Earticle

본 연구는 우리나라 중부지역에 소재한 프랜차이즈 가맹점 189개 점포를 대상으로 가맹점의 본부 에 대한 관계종결비용, 관계자본, 관계편익이 관계학습의 이차원적 의미인 공동이해 및 관계기억, 공유정보에 미치는 영향과 관계학습의 이차원적 의미인 공동이해 및 관계기억, 공유정보가 협력 에 미치는 미치는 영향 관계를 실증ㆍ분석하였다. 그 결과는 첫째, 가맹점의 본부에 대한 관계종 결비용을 제외한 관계자본 및 관계편익은 관계학습(공동이해 및 관계기억)에 통계적으로 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 가맹점의 본부에 대한 관계종결비용, 관계자본 그리고 관 계편익이 관계학습(공유정보)에 통계적으로 유의한 것으로 확인되었다. 둘째, 가맹점의 본부에 대 한 관계학습의 이차원적인 공동이해 및 관계기억, 공유정보는 협력에 정(+)의 영향관계인 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 관계학습(공동이해 및 관계기억, 공유정보)의 매개효과 분석은 전자의 경우 부분 적으로, 후자는 통계적으로 유의한 매개효과로 나타났다. 결론에는 본 연구에서 활용된 변수 간의 영향관계에 관한 결과요약, 이론적 및 실무적 합의, 그리고 연구의 한계와 미래제언을 언급하였다.

The purpose this study is to analyzed the relationship study among relationship termination cost, relation capital, relationship benefits, relationship learning and cooperation. The subject of this study is cooperation themes of franchisor-franchisee based a bidimensional perspective of relationship learning. Sample size of analysis were 189 questionnaires. Analysis methods made the good use of SPSS Ver. 21.0. Analysis results verified that, first, except of relationship termination cost, relation capital and relationship benefit had positive effects on relationship learning. and Hypothesis of second showed that relationship learning had positive effects on cooperation. Third, Hypothesis of third relationship learning supported mediation effect between relation capital, relationship benefits and cooperation. Summary and strategy implication on franchisee will be mention in conclusion

1996년 국내유통시장의 개방은 첨단기술과 브랜드를 보유한 대형마트와 골목상권을 상징하는 전통시장 간의 생존의 위기에 신호탄이었다. 정부는 전통시장의 회복을 위한 막대한 예산을 투입하였음에도 쇠락해 가는 전통시장의 명성 회복은 요원하였고, 성과가 만족스럽지 못하였다. 이에 전통시장의 경쟁력 회복차원에서 상인의 중요성을 이해하고 안양시 관양 전통시장에 농산물을 공급받는 상인(구매자)을 대상으로 설문을 배포하고, 회수된 145개의 설문을 활용하여 관계적 특성(관계신뢰, 관계특유투자, 관계몰입, 관계편익)이 관계학습 및 협력에 미치는 영향관계를 실증ㆍ분석하였다. 그 결과, 첫째, 전통시장에서 구매자 상인의 농산물 공급자에 대한 관계적 특성의 관계신뢰와 관계편익은 관계학습에 통계적으로 유의적인 영향관계로 나타났다. 둘째, 전통시장에서 구매자 상인의 농산물 공급자에 대한 관계학습은 협력에 정(+)의 영향관계를 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 셋째, 관계학습이 관계특성과 협력 간의 매개효과 여부의 분석은 유효하게 나타났다. 본 연구의 전략적 함의는 전통시장의 강점과 특색을 살린 볼거리, 살거리, 즐길거리에 대한 상인들의 농산물 공급자 및 최종 소비자들에게 지속적으로 관계신뢰 및 관계편익 및 공유의식을 얻는 관계학습에 더 정책의 초점을 둬야 할 것이다.

The purpose this study is to investigate the effects of relationship characteristics of merchant-supplier on relationship learning and cooperation focused on anyang city K's traditional markets. Specially merchant of traditional market deals in processed and agricultural products. Analysis results founded that, first, relationship trust and relationship benefits of merchant-supplier for agricultural products had positive effects on relationship learning. Second, the survey reveal that relationship learning had positive effects on cooperation. Third, this study partially revealed mediation effect between relationship characteristics of merchant-supplier and cooperation. Summary and strategy implication will be mention in conclusion.

