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The Nuremberg Trials are often described as some of the most important trials in human history and have been studied in a variety of academic disciplines. However, the fact that they were multilingual trials relying on simultaneous interpreting from and into English, French, Russian, and German is often omitted in historical records. This study traces, from the perspective of Interpreting Studies, the first full-scale adoption of simultaneous interpreting during the trials and its subsequent impact on interpreting both as a profession and an academic discipline. Not only did simultaneous interpreters greatly expedite the Nuremberg Trials but also contributed thereafter to introducing simultaneous interpreting to international conferences, which in turn created a new profession of conference interpreters. As the demand for conference interpreters grew, interpreter training programs were created in universities, which led to the birth of Interpreting Studies in the early seventies. The role of the interpreter in all such interpreted events needs to be examined through a historical lens, a field still underexplored in Interpreting Studies.

1980년대 초부터 시작된 우리나라의 해외 위성 보도 방송 동시통역은 방송사들의 장기적 계획이나 청사진 없이 사건이 터질 때마다 그 수요를 땜질하는 방식으로 이루어져왔기 때문에 방송사로서도, 통역사로서도 경험이나 연구의 축적이 이루어지지 못했다. 결과적으로 우리의 TV 통역은 유럽의 일부 선진국은 물론, 이웃나라 일본의 경우와 비교해도 후진성을 면치 못하고 있고 후진성 극복의 단기적 전망도 전무한 상황이다. 한 가지 희망이 있다면 우리 정부가 결국에는 CNN의 한국 내 독점 배급권을 가진 CSTV Korea에 CNN 동시통역 방송허가를 내어줄 것이고 그 때 TV 통역도 전기를 맞게 되리라는 것이다. 2001년 CNN 뉴스 동시통역 시험 방송을 실시하다 방송위원회의 허가 불발로 방송을 중단한 CSTV가 몇 년 내에 방송을 재개한다면 통역대학원에서 훈련된, 점점 더 많은 통역사들이 투입될 것이고 그 통역 경험과 더불어 관련 연구가 활발해질 수 있을 것이다. 그럴 경우 일본 NHK 정보 네트워크의 이중 언어 방송과 JCTV의 24시간에 가까운 CNN 동시통역 및 voice-over의 경험과 관련 연구가 큰 도움이 될 수 있다. 영어가 아닌 유럽의 다른 언어와 달리 일본어는 우리말과 어순이 같고 한자어의 공용 등 공통점이 많기 때문에 유사한 경험과 관련 연구의 예를 우리에게 제공해 줄 수 있기 때문이다. 이제 지난 30년 우리나라 TV 통역의 역사를 돌아보고 이를 외국의 경우와 비교하면서 해외 보도방송의 동시통역 허가에 대비한 통역사 훈련 방법을 연구한다.

Formerly, simultaneous interpreting was limited to guest interviews, breaking news situations, and live coverage of events in the Japanese media. However, due to the increase in demand for bilingual services and real time coverage, JCTV (Japan Cable Television, which is a distribution partner of CNN) decided to focus on simultaneous interpreting for the localization of CNN news. Before settling on simultaneous interpreting, CNN translating/interpreting experienced several transitions. At the very beginning, the requirement was to translate word for word. Then came the prepared interpreting stage. The current stage calls for simultaneous interpretation of all the materials including tightly edited packaged reports. Some of the main skills required for simultaneous interpreting for broadcast news are background knowledge, anticipation, and editing. The number of interpreting and translating courses offered at Japanese universities is on the rise, but traditional interpreting schools catering to the special needs for broadcast interpreting still plays an important role. These institutions offer the appropriate training for students aspiring to break into broadcast news simultaneous interpreting. Broadcast news interpreting in Japan is still evolving and faces the challenges of quality control.

Cette étude vise à vérifier la conviction largement répandue qu’un niveau élevé d’exactitude lors de l’exécution de l'interprétation simultanée des nombres peut être atteint avec un entrainement basé sur l’isolement des nombres. Les chiffres ou les numéros constituent un problème bien connu pour les interprètes travaillant dans des langues dont les systèmes numériques sont très différents. L’interprétation des nombres a été une partie importante du programme de formation et différentes méthodes ont été employées selon les formateurs. Une expérience a été menée afin d’évaluer l'efficacité de deux méthodes de formation pour l'amélioration des performances des interprètes à traduire les nombres de l'anglais vers le chinois. Le résultat de cette expérience indique que la performance globale du groupe testé qui avait reçu un entrainement à la fois avec des nombres en isolement et avec des nombres avec référent, était plus élevée que celle du groupe n’ayant reçu un entrainement qu’avec des nombres en isolation.

