task-based teaching method to develop pedagogic translation classes for advanced Korean learners. In Chapter II, we discussed what role pedagogic translation plays in communication teaching methods. This study emphasizes the need for cultureme education to enhance sociocultural competence. This study then examined the task-based translation method through Ali(2013). In Chapter III, the actual class was designed. We clearly showed the subject outline, learning objectives, and learning targets. This study divided the class into a pre-task phase, during-task phase, and post-task phase. The subject of the class is <Planning a video about Korea-Baekje World Heritage>. The teacher uses materials to activate learners' background knowledge and provides the scorecard and text to be translated to the learner, and learners work in teams to translate together. Students prepare presentation materials based on their translations. And they exchange feedback with each other. This study is meaningful in two ways. This study proposes a new teaching method for advanced Korean learners and helps to design basic classes for foreigners majoring in translation.

본고는 문화소를 활용한 한국어 학습번역 수업 방안을 제안하는 데 목적이 있다. 문 화소 이론을 과업중심 교수법에 적용하여, 고급 한국어 학습자 대상 학습번역 수업을 개발하였다. 먼저 Ⅱ장에서는 학습번역이 의사소통식 교수법 하에서는 어떠한 역할을 하고 있는지 살펴보았다. 이어 사회문화능력을 높이기 위해 문화소 교육의 필요성을 역설하였고, 과업중심 번역 교수법을 Ali(2013)의 연구를 중심으로 살펴보았다. Ⅲ장 에서는 실제 수업을 과업 전, 과업 수행, 과업 후 단계로 나누어 설계해 보였다. 수업 주 제는 <한국 소개 영상 기획-백제 세계문화유산 편>이고, 사전자료로 학습자의 배경지 식을 활성화시킨 뒤 평가표 및 번역할 텍스트를 제공하고 팀별로 번역할 수 있게 하였 다. 학생들은 자신들의 번역본을 바탕으로 영상 제작 기획서를 만들어 발표하고, 피드 백을 주고받게 된다. 이 연구는 6급 이상 한국어 학습자의 한국어 의사소통능력 향상을 위한 수업 방안을 제안하고, 번역학 전공 외국인을 위한 기초 수업 설계의 이론적, 실제 적 바탕이 될 수 있다는 데 의의가 있다.

The purpose of this study is to propose a Korean pedagogic translation class method using ‘cultureme’. We applied cultureme to the task-based teaching method to develop pedagogic translation classes for advanced Korean learners. In Chapter II, we discussed what role pedagogic translation plays in communication teaching methods. This study emphasizes the need for cultureme education to enhance sociocultural competence. This study then examined the task-based translation method through Ali(2013). In Chapter III, the actual class was designed. We clearly showed the subject outline, learning objectives, and learning targets. This study divided the class into a pre-task phase, during-task phase, and post-task phase. The subject of the class is <Planning a video about Korea-Baekje World Heritage>. The teacher uses materials to activate learners' background knowledge and provides the scorecard and text to be translated to the learner, and learners work in teams to translate together. Students prepare presentation materials based on their translations. And they exchange feedback with each other. This study is meaningful in two ways. This study proposes a new teaching method for advanced Korean learners and helps to design basic classes for foreigners majoring in translation.

구조물을 안전하게 관리하기 위해서는 우선적으로 건전한 유지가 전제되어야 한다. 이 같은 구조물의 건전성을 결정하는 요인 중에서 가장 대표적인 예로는 균열을 들 수 있다. 여러 가지 원인에 의해 발생하는 균열은 다양한 종류와 형태로 구조물에 손상을 입힌다. 무엇보다 이러 한 균열이 방치될 경우 위험도가 증가하여 안전사고로 이어질 수 있다. 이러한 문제점을 경감 하기 위하여 최근 들어 딥러닝과 컴퓨터 비전 기술을 활용하여 손상을 점검하는 방법들이 소 개되고 있다. 이 같은 방법들은 대체로 충분한 양의 학습 데이터가 필요한 것이 사실이다. 하지 만, 학습을 위한 영상 데이터의 충분한 확보가 어렵다는 점은 딥러닝 균열 탐지 알고리즘의 성능에 부정적인 영향을 미친다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 이에 대한 문제의식을 바탕으로 영상 변환 기법을 활용하여 균열 영상 데이터를 증강하는 방법을 제시했다. 이는 아스팔트 균열 영 상을 콘크리트 균열 영상으로 변환하거나 혹은 이와 반대로 콘크리트 균열 영상을 아스팔트 균열 영상으로 변환하여 딥러닝 신경망 모델을 학습하기 위한 영상 데이터를 확보하는 방법이 다. 이를 통해 학습 데이터의 다양성을 향상시켜 강건한 균열 탐지 알고리즘 개발에 기여할 수 있기를 기대한다.