우리나라 식자재 유통시장은 절대 강자가 없는 ‘마지막 남은 미개척지’로 보고 있다. 본 연구는 식자재 시장규모가 2014년 말 기준 105조원대로 추정하고 있다. 여기에 기업 간 거래(B2B) 시장 규모가 약 47조원에 육박하고 있는 대형 식자재 기업인 구매자와 그 기업에 식자재를 공급하는 판매자를 대상으로 식자재 유통경로의 관계적 특성(갈등, 관계만족, 관계특유투자, 관계편익), 관 계학습 및 협력 간의 관계 연구를 위해 228부의 설문을 회수하여 분석하고자 하였다. 구체적으로 언급하면, 공급자의 구매자에 대한 관계적 특성이 관계학습에 미치는 영향관계, 공급자의 구매자 에 대한 관계학습이 협력에 미치는 영향관계, 관계학습의 매개효과를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 첫째, 관계적 특성의 갈등을 제외한 관계만족, 관계특유투자 및 관계편익이 관계학습에 정(+)의 영향관 계인 것으로 확인되었다. 둘째, 관계학습은 협력에 통계적으로 유의적인 영향관계로 나타났다. 셋 째, 관계학습의 매개효과는 관계적 특성의 요인들인 갈등, 관계만족, 관계특유투자, 관계편익이 모 두 협력에 유의적인 것으로 분석되었다. 추가분석으로 바로 관계적 특성이 협력에 미치는 영향관 계를 확인한 결과 갈등을 제외한 다른 변수들은 유효한 것으로 나타났다. 결론에는 연구의 분석 결과를 토대로 마케팅의 관리적 시사점, 연구의 한계점 그리고 연구의 미래 제언에 대해 제안해 두었다.

Nowadays, food material markets has an infinite of potential in korea. Perhaps this market scales is estimated to be worth of almost 100 trillion won. This paper investigates conflict, relational satisfaction, relationship specific investment and relationship benefits as relational characteristics and the mediated effect of on the relationship learning and collaboration in food material channel market. To test the hypotheses survey was conducted on the perception of supplier CEO in the relationship between food material buyer and its suppliers. A total of 228 questionnaires were used for the final analysis. After reliability and validity check using exploratory factor analysis, moderated multiple regressions approach was used to test the hypotheses. As expected in the hypotheses, except of conflict, relational satisfaction, relationship specific investment and relationship benefits does directly influence to relationship learning. Relationship learnig positively impact on collaboration. In additional analysis, relationship learning has mediating role between relational characteristics and collaboration. This result strongly supports our research model. Theoretical contribution and managerial implications of this study are discussed and the limitations and future directions are presented in the part of the end.

우리나라 식자재 유통시장은 건강ㆍ웰빙시대를 맞이하면서 다른 어느 시장보다 새로운 성장 잠재 력을 보유한 시장으로 평가된다. 다만, 식자재유통 시장구조는 지나치게 영세 중소기업들에게 치 중되어 있고, 뒤늦게 대기업들이 진입하고 있는 단계로 볼 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 식자재 유통 시장이 식당의 대형화ㆍ체인화 증가, 간편식 소비증가, 식품 안전성 등으로 시장의 구조적 발전맥 락에서 구매자-판매자의 관계적 특성이 관계학습과 관계만족에 어떤 영향관계인가를 실증적으로 검증하고자 한다. 문헌연구를 토대로 제안된 연구가설을 전국에 소재한 식자재 판매자(공급업체) 에서 회수된 228부를 대상으로 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 판매자의 구매자에 대한 의사교 환은 관계학습에 통계적으로 정(+)의 영향 관계인 것으로 검증되었으며, 둘째, 판매자의 구매자에 대한 관계학습은 관계만족에 유의한 것으로 분석되었다. 반면에 판매자의 구매자에 대한 관계특 유투자와 관계편익은 관계학습에 정(+)의 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 추가분석에서 매 개효과를 검증한 결과 독립변수인 관계특성의 의사교환과 관계특유투자를 제외한 관계편익은 관 계만족에 유의한 영향관계로 분석되었다. 그밖에 연구결과를 중심으로 본 연구의 시사점과 연구 의 미래 제안을 결론부문에 언급하였다.

This paper aims to develop and test a model which emphasizes how relationship learning can help korea's food material supplier to improve their working relationship with food material buyers. Data were collected from 228 korea's food material firms which nurture relationships with food material buyers. Structural equation modeling was employed to test the interrelationships between key concepts in the proposed conceptual model. The findings suggest that communication, relationship benefits, a key food resource, can enhance relationship learning for suppliers in their dealings with food material buyers. This in turn contributes to higher supplier innovativeness and relationship satisfaction. Moreover, supplier's relationship learning can improve buyer relationship satisfaction directly. Interestingly however, relationship specific investment does not directly contribute to relationship learning. This paper provides empirical evidence on the contribution of relationship learning on enhancing relationship learning and relationship satisfaction in interfirm relationships for Korea's food material channels firms. Marketing managers should focus on building relationship learning and adopting relationship learning to support joint learning activities in food material channel relationships in order to improve relationship satisfaction. The paper develops hypotheses and tests a conceptual model which explains the contribution of relationship characteristics and relationship learning on supplier and relationship satisfaction.

본 연구는 중소기업이 수출활동이나 여타의 국제화 과정을 통한 관계학습이 기업의 혁신활동으로 이어져 경쟁우위에 기여하는 구조와 영향을 자원기반관점과 관계마케팅관점에서 검증한 연구이다. 국내 165개 수출중소기업을 대상으로 한 구조방정식 분석결과, 관계학습은 수출 기업의 혁신역량의 강화에 정의 영향을 미치며, 혁신역량은 수출기업의 관계성과를 향상시키는 것으로 나타났다. 관계학습이 혁신역량에 미치는 영향에 대해 신뢰는 정의 조절효과를 갖는 것으로 나타났으며, 권력비대칭성은 유의하지 않은 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 수출중소기업들이 판매자-구매자 간 관계학습을 통하여 제품과 서비스의 혁신을 달성하려면, 거래상대방과의 신뢰의 형성에 힘써야 함을 시사한다.