Il s'agit d'une étude de cas d'omissions dans 'interprétation simultanée (SI) de cinq interprètes de mandarin lors de la conférence de presse télévisée d’un chanteur pop de Canton en anglais. Des cas récurrents d'omissions sont identifiés, classés et analysés en comparant texte source et cible. Sur la base des modèles d'effort de Gile, les différences d'ordre des mots entre les langues source et cible peuvent être considérées comme des déclencheurs de problèmes qui nécessitent une plus grande quantité de capacité de traitement, ce qui entraîne des omissions relevées dans les interprétations. L’ observation de la façon dont les interprètes font face aux différences d'ordre des mots montre qu'ils utilisent des stratégies telles que la réorganisation et la segmentation. Il est à espérer que les connaissances tirées de cette étude informeront la discussion sur les stratégies de la simultanée et son 'enseignement.

L’Interprétation des nombres en interprétation simultanée (IS) est reconnue depuis longtemps comme problématique. Cette étude identifie des modèles numériques dans les restitutions en IS qui s’écartent de la langue source. Elle explore également les différents manières dont ces modèles pourraient être adaptés aux différentes méthodes d’entrainement que des interprètes ont suivies avant d'effectuer l’IS. L'analyse statistique indique que le groupe qui a reçu, avant l'expérience, un entrainement sur la base de « nombres avec unités de référence » a enregistré la plus forte fréquence de reformulations approximativement juste des nombres. Par contre le groupe ayant travaillé à partir de « nombres isolés » a enregistré la plus forte fréquence de restitutions erronées. Enfin, le groupe témoin qui n'a bénéficié d’aucun entrainement sur les nombres a rencontré la plus forte fréquence d'omissions. Les recherches de ce type se faisant rares, l'intention de cette étude programmatique est par conséquent d'ouvrir la voie à d'autres travaux de plus grande envergure. En outre, cette étude tente de fournir des données empiriques pouvant concerner l'aspect pédagogique de la formation à l’interprétation.

동시통역에서 출발어(SL)와 도착어(TL) 간에 존재하는 문장구조 상의 차이점은 통역 프로세스에 추가적 장애 요인이 될 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 장애 요인을 한영동시통역의 맥락에서 진단하되, 특히 한국어의 이중주어 구문 및 기타 둘 이상의 주어가 나란히 등장하는 문장을 중심으로 살펴본다. 이러한 현상은 영어 문장에서는 일반적으로 나타나지 않는 것으로, 이러한 문장구조를 다루는 데 도움이 될 수 있는 통역전략을 소개하고자 한다. 데이터 수집을 위한 실험에서는 통역대학원 재학생 다섯 명이 참가하여 네 개의 국문 연설문을 영어로 동시통역 하도록 하였으며, 출발어인 한국어 텍스트에서 나타나는 복수주어문이 통역 프로세스에 어떻게 장애 요인이 되며 참가자들이 이를 어떻게 처리하는가를 중점적으로 분석하였다. 이를 바탕으로 한영동시통역 시 둘 이상의 주어가 나란히 출현할 때 이를 처리하는 데 유용할 수 있는 몇 가지 전략을 제시한다.

Explicitation has been studied extensively in Translation Studies andconsidered as one of the translation universals, but the research on thisphenomenon in the mode of simultaneous interpreting(SI) has beenrelatively limited. This study aims to examine patterns of explicitationand implicitation in simultaneous interpreting from Korean to Englishby eight student interpreters. In addition, patterns in which connectivesare used in SI are also investigated. Preliminary findings indicate thatimplicitation occurs more frequently than explicitation in simultaneousinterpreting, which is influenced by various constraints intrinsic to thismode of language mediation. With regard to connectives, additions arethe most common type of shifts. Motivations for the observed patternsand their implications are discussed.