The safe use of a structure requires it to be maintained in an undamaged state. Thus, a typical factor that determines the safety of a structure is a crack in it. In addition, cracks are caused by various reasons, damage the structure in various ways, and exist in different shapes. Making matters worse, if these cracks are unattended, the risk of structural failure increases and proceeds to a catastrophe. Hence, recently, methods of checking structural damage using deep learning and computer vision technology have been introduced. These methods usually have the premise that there should be a large amount of training image data. However, the amount of training image data is always insufficient. Particularly, this insufficiency negatively affects the performance of deep learning crack detection algorithms. Hence, in this study, a method of augmenting crack image data based on the image translation technique was developed. In particular, this method obtained the crack image data for training a deep learning neural network model by transforming a specific case of a asphalt crack image into a concrete crack image or vice versa . Eventually, this method expected that a robust crack detection algorithm could be developed by increasing the diversity of its training data.

최근 들어 국내에서는 한국어 통역과 번역에 관한 많은 변화가 진행되고 있다. 그 중에서도 가장 큰 변화는 외국인의 한국어번역 학습자가 빠르게 증가하고 있다는 것이다. 중국어권한국어 학습자의 한국어 통번역에 대한 관심은 최근 들어 변화하는 한국어의 위상을 보여주는 것이다. 여기에 정치 경제적인 이유에서, 그리고 한국과 중국 양국 간의 경제 및 문화 교류가 활발해지면서 한국어와 중국어에 대한 대조연구가 많아지고 있다. 지난 10년 간 국내에서는 중국어권 학습자의 한국어교육을 위한 언어 간 대조연구가 활발하게 진행되었고, 특히한․중 통번역에 대한 수요가 빠르게 증가하면서, 한․중 두 언어의 번역관련 연구도 2000년대 초반부터 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 본 연구는 대조언어학적 연구와 달리, 번역학적 연구의 차원에서 한국어의 원인, 이유 접속어미 중 사용빈도가 가장 높은 ‘-어서’와 ‘-니까’를 대상으로 하고 있다. 그리고 이에 대응된중국어 번역의 양상을 유형화(직역, 의역, 생략 등)하여 고찰하는데 그 목적을 두고 있다. 그러므로 본 연구는 한국어 접속어미의 중국어 대응 표현을 살피는 것 보다는 한국어 접속어미의 기능과 의미를 중심으로 중국어 반영된 맥락 구성을 위한 등가 의미와 실현 양상의 유형을찾는 것에 중점을 두고자 한다. 한국어의 연결어미 ‘-어서’, ‘-니까’는 모두 인과관계를 나타내는 연결어미이기 때문에 중국의 번역문의 분석에서도 공통점을 갖고 있었지만 그 실현의 구체적인 양상에서는 적지 않은 차이점이 나타난다. 이는 ‘-어서’와 ‘-니까’에 대한 번역방법 및 번역양상에도 반영되어 유사한 방법으로 번역이 되었지만 구체적 실현 양상은 다른 모습을 보인다.

Korean interpretation and translation has undergone numerous changes recently. the greatest change of them all is the rapid increase in number of Korean translators with foreign nationality. The growth of Chinese translators majoring in Korean show how the status of Korea has changed recently. Additionally, because of the political and economic reasons, and as the economic and cultural exchanges between China and South Korea became more frequent recently, comparative linguistic studies between Korean and Chinese became more common than the past. During the past decade, the inter-language comparative study was conducted in an active manner to educate Korean to Chinese learners. In particular, as the market demand for Korean and Chinese interpreters has increased rapidly in the early twentieth century, translation studies on both Korean and Chinese also became very active. In contrast to the contrastive linguistic research, this study focuses on the two most frequently used conjunctional ending regarding reason and cause in the Korean language: ‘-어서’ and ‘-이니까’. The purpose of this study is to contemplate aspects of Chinese translation corresponding with both conjunctional endings and categorize the translation methods(translate, paraphrase, omit, etc). Therefore, this study focuses on the function and meaning of the Korean connection ending and finding the equivalent meaning and the type of realization pattern for constructing the Chinese reflected context, rather than finding the directly corresponding expressions for the Korean conjunctional endings. The connective endings in the Korean language, ‘-어서’ and ‘-니까’, represent causal relationship. In the analysis, their Chinese translations illustrate some similarities with the Korean text. However, there exsit a number of differences in the specific aspects of its realization. which isﾠ reflected in the translation method and the translation aspect of ‘- 어서’ and ‘- 니까’. Therefore, translation is rendered in a similar way, but the specific realization appears differently.