This study aims to test a conceptual model which shows the moderating effects of trust and power asymmetry on relationship between relationship learning and innovation capability. Based on responses from 165 small and medium sized Korean exporting firms, it was found that expected relationship learning impacts on innovation capabilities positively. Further, innovation capabilities influence relationship performance of firms positively. The result confirm the existence of positive moderating effect of trust on relationship between relationship learning and performance, also.

기업들은 기술협력 네트워크를 통하여 새로운 고급기술과 지식을 내부화시키고 활용함으로써 규모 및 범위의 경제를 실현할 수 있고, 기술협력 네트워크의 파트너 기업과 위험과 비용을 분담할 수 있으며, 제품의 시장우위를 선점하거나 시장에서의 자사의 위치를 강화할 수 있다. 이러한 기술협력 네트워크의 이점에 근거하여 현재까지 기존의 관련연구들은 일반적으로 기술협력이 기업의 경영성과에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는가에 집중되어왔다. 그러나 기존의 기술협력과 경영성과의 관계를 규명한 연구들은 단지 경영성과에 관한 기술협력 네트워크의 역할을 조명하는데 그친다. 본 연구에서는 기존의 연구들에서 간과된 기술협력 네트워크의 중간과정을 보호 메커니즘, 관계학습, 관계성과로 분류하고, 이를 자원기반이론의 일반적 구조인 자원, 역량, 성과에 각각 적용하였다. 실증분석의 결과는 다음과 같다. 관계특유투자와 관계자본은 역량으로서의 관계학습에 긍정적인 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 정보교환, 공동의 정보이해, 관계특유 기억개발은 관계지향성에 긍정적인 영향을 나타내고 있으나, 정보교환이 효율성과 효과성에 미치는 유의성은 발견되지 않았다. 셋째, 관계특유투자는 관계자본에 긍정적인 영향을 미치고 있으며, 효율성과 효과성은 장기지향성에 긍정적인 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 비대칭적인 기술의존 구조를 형성하는 기술협력 네트워크 관계에서 자원기반이론에 입각하여 기존의 연구들이 간과하고 있는 보호 메커니즘, 관계학습, 관계성과의 역할을 규명함으로써 보호 메커니즘과 관계학습의 중요성을 제시하였다. 또한 협력 파트너와의 관계에서 기업의 어떠한 행동변화를 유발함으로써 관계성과에 도달하는가를 살펴봄으로써 보호 메커니즘은 기술협력 파트너와의 관계학습을 통해 관계성과에 영향을 제공할 수 있다는 점을 분석하는데 의의가 있다고 볼 수 있겠다.

Firms can make scale of economy and scope of economy by internalizing and using new advanced technology and knowledge from technology cooperation network, decrease risk and cost with partner firm of technology cooperation network, and increase market advantage of product & strengthen firms' position in the market. Due to the advantages of technology cooperation network, the related studies have focused on the positive effect of technology cooperation network. However, the related studies investigating the relationship between technology cooperation network and firm performance have only examined the role of technology cooperation network. Safeguarding mechanism, relationship learning, and relationship performance are categorized into the process of technology cooperation network, and this categorization is applied as resources, capability, and performance by resource based view. The empirical results are reported as belows. First, relationship specific investment and relationship capital positively affect on relationship learning as capability. Second, information sharing, common information understanding, and relationship specific memory development positively affect on long-term orientation, but information sharing has no impact on efficiency and effectiveness. Third, relationship specific investment positively affects on relationship capital and efficiency and effectiveness have positive effects on long-term orientation. Applying technology cooperation network in asymmetric technology dependency with resource based theory, this study suggested the importance of both safeguarding and relationship learning by investigating the relationship among safeguarding, relationship learning, and relationship performance. And it is worthy that this study investigated how firms' behavior change affects relationship performance in the relationship of technology cooperation partner.

최근 외식프랜차이즈 가맹본부와 가맹점 간의 관계가 부실하여 갈등과 분쟁이 일어나는 등 많은 문제 점이 나타나고 있다. 이는 외식프랜차이즈 가맹본부와 가맹점의 파트너십 구조가 거래비용이론의 관점 에서 구축되어 의존도가 높은 가맹점은 가맹본부를 통제하지 못하였기 때문이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 외식프랜차이즈 파트너십 구조를 관계적 접근법으로 바라보는 패러다임을 제시하고, 외식프랜차이즈 가맹본부와 가맹점 사이의 관계특유투자가 어떠한 과정을 통해 장기지향성에 영향을 주는지 확인하고 자 하였다. 이를 위해 관계학습과 관계자본이 외식프랜차이즈 가맹본부와 가맹점 사이의 관계특유투자 와 장기지향성을 이중으로 매개하는 연구모델을 설정하였고, 외식프랜차이즈 가맹점 운영자를 대상으 로 설문조사를 수행하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫 번째, 외식프랜차이즈 가맹본부와 가맹점 사이 의 관계특유투자는 관계학습을 증가시키는 요인임을 확인하였다. 두 번째, 외식프랜차이즈 가맹본부와 가맹점 사이의 관계학습은 관계자본을 향상시키는 것을 확인하였다. 세 번째, 관계자본은 장기지향성 에 긍정적인 요인임을 확인하였다. 마지막으로 관계학습과 관계자본은 외식프랜차이즈 가맹본부와 가 맹점 사이의 관계특유투자와 장기지향성 사이를 이중으로 매개하는 요인임을 본 연구에서 검증되었다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해 외식프랜차이즈 거래구조와 관련된 다양한 시사점을 논의하였다.