The paper will consider, based on existing literature and the author’s own experience, how sight translation (ST) can be incorporated into simultaneous interpreter training classes. ST is the rendering orally of a text written in one language into another language. This approach is used regularly by conference interpreters, including the author, to prepare for actual conference interpreting assignments. It can also be employed as a training tool, as discussed by Viaggio, S (1995) and Weber, W (1990). Having become aware of the real potential of using ST inside and outside of the classroom, and based on the work of the two interpreting trainers mentioned above, the Conference Interpreting Program at Tokyo University of Foreign Studies (TUFS) is now actively using ST for both English-to-Japanese and Japanese-to-English interpreting training. There are two possible approaches to using sight translation in such classes at TUFS: (1) the use of only the text, or (2) the use of the text together with an audio of the actual rendition of the text. Adoption of both approaches in her graduate-level (M.A.) second-year simultaneous interpreting class has convinced the author that the utilization of ST in simultaneous interpreting classes can teach students to be time and effort-effective. That, however, is provided that the following caveats are observed: (1) the need to find most efficient words in expression is met; (2) word-for-word translations are strictly avoided; and, (3) the focus of the exercise is on the content of the message. Since in ST training the coordination and management of constrained resources are crucial factors, it is essential for students to learn how and where to employ their limited resources to achieve optimal performance.

La recherche sur les limites de la simultanée dues à la charge cognitive gagne à être menée par la voie d’analyses locales. Localement, la charge cognitive importée d’un segment dont le traitement n’est pas terminé peut déterminer la difficulté d’interprétation du segment en cours de traitement, et expliquer des difficultés spécifiques par langue qui ne sont pas manifestes dans la conversation quotidienne. Interviennent aussi la distribution de la densité d’information dans la phrase et les pauses entre les phrases. La manipulation expérimentale de ces dernières et une focalisation de la recherche sur des segments locaux pourraient augmenter l’efficacité de la recherche empirique sur l’interprétation.

L’nterprétation simultanée est considérée comme un processus difficile où l’interprète doit jongler plusieurs tâches en même temps. Pour cette raison, toute augmentation de la capacité de traitement de l’interprète peut déclencher des déficits dans la communication. Le désaccord de cadre entre la langue source et la langue cible pose des difficultés pour l’interprète puisque l’interprète doit mettre plus d’efforts de traitement supplémentaires pour combler le fossé. Pour réaliser la communication, l’interprète doit stratégiquement convertir des cadres de la langue source à ceux de la langue cible pour des tâches différentes. Dans ces recherches, il est montré que l’interprète non seulement reconnaît le désaccord de cadre et ajuste ses productions pour l’audience de la langue cible mais aussi la conversion est faite dans une façon d’économiser le temps et des efforts stratégiquement.

Cet article vise à étudier l’interprétation du système numérique chinois en se concentrant sur la question du traitement des nombres dans l’interprétation simultanée (SI) et en analysant la conversion syntaxique qui s’impose dans les combinaisons linguistiques comme le chinois et l’italien, où les deux systèmes de numération ont des différences syntaxiques importantes. Les données proviennent de l’expérience d’interprétation de l’auteur à Taiwan, de la littérature, et d’interviews avec des interprètes locaux dont la langue maternelle est le chinois, mais aussi de l’opportunité d’assister à des programmes chinois et taïwanais de formation en interprétation en tant qu’ observateur participant. Les données recueillies ont été analysées qualitativement par l’auteur afin de compléter l’article.

L’interprétation simultanée est une forme de communication orale spécifique qui se distingue par des éléments prosodiques tels que les intonations ou les pauses, éléments-clé tant pour le texte d’origine que pour le texte-cible. Les pauses figurent parmi les phénomènes durationnels destinés à segmenter le continuum acoustique en unités d’information. De plus, elles révèlent les processus cognitifs qui sont à la base de toute production de parole. Le présent article analyse le taux de parole et la structure des pauses dans un corpus authentique de prestations d’interprétation simultanée dans le couple linguistique anglais – allemand tout en étudiant leurs fonctions et leurs interactions avec d’autres phénomènes prosodiques.

This study tests whether sentence-level source text syntactic complexity predicts time-normalised disfluency in English–Korean simultaneous interpreting. Complexity is indexed by mean dependency distance (MDD); disfluency comprises silent pauses (≥1.0 s), filled pauses, repetitions, self-repairs, and other events, reported as rates (events·min⁻¹). Six graduate student interpreters produced sentence-aligned outputs, with sentence × interpreter as the observation unit. Analyses used a negative-binomial GLMM with a duration offset, complemented by Kruskal–Wallis tests across MDD tertiles. Results showed that higher MDD predicted higher total disfluency rates (IRR = 1.20, 95% CI [1.09, 1.32], p < .001), with only silent pauses and repetitions exhibiting reliable increases across complexity groups. These findings support treating disfluency as a rate-sensitive indicator of structural load rather than a categorical defect. Methodologically, the study demonstrates a tractable workflow for sentence-level alignment and incidence-rate modelling. Pedagogically, it motivates difficulty calibration by MDD and targeted practice to manage pausing and repetition in student interpreter training.