본고는 한국어 심리형용사 및 심리동사의 통사 특징과 의미 차이를 분석함으로써 그들의중국어 번역 방식을 밝혔다. 한국어 심리형용사는 작용 심리형용사와 상태 심리형용사로 나뉠 수 있고 심리동사도 작용 심리동사와 상태 심리동사로 나뉠 수 있다. 네 가지 용언은 통사 구조와 의미 면에 차이가있음에도 불구하고, 중국어로 번역될 때 중국어의 영향으로 인해 서로 혼동될 경우가 상당히많다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위해 본고에서는 네 가지 용언의 7가지 문장 유형을 나누어서 그들의 통사 특징과 의미 특징에 의해서 각각의 중국어 번역 방안을 모색하였다.

This article analyzed the translation methods of Korean psychological predicates with analyzing the syntax features and semantic differences of them. Psychological adjectives can be divided into effective psychological adjectives and state psychological adjectives, and psychological verbs can also be divided into effective psychological verbs and state psychological verbs. There are differences in syntactic structure and semantic meaning. But because of the relatively small number of Chinese psychological predicates, and the structure and usage of Chinese psychological predicates are relatively simple, Korean psychological adjectives and psychological verbs are often confused in the actual translation process. In order to solve this problem, This article analyzed seven types of sentence structure of four kinds of predicates and proposed the corresponding translation methods respectively.

This study looks into the pragmatic cultural characteristics of advertising language used in Chinese advertisements and discusses an appropriate method of translation. This study looks into the text-typology and the pragmatic characteristics of advertising language through implicational cultural characteristics. Authentic advertising examples are shown. I investigate the problem of translation-ability and the five translation principles and criterion to look into the translation methodology that befit the characteristics of advertising language. The aim of advertisement is to capture the consumer's interest with fresh and implicational language and expressions, and to stimulate the consumer's interest of the product. Advertisements have pragmatic functional traits of providing consumers with information on products and services and thus persuading consumers to purchase them. Therefore, it is important to emphasize the functional equivalence in advertising translation. The translator needs to select appropriate words and expressions with creativity in the translation. The specific methods of translation discussed in this study are as follows: The process of translation is divided into ‘direct translation’ and ‘translation’. First, the original information resources from the advertisement are transmitted on the grounds of meaningful equivalence through direct translation. Second, the translator examines and adjusts various translational possibilities based on brevity, implication and appreciation through the process of ‘translation’. Finally, creativity is applied to the controversial parts of the translation, based on the translation-ability according to the principles of functional equivalence. Translation done in this sequence is considered to be highly practical in translation for advertisements and for the discipline of translation in general.

This study analyzed the rhetorical features of a speech in Chinese and classified its Korean translation methods of political discourse. The rhetorical devices from President Xi Jinping's speech at Seoul National University in 2014 were selected. As a linguistic tool that employs a particular type of words, phrases, sentences to persuade the audience, 'parallelism' was found the most common rhetorical device. Parallelism is the repetition of two or more elements of sentences with the same grammatical structure. In this study, parallelism of Xi's Chinese speech was categorized into three types: parallelism of four-character structure; parallelism of quotes such as poems and proverbs; parallelism sentences to emphasize the topic of paragraphs. In addition, this paper found four common methods for translating parallelism: first, adding Chinese characters to Korean translations; second, translating word-for-word; third, abridging repeated words and lines; fourth, expanding the implicitly meaning throughout interpreting messages of parallelism.