Recently, a number of problems including the emergence of conflicts and disputes due to weak relationship between food service franchisor and franchisee are taking place because franchisees with high dependence were not able to control food service franchisor since the partnership structure between food service franchisor and franchisee was established in terms of transaction cost theory. In this regard, this study aimed to suggest the paradigm of viewing food service franchise partnership structure in relational approach and identify how relationship specific investment between food service franchisor and franchisee influences long-term orientation. For this aim, the study model which relationship learning and relational capital double mediates relationship specific investment and long-term orientation between food service franchisor and franchisee has been set and questionnaire surveys were conducted targeting franchisee owners. The following are the summary of this study results. First, relationship specific investment between food service franchisor and franchisee has been found to be the factor increasing relationship learning. Second, relationship learning between food service franchisor and franchisee has been identified to improve relational capital. Third, relational capital has been found to be a positive factor in long-term orientation. Lastly, this study verified that relationship learning and relational capital are the factors double mediating relationship specific investment and long-term orientation between food service franchisee and franchisor. A variety of implications regarding food service franchise transaction structure have been discussed through the results of this study.

빠르게 변화하는 시장 환경에 기업이 적응하려 할 때, 독자적인 대응에는 한계가 있음을 인지하게 되면서 상생협력을 통한 기업 간의 유기적인 대응이 점점 중요해지고 있다. 기존의 기업 간 거래에 있어서 기업거래 관점은 거래비용 이론으로 제시되어 왔다. 즉, 기업 간 거래에 있어서 거래 기업의 기회주의적 행위를 제한하기 위해 계약 및 제도, 지배구조 등을 이용하여 상대 기업의 협력적 행동을 이끌어 내야 한다고 언급하고 있다. 그러나 이러한 관점은 의존도가 상호 간 유사할 경우 가능하며, 의존도가 비대칭적일 경우에는 의존도가 높은 기업이 낮은 기업의 기회주의 행동을 제한할 수 없게 된다. 대기업과 거래를 하는 중소기업의 경우 대기업에 비해 상대적으로 의존성이 크며, 따라서 대기업과 중소기업 의존구조는 비대칭적으로 이루어진다. 즉, 거래비용 이론은 중소기업의 입장에서 대기업을 협력적 관계로 통제하는데 한계가 있다. 이러한 한계점을 극복하기 위해 본 연구에서는 사회교환 이론의 관점으로 중소기업과 대기업 간의 거래를 살펴보고자 하였으며, 실증적 분석을 통해 국내 대 중소기업의 성공적인 거래관계의 방향과 학술적 시사점을 제공하고자 한다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면, 관계특유투자와 관계자본은 관계학습에 긍정적인 영향을 미치고, 관계학습은 거래관계 만족과 장기지향성에 긍정적으로 영향을 미치는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 연구결과는 사회교환 이론의 관점에서 관계특유투자 및 관계자본과 같은 관계중심의 접근법이 결국에는 중소기업의 장기지향성에 긍정적으로 작용함을 보여준다. 이는 의존구조가 비대칭적인 기업거래 상황에서, 의존구조가 낮은 거래관계의 강자가 지배구조 등을 통한 강압적인 관점이 아닌 관계적 접근법으로 다가서도 의존도가 높은 거래상의 약자는 장기적으로 관계를 맺고자 함을 보여준다. 기존의 대기업은 중소기업과의 거래에서 효율성과 효과성을 중시하여 불공정거래 논란이 일고, 우월적 지위를 남용하는 사례가 다수 발생하였다. 본 연구결과에서는 대기업의 이러한 정책이 궁극적으로는 대기업의 성과적 측면에서 바람직하지 못함을 반증한다. 따라서 중소기업과의 관계특유투자와 관계자본을 강화함으로서 관계품질을 높이기 위한 상호작용의 프로세스를 강화시킬 필요가 있다.