Ce qu’on enseigne souvent aux étudiants en interprétation de conférence c’est que face à des métaphores, l’approche la plus sure consisterait à utiliser une paraphrase plutôt qu’à maintenir l’expression figée. En effet, les métaphores sont normalement liées à la culture du pays d’origine et ont rarement un équivalent dans la langue d’arrivée. De plus, les interprètes en simultanée n’ont qu’une poignée de secondes pour repérer la solution et fournir une traduction, ce qui ne suffit généralement pas pour décoder la métaphore dans une langue et l’encoder dans une autre. Mais est-ce que les interprètes professionnels adoptent cette même approche lorsqu’ils travaillent? Est-ce la meilleure méthode pour traduire les métaphores en interprétation simultanée? Cette étude cherche à répondre à ces questions à travers l’analyse des performances d’interprètes professionnels dans un contexte de travail réel. Nous utilisons, à ces fins, le corpus d’interprétation du Parlement Européen (EPIC), à savoir un corpus trilingue – Anglais, Espagnol et Italien - contenant les transcriptions et les enregistrements des discours prononcés au cours des sessions plénières du Parlement Européen en 2004 ainsi que de leurs interprétations dans les trois langues.

This paper considers three pragmatic criteria crucial to the translation process of referring expressions in Simultaneous Interpretation based on coherence, relevance, and eaningfulness. Then it is argued that the meaningfulness criterion is more preferable than the others. This criterion is defined in terms of the interpreter’s attempt to reduce overall processing cost and to adjust the production to meet the hearers’ abilities and preferences. The criterion allows for greater flexibility in describing the interaction among decoding, assigning referent, and translation in real time. It also provides an explanation of how the interpreter evaluates one candidate as adequate and the others as inadequate, when there is more than one translation candidate.

Won, Jong-Hwa. (2007). Code-switching and cognitive models of the process of simultaneous interpreting. Conference Interpretation and Translation, 9(2), 89-112. Bilingual code-switching has long been recognized as an important linguistic phenomenon worthy of serious investigation. Code-switching is a special skill possessed by bilinguals which allows them to switch from one language to another in the course of a communicative exchange without slowing down speech delivery. The process involves the integration of the morphological, phonological, and syntactic structures of the two codes or languages in real time. Code-switching is a particularly vital aspect of the behavior of the simultaneous interpreters. Indeed, one of the major defining characteristics of simultaneous interpreting is that it inevitably involves code-switching in which switches occur moment by moment not only by the speakers but by the interpreters themselves. Code-switching can also be said to occur when interpreters listen in one language and delivers in another. Few interpreting models formulated so far, however, have incorporated the code-switching process, with the result that simultaneous interpreting is presented as a strict, linear, one-way process. This paper asks the question “To what extent should the theory of code-switching be drawn upon in describing and explaining the process of simultaneous interpreting?” and a tentative answer is offered by integrating the switching process into Setton’s (1999) simultaneous interpreting model. Keywords: Code-switching, mental lexicon, parsing, executive, frame

Simultaneous interpreting requires special expertise which distinguishes the conference interpreters from other bilinguals. It is argued in this study that working memory capacity as well as knowledge about topic being discussed are the two factors that constitute the expertise of conference interpreters. Under such assumption, working memory spans of two groups of conference interpreters - seven interpreters in the Experienced Group with more than ten years of working experience and 16 interpreters in the Novice Group with less than three years of experience - were measured. Also, a survey was conducted to assess the topic knowledge of the two groups of interpreters. Then, English into Korean simultaneous interpreting experiment was carried out to investigate the implications of working memory capacity and topic knowledge on the interpreters' ability to transfer information from source language to target language. The interpreters' ability to transfer information was measured in terms of their ability to transfer meaning segments referred to as Idea Units and Essential Idea Units in the texts. The results of the experiment showed that while Experienced Group was able to transfer higher percentage of both Idea Units and Essential Idea Units than Novice Group, Novice Group of interpreters were more influenced by working memory span than knowledge while the Experienced Group was more influenced by the Topic Knowledge in their abilities to transfer information during simultaneous interpreting.