Now, ‘learner-centered’ is a buzzword in translation education and a social constructivist approach, in which knowledge is not viewed as discovered but constructed by a learner, is highly accepted. In keeping with this, this paper focuses on learner autonomy (hereafter LA) and critical thinking in the interests of helping learners break away from a teacher beyond classrooms. LA is defined here as a concept pertaining to understanding of translation, translation competence, and affective factors of learners, and ‘self-reflection’ is an essential element for realizing it. A ‘thinking’ teaching method has been adopted in an undergraduate translation class to foster LA. In this method, before any explanation and lecture by a teacher, students perform translation-related activities, think back, and write a reflective writing(hereafter RW) freely about their feelings, thoughts, opinions, learning, etc. RW here is a useful way of looking into the learning process and of measuring the level of the learner’s LA as it reveals the strengths and weaknesses of a learner and the learner’s' self-reflection. A questionnaire has been conducted to assess whether or not the ‘thinking’ method was helpful in promoting the learners' LA and if so, in what way. Discussions are made based on the RW and the results of the questionnaire.

Along with the advancement of speech recognition technology and machine translation technology in addition to the fast distribution of mobile devices, automatic speech translation technology no longer remains as a subject of research as it has become popularized throughout many users. The goal of this paper is to describe the method of hybrid machine translation based on common transfer for multilingual speech and machine translation. As of 2012, there are different bilingual machine translation systems such as Korean-to-English, English-to-Korean, Korean-to-Japanese, Japanese-to-Korean, Korean-to-Chinese, and Chinese-to-Korean machine translation systems in Korea. An increase in the number of tourists is expected due to the fact that the Winter Olympic Games will be held in Korea in 2018. Budget problem prevents us from employing a sufficient number of human interpreters who can fluently interpret such languages as Spanish, French, German, and Russian. For this reason, consumers such as the Korea Tourism Organization and speech translation service providers demand a multilingual speech and machine translation system. We are developing a multilingual speech and machine translation system aiming for multilingual expansibility and high-quality translation accuracy.

The National translation institute had been playing an important role in the history of Chinese translation, which also suggested significant implications to translation theory and methods. The main features that make the translation institute difference from modern translation activity is systematical organization, segmented job divisions and cooperative translation. With the development of national translation institute, its functions were more and more complete and the management were more and more strict. The foundation of translation institute guaranteed correct, proper, systematic and scientific translation of buddhist sutra, and exerted strong influence on Chinese modern translation theory and translation practice.

Chung, Hye-yeon. (2007). Associative Sight Translation : A Pedagogical Method to avoid Interference. Interpreting and Translation Studies 10-2, pp.105-126. Everybody who works in the field of translation and interpretation knows what sight translation is. But no consensus has been made till now on how to do it the best and how to avoid one of the greatest difficulties of sight translation i.e. linguistic interference. This paper is suggesting - on the base of the knowledge from cognitive linguistics - a method of sight translation which is called 'associative sight translation'. According to this method the source text is reprocessed based on its content and structure. That is to say, cues on content and structure are marked in the text. The text is first dissected into smaller semantic units and within these semantic units a fixed number of cue words are selected, which function as associative cues to make the interpreters free to produce their individual target texts. This can be an effective strategy to avoid linguistic interference in the process of sight translation because the interpreters produce their target texts only on the base of the semantic and structural cues that the source text provides, and not on the base of the whole text analyzing its syntactic and semantic features as non-professionals might do, when asked to translate a text on the spot.

본 논문에서는 번역 생성기 (translation generator)와 문장 판별기 (sentence discriminator) 기반의 문장 데이터 증강 방법을 제안한다. 번역 생성기는 다른 언어로의 반복 번역을 통해 원본 문장과 비슷한 의미를 가진 변형문장을 생성하여 데이터의 수를 늘린다. 하지만 이러한 방식으로 생성된 문장의 일부는 학습에 방해가 된다. 이에 문장 판별기는 학습에 방해되는 문장을 판별하기 위하여 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)와 Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM)를 병렬로 병합한 딥러닝 모델로 원본문장을 학습하고 변형문장 중에서 학습에 방해되는 문장을 판별하고 제거하여 데이터 증강 문장을 출력한다. 본 논문의 데이터 증강 방법으로 데이터를 증강한 후 5가지의 딥러닝 모델로 테스트를 진행한 결과, 데이터의 크기에 따라 최대 9.28%의 성능 향상을 보였다.