As today business environment is changing rapidly and competition is more intensive in the market, it is more important to adapt to the rapidly changing market environment. And also, companies think that they need to have win-win cooperation as they aware that there is a limit to adapt the today market environment alone. But there are asymmetric structures in market because small and medium business have relied on large companies so far. Therefore, it is very important to study the small and medium businesses protection mechanism for maintaining healthy business relationships in this asymmetric structures. This research focus on social exchange theory as a academic background to facilitate mutual cooperation and accompanied growth. Therefor, we set up a small and medium business protection mechanism to facilitate mutual cooperation and mutual growth of large companies and small and medium businesses with social exchange theory, not transaction cost theory. That is, we want to demonstrate whether social exchange theory is appropriate protective mechanisms for small and medium businesses or not through a literature review and hypothesis testing. Therefore, this study attempts to investigate the impact of relationship specific investment and relational capital between large companies and small and medium businesses on relationship learning. The purpose of this study is to find out whether relationship specific investment, relational capital, and relationship learning can be an antecedent of relationship satisfaction and long-term relationship. For this study, data were gathered by survey and analyzed by structural equation modeling. The sample size in the present study was 245. The reliability of the all seven dimensions was estimated with Cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability values and average variance extracted values. We determined whether the measurement model supports the convergent validity and discriminant validity by Exploratory factor analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. For each pair of constructs, the square root of the average variance extracted values exceeded their correlations, thus supporting the discriminant validity of the constructs. Hypotheses were tested using the AMOS 19.0. As expected, the all hypotheses were supported. The greater degree of relationship specific investment and relational capital between large companies and small and medium businesses were the more favorable to relationship satisfaction and long-term relationship. In addition, relationship satisfaction affected long-term relationship. In summary, the large cooperations could reduce the opportunistic behavior of small and medium businesses by one-sided transaction specific investments, however the small and medium businesses can not reduce the opportunistic behavior of large companies. because of the transaction specific investments, the small and medium businesses was only respond to unreasonable demands, such as price cuts targeted at small and medium businesses. This is not a valid win-win cooperation, resulting in lowering of the products quality of these small businesses to meet the unreasonable demands which large companies want. As a result, it aggravate large companies’ management performance. Relationship capital being built through the relationship specific investment and the relationship between large companies and small and medium businesses facilitate to learn from each other between trading partners, and eventually leads to a long-term orientation. This study demonstrated the justification and rationale for the mutual cooperation of large companies and small and medium businesses, which we would like to mention in this study. This means that the social exchange theory is an important theoretical background to have a win-win effect through transaction of large companies and small and medium businesses. And also we could identify that relationship specific investment and relational capital based on social exchange theory have positive effect on the transaction performance because small and medium businesses are immersed in the relation with large companies. Therefore, they can be mutually win-win by utilizing the relationship aspects based on social exchange theory as strategy aspects of corporate activity. Traditionally large companies has used management strategies to reduce transaction cost and get more benefit with power as a the strong, which could attack to themselves in long-term point of view. That is, this research results mean that large companies force small and medium businesses to get unfair transaction by using superior position in the transaction with small and medium businesses, which adversely affect large companies in performance aspect. Rather, the relationship capital and investment for positive relationship with small and medium businesses are important key factors that small and medium businesses would have a long-term oriented relationship by themselves. Therefore, we suggests that large companies should reinforce the interactive process to improve the relationship quality through relationship specific investment and relational capital with small and medium businesses.

최근 IT사업이 발달하면서 중소기업 간 지리적 근접성은 소프트웨어적 지식 네크워크에 의해 그 중요성이 떨어지고 있다. 본 연구는 클러스터 및 네트워크 이론을 바탕으로 지리적 근접성과 심리적거리를 동일선상에 놓고 공동연계활동과 지식네트워크화에 미치는 영향과 후속하여 이들이 관계학습을 통해 실질적인 중소기업의 기술개발을 위한 지식습득 및 기술개발성과에 미치는 영향을 밝히고자 하였다. 지역 내 산업단지에 위치한 중소기업 155개 업체를 대상으로 조사를 실시하였다. 실증분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 지리적 근접성은 공동연계활동 및 지식네트워크화에는 유의한 영향을 미처 중소기업체 간의 지리적 위치가 가까울수록 공동연계활동 및 지식 네트워크화가 적극적으로 이루어지고 있음을 나타냈다. 힌편 심리적거리는 공동연계활동에 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미쳤으나 관련 기관과의 지식네트워크화는 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았다. 실질적인 공동기술개발은 심리적으로 가까운 기업과의 공동활동은 증대되지만 다각적인 측면에서의 지식 네트워크화는 이루어지지 않고 있어 중소기업의 네트워크가 제한적으로 이루어지고 있음을 알 수 있다. 둘째, 공동연계활동은 관계학습을 증대시킬 뿐만 아니라 지식습득 및 기술개발성과까지도 이끌고 있음을 나타냈다. 반면에 지식네트워크화는 관계학습을 증대시키지는 않지만 지식습득에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 관계학습은 지식습득에 유의적 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났으나 기술개발 성과에는 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 중소기업 간의 관계를 통해 창출되어지는 정보 및 지식들의 활용이 실질적인 성과를 이끌고 있음을 나타냈다. 마지막으로 지식습득은 기술개발성과를 증대시키고 있는 것으로 나타나 중소기업의 성과를 증대시키기 위해서는 중소기업의 실정을 반영한 기업 간 공동연계활동을 적극적으로 추진할 수 있는 다양한 프로그램의 도입과 관련 기업 및 유관기관과의 지식 네트워크화가 활발하게 이루어질 수 있도록 하는 지원이 뒷받침되어야 함을 시사하고 있다.

Recent developments in the IT industry has weaken the importance of geographical proximity between small and medium-sized firms with knowledge network software available. Based on theories of clusters and network, the present study attempted to investigate the effects of geographical proximity and psychological distance on co-linked activities and knowledge networking and to examine the subsequent effects of the co-linked activities and knowledge networking on knowledge acquisition and actual technology development performance by small and medium-sized firms through relationship learning. To this end, a survey was conducted with 155 small and medium-sized firms that were located in regional industrial complexes. The findings of the study are as follows. First, geographical proximity significantly affected co-linked activities and knowledge networking, indicating active knowledge networking occurs with close proximity between small and medium-sized firms. On the other hand, closer psychological distance was found to lead to more active co-linked activities, but not to knowledge networking with related organizations, which implies that actual joint technology development is made through co-linked activities, but knowledge networking, e.g., industry-academia activities, support from government or local authorities, etc., is not. Second, co-linked activities not only increased relationship learning but also lead to technology development performance by mediating knowledge acquisition. On the other hand, knowledge networking did not increase relationship learning but significantly affected knowledge acquisition. Third, relationship learning had a significant effect on technology development performance while not on knowledge acquisition, showing that information and knowledge obtained through relationships between small and medium-sized firms lead to actual performance. Fourth, knowledge acquisition enhanced technology development performance, which suggests that in order to improve performance by small and medium-sized firms a variety of practical programs be introduced which can activate co-linked activities between small and medium-sized firms, along with strategies for boosting knowledge networking with related firms and organizations.

Purpose: The current study assesses cyberbullying among university students and explores the role of the student-teacher relationship and virtual classroom community. Methods: A descriptive exploratory study on four randomly selected colleges at Damanhour University/Egypt. Participants were recruited conveniently using an equal allocation of 150 students/college (600 students). The European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (ECIPQ), Rovai's Classroom Community Scale (RCCS), and the Student Version of The Teacher-Student Relationship Inventory (S-STRI) were used for data collection. Results: Low cyber victimization was reported by 66.5% of the students, while 39.8% reported low cyberaggression behaviors. The highest percent reported average virtual class connectedness (77.3%), learning experience (70.3%), and overall virtual classroom community (80.8%). Besides, highly satisfying teacher relationships (82.3%); average (38.8%) and low (35.8%) instrumental help; low conflict (68.0%); and average total teacher-student relationship (70.5%). Regression analysis revealed that the increased scores of the total teacher-student relationship scale (<i>p</i><0.05) with its two domains [satisfaction and instrumental help (<i>p</i><0.01)] and the total classroom community scale (<i>p</i><0.05) with its domains [connectedness (<i>p</i><0.01) and learning experience (<i>p</i><0.05)] decreased the likelihood of cyber victimization and cyberaggression. However, perceived conflicting teacher relationships increased the likelihood of cyber victimization (<i>p</i><0.05) and cyberaggression (<i>p</i><0.01).Conclusion: Cyberbullying is a concern among university students, and the students’ perceived nature of their relationships with their teachers and sense of virtual classroom community play a pivotal role in shaping their involvement in cyberaggression and exposure to cyber victimization. Thus, developing mass media campaigns to enhance awareness about cyberbullying and cyber civility regulations is recommended.

본 연구의 목적은 대학 온라인 학습자들의 학습몰입, 온라인 학습의 효과성, 그리고 학습소진간의 관계를 조사 하는데 있다. 총 149명의 대학생이 연구에 참여하였고 학습몰입, 학습소진, 그리고 배경질문을 포함한 설문 작성을 완료하였다. 연구의 결과로 학습몰입이 높은 참가자들은 학습소진이 낮았다. 또한, 지각된 온라인 학습의 효과가 인지 적 학습몰입과 학습소진의 관계에서는 부분적으로 매개했지만 정의적 학습몰입과 학습소진의 관계에서는 매개효과를 나타내지 않았다. 인지적 학습몰입이 높은 학습자들은 온라인 학습을 보다 효과적이라고 지각했기 때문에, 학습소진을 낮추기 위해서 학습자의 인지적 학습몰입을 높일 수 있는 방법을 찾는 것이 필요하다. 본 연구의 시사점으로, 대학차원 에서 학생들에게 행정적 지원과 적절한 온라인 학습 환경을 제공하려는 노력이 뒷받침되어야 하겠다.

This study aims to investigate the relationship among the learning flow, perceived effectiveness of online learning and learning burnout in college online classes. A total of 149 college students participated in the study and completed the survey including learning flow, learning burnout and demographic information. The results showed that participants with higher learning flow showed less learning burnout. In addition, the perceived effectiveness of online learning partially mediated the relationship between cognitive learning flow and learning burnout, but did not mediate the relationship between defined learning flow and learning burnout. Since learners with higher cognitive learning flow perceived online learning as more effective, it is necessary to find out how to build learners’ cognitive learning flow to decrease learning burnout. The results imply that universities should provide students with administrative support and an appropriate online learning environment.