이 연구는 국내에서 진행되는 한국어 교육의 상황에서 한국어 학습자들 대상으로 번역 수업을 실현하기 위한 한국어 교수-학습 방법을 제시한 것이다. 이를 위해 먼저 한국어교육 분야에서 번역과 관련된 선행 연구를 검토했다. 그리고 번역을 어떻게 효과적으로 교육할 수 있는지를 파악하기 위해 번역에 대한 이론적 개념을 살펴보았으며, Pacte의 연구에 기초하여 번역 능력의 구성요소를 살펴보았다. 그리고 외국어 교육에서 활용되는 TTT 모형을 확대하여 한국어 번역 수업에 적용할 수 있는 ‘과제중심 번역 교수 모형’을 구안했다. 한국어 번역 수업의 실제를 보이는 부분에서는 ‘한국어 번역’ 교과목의 구성을 설계한 후에, 실제로 ‘과제중심 번역 교수 모형’을 적용하여 한국어 번역 수업이 이루어지는 과정을 제시했다. 그리고 번역 수업 과정과 번역물을 평가하는 방법을 논의했다. 이 연구는 국내외에서 한국어 번역 교육에 관심이 증가하고 있는 상황에서 교실 수업에서 실행이 가능한 번역 교수-학습 방법을 구안하여 제시하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

This study presents a Korean language teaching–learning method for translation classes for Korean-language learners in Korea. To this end, the researcher first reviewed previous studies related to translation in the field of Korean language education. The theoretical concept of translation and the components of translation competence based on Pacte’s research were examined in order to understand how to effectively teach translation. In addition, the TTT model used in foreign language education was expanded to devise a “task-based translation teaching model” that could be applied to Korean translation classes. To demonstrate the reality of Korean translation classes, a syllabus for a “Korean translation” course was designed and the process of actually applying the translation teaching model is suggested. Furthermore, the author presents a method for evaluating translations. This study is significant in that it devised and suggested a translation teaching–learning method that can be implemented in classroom instruction in the context of increasing interest in Korean translation education in Korea and abroad.

인공신경망 기계번역(Neural Machine Translation, NMT)은 한정된 개수의 단어만을 번역에 이용하기 때문 에 사전에 등록되지 않은 단어들이 입력으로 들어올 가능성이 있다. 이러한 Out of Vocabulary(OOV) 문제를 완화하고자 고안된 방법이 서브 워드 분절(Subword Tokenization)이며, 이는 문장을 단어보다 더 작은 서브 워드 단위로 분할하여 단어를 구성하는 방법론이다. 본 논문에서는 일반적인 서브 워드 분절 알고리즘들을 다루며, 나아가 한국어의 무한한 용언 활용을 잘 다룰 수 있는 사전을 만들기 위해 한국어의 음절 중 종성을 분리하여 서브 워드 분절을 학습하는 새로운 방법론을 제안한다. 실험결과 본 논문에서 제안하는 방법론이 기존의 서브 워드 분리 방법론보다 높은 성능을 거두었다.

Since Neural Machine Translation (NMT) uses only a limited number of words, there is a possibility that words that are not registered in the dictionary will be entered as input. The proposed method to alleviate this Out of Vocabulary (OOV) problem is Subword Tokenization, which is a methodology for constructing words by dividing sentences into subword units smaller than words. In this paper, we deal with general subword tokenization algorithms. Furthermore, in order to create a vocabulary that can handle the infinite conjugation of Korean adjectives and verbs, we propose a new methodology for subword tokenization training by separating the Jongsung(coda) from Korean syllables (consisting of Chosung-onset, Jungsung-neucleus and Jongsung-coda). As a result of the experiment, the methodology proposed in this paper outperforms the existing subword tokenization methodology.

This paper explores the importance of teaching grammatical metaphor in Korean-English translation courses and the effectiveness of a teaching method “translating by changing subjects” which is designed to help students exercise grammatical metaphor. Grammatical metaphor as defined and theorized by Halliday and his colleagues refers to the substitution of one grammatical class for another that is more congruent for representing certain experience in a given text. A diagnostic test showed that students do not actively use grammatical metaphor in Korean-English translation. Considering Halliday and Ravelli’s grammatical metaphor classifications, the researcher underlined the processes and circumstances of Korean sentences and had the students exercise grammatical metaphor by instructing them to translate a Korean sentence into multiple English sentences using each underlined word as the subject for each sentence. A final test and a written interview demonstrated that students’ use of grammatical metaphor improved greatly and that students found such a teaching method satisfactory and helpful.