The present research aims to examine whether learning from the supervisor influences readiness for change with the mediating impact of planfulness. Drawing upon the theory of planned behavior, it is hypothesized that learning from the supervisor positively impacts planfulness ability in individuals, which in turn enhances the readiness for change. Through using convenience sampling, the sample of 451 was collected from employees working full-time in the manufacturing and I.T. service organizations in India. Structural equation modeling and regression analysis indicate that learning from the supervisor is positively associated with readiness for change and planfulness. Additionally, planfulness fully mediated the relationship between learning from the supervisor and readiness to change. The findings of the present research highlight that continuous support and learning from the supervisor enhances the planfulness ability of the individual and consequently enhances individual readiness for change. The current research is pioneering in testing the hypothetical model associating learning from the supervisor, planfulness, and readiness for change.

The purpose of this study was to find out the relationships among learning styles, strategies, awareness of learning of Korean college students as they took an online class during the pandemic. In order to achieve the purpose, specific questions were established: 1) what types of learning style do Korean college students have? 2) what kinds of learning strategy do they use in online classes? and 3) how do their learning styles, strategies, and awareness of learning correlate with each other? Twenty-two college students responded to the questionnaires; the O’Brien (1989)’s Learning Styles Questionnaire, the Oxford (1990)’s Strategy Inventory of Language Learning, and the Rovai (2002)’s Classroom Community Scale. The Pearson correlation efficient was used for the relationships among the three variables. The results of data analysis showed that the least preferred learning style was the auditory style, and more than half of the students indicated that they would learn best as they were involved in some kinds of physical movement. Also, they used the meta-cognitive strategy the most, and the affective strategy the least. Finally, kinesthetic learners were likely to have a statistically significant correlation with the sub-construct, ‘Mutual dependence and cooperation.’ Based on the results, suggestions and implications for the classroom are presented.

The aim of this study is (1) to examine the underlying constructs of grammar learning strategies identified by Korean EFL learners and (2) to investigate the relationship between grammar strategy and grammar/vocabulary attainment of Korean English learners divided by English proficiency levels. The quantitative method was employed, using factor analysis and a series of ANOVA analysis based on the data collected through a strategy use survey, a grammaticality judgement test and a vocabulary levels test. It involved 65 participants that took a TOEIC class at a university as part of regular course requirements for a semester. The research finding showed that the underlying three factors of the instrument were not identical with the factors produced by Korean EFL learners. Instead, the five factors were emerged from the current study. The results of a series of ANOVA exhibited that there partially existed statistical differences among the proficiency levels in terms of Factor 3 (Noticing & awareness raising) for the grammaticality judgement test with Factor 4 (self-directed grammar learning) showing significance for the vocabulary levels test. The high proficiency level learners more often utilized various types of GLS while low level learners were shown to use less GLS. Some considerations and directions for further research are suggested.

This study explores the relationship between vocabulary learning strategies and vocabulary size with Korean college students. One-hundred thirty-three participants were assigned to high- and low-level groups, depending on their scores on a vocabulary-size test. For the study, three questionnaires were employed: a background questionnaire, a vocabulary-size test, and a vocabulary learning strategies questionnaire. The results of the study show that there were significant differences between the two groups in all categories of vocabulary learning strategies, including determinative, social, memory, cognitive, and metacognitive strategies. In addition, a positive correlation was found between vocabulary learning strategies and vocabulary size, which suggests a prominent relationship between metacognitive strategies and vocabulary-size test scores. Based on the outcomes, pedagogical implications suggesting ways language instructors can employ these results in their L2 classrooms are made.

The purposes of this study were to explore the primary language learning strategies used by Japanese university students, to determine how language proficiency levels relate to the use of language learning strategies and personality type, and to practically apply the findings to university teaching situations. Factor analysis, conducted in a sample consisting of 187 Japanese university students, identified five underlying factors: Authentic-language-use strategies, Heuristic strategies, Social strategies, Pleasure-oriented strategies and Entrance-exam-measured strategies. Correlation analysis showed that Authentic-language-use, Heuristic, Social, and Pleasure-oriented strategies had positive correlations with proficiency, however, Entrance-exam-measured strategies, the distinctive factor in Japanese students, had no correlation with proficiency. Though there was no relationship between personality traits and proficiency, this study found that the students with personality traits such as endurance and order, which are conventionally regarded as being beneficial to Japanese students of English, used impractical strategies. This study suggests that being immersed in an enjoyable and interactive learning environment is more effective than solitary, repetitive study.

Many organizations have had deep interests in studies concerning leadership and in academic areas, in not only management but also psychology. Until now, leadership has been accentuated by managers or team leaders especially. Recently, however, the concept of self-leadership directing one"s own activities through self-control or self-management is being focused on practices and in academia. This study is to investigate the influence between self-leadership strategies and learning performance in IT classes mediated by attitude of attendance focused on the social science students in a university. Research results can give us direction of task-taking attitudes in firms or learning attitudes in teaching organizations and implications to human resource managers who are in charge of improving learning performance or productivity.

본 연구는 간호학과 학생들의 임상학습환경 인식, 폭력경험, 직업정체성을 평가하고 임상학습환경 인식 이 폭력경험과 직업정체성의 관계에서 매개 효과를 가지는지를 파악하고자 수행되었다. 이 연구는 기존 에 설문 조사된 자료를 이차 분석하는 연구이다. 2019년 11월 15일부터 11월 27일까지 간호학과 3곳에서 4학년 학생들을 대상으로 수집된 자료 총 515건을 활용하여 이차 분석하였다. 자료분석은 SPSS 25.0와 Hayes의 PROCESS macro 3.4.1을 활용하여 분석하였다. 연구결과, 폭력경험이 직업정체성에 미치는 직접 효과가 유의한 것으로 나타났으며, 폭력경험이 직업정체성에 미치는 영향관계에서 임상학습환경 인식의 매개효과가 통계적으로 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 폭력경험이 직업정체성에 미치는 전체 영향 중 33.3%는 임상학습환경 인식을 통한 간접효과에 의한 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 결과는 간호 교육자들이 간호학과 학생들의 직업정체성을 높이기 위해 임상실습 과정에서 학생들이 폭력경험에 노출되지 않도록 하는 것이 필요하며, 임상학습환경의 개선을 통해 폭력경험을 줄이고 직업정체성을 향상시킬 수 있다는 것을 보여준다.

This study aimed to investigate nursing students’ perceived clinical learning environment, violence experience, and vocational identity, and to examine the mediating effect of the perceived clinical learning environment on the relationship between violence experience and vocational identity. A secondary data analysis was conducted using survey data collected from fourth-year nursing students enrolled in three nursing colleges during November 15-27, 2019. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 25.0 and Hayes’ PROCESS macro version 3.4.1. The findings revealed a significant direct effect of violence experience on vocational identity. The perceived clinical learning environment significantly mediated the relationship between violence experience and vocational identity, accounting for 33.3% of the total effects. These findings underscore the importance of protecting nursing students from violence during clinical practicums to enhance their vocational identity development through a positive clinical learning environment. Future research should examine specific interventions to enhance the safety of clinical learning environments and their subsequent impact on nursing students' professional development.

Over recent years, the study of self-regulation has replaced the study of learner strategies as it constitutes a process-oriented approach. The present study was an attempt to identify the Iranian EFL learners’ use of selfregulated vocabulary strategies (SRVS) in texts with L1 and L2 marginal glosses and those accompanied by technology-enhanced materials on the computer. The study also compared strategy use across gender, age, and field of study. There were three experimental groups in the study each of which received different type of vocabulary instruction. Experimental group 1 was taught new vocabulary items in the form of printed textual definition coupled with still pictures. Experimental group 2 was taught via marginal glosses in L1 and experimental group 3 was taught via marginal glosses in L2. All the participants were asked to fill out the self-regulating capacity in vocabulary learning scale (SRCvoc). The results of a one way ANOVA showed significant differences, and the Tukey post-hoc test showed that there was a significant difference only between the texts with still pictures and those with L1 and L2 marginal glosses. Regression analyses indicated that vocabulary strategy use was influenced by individual variables.

이 연구는 언어를 학습하는데 있어서의 학습자의 성격특성이 어떤 역할을 하여 어떤 관계를 가지고 있는지를 알아보는데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해서 기존의 연구를 분석하여 제시하였다. 즉, 최근의 연구들을 검토하기 위해서 언어학습과 성격특성에 관련된 연구들을 ProQuest, Google Scholar, 그리고 EBSCO 등의 데이터베이스를 통하여 추출하였다. 추출된 연구들을 검토하고 선정 및 정리하여 언어학습의 영역 즉 쓰기, 듣기, 말하기의 영역에서 성격특성 이 어떤 역할을 하고 있는지를 문헌별로 정리하고 그 의미를 도출하였다. 문헌연구의 결과 외향성 및 개방성의 특성은 언어의 학습을 성공적으로 이끄는 데에 기여를 하고 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 외향성은 말하기에, 개방성은 듣기에 연관 되어 있음을 연구들은 보고하고 있었다. 또한 학습자의 성격특성은 개인의 언어학습의 전략에도 관계되어 있고 전략수 립에 영향을 미치고 있음이 확인되었다. 이같은 결과를 바탕으로 앞으로의 연구 방향에 대한 제언을 하였다.

This is a literature review study on personality traits’ role in language learning. Personality traits play an important role in language learning. In order to review research outcomes in recent studies, articles related to language learning and personality traits were collected through research databases such as ProQuest, Google Scholar, and EBSCO. Based on the analysis of collected literature, this study revealed that extraversion and openness to experience are the personality traits leading to the successful language learning. More specifically, extraversion was related to speaking skills while openness to experience was related to listening. It is also important to note which learning strategies are more likely to be utilized in second language learning and personality traits that are more likely to use them. These findings focus on writing skills, listening skills, and speaking skills. Further studies in the field are suggested.