Earticle

In this work, we report a detailed analysis on a low power memory circuit using buffer, extraction and style based RAM design on 28nm Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA).The designing of this memory circuit is done by Verilog as HDL, Xilinx ISE 14.6 simulator with kintex-7 FPGA. Different RAM styles and RAM extracts are compared on basis of power consumption and reduction. Auto RAM style is the default RAM style and it consumes minimum power as compared to block RAM. The RTL schematic shows I/O ports, nets and primitives. Bufgdll also consumes less power and power reduction is also maximum for bufdll and auto RAM as compared to block RAM, ibufg and RAM extract yes. Auto RAM at 10GHz frequency can be used in designing various applications like in radio astronomy, microwave devices and communications, wireless LAN, most modem radars, communications satellites, satellite television broadcasting.

Parameter tuning is the puzzle in control engineering. Aimed at being difficult to make artificially the tuning which results in too many control parameters of intelligent controller, the paper presented a sort of optimization method of control parameters based on immunological principle. In the paper, it made the anatomy of the complexity and existing puzzles of control parameter tuning, presented the mathematical model of controller parameter tuning based on immune principle, gave the optimizing control algorithm of Clone selection. Taking a two-order process with time lag as an example, the control parameters of HSIC algorithm have been optimized by presented tuning model, made the comparative study with PID algorithm parameter optimized by other method, and the process simulation response demonstrated that the optimization tuning method based on immune principle could obtain the control performance and control quality better. Experimental study of simulation shows that it is reasonable and effective to the optimization method of control parameters presented in this paper.

Speed is one of the key reasons for accident in vehicles. These over speed accidents could be avoided if emergency services could be able to get the information and take necessary actions in time. Now a day it is very hard to imagine our daily life without transportation. Every invention has some limitation and so with the transportation. With the increase in the population the numbers of vehicles also increase on roads and highways to meet the necessity of travelling. And hence with the increase in vehicles, traffic jams and accidents are also increasing. So we need to develop a system which can help the public in such situations and can reduce the risk of mishap. Today, remote development has tilted the chances for achievement more than ever. This paper insight about mishap of car crisis ready circumstance. In this we are attempting to program a GPS/GSM module fusing an accelerometer to report events of mishap naturally by means of the GSM correspondence stage (utilizing SMS informing) to the closest organizations, for example, doctor's facilities, police headquarters, fire administrations et cetera, giving the definite position of the point where the accident had happened. With the help of this approach we will be able to provide an early response and relief to victims and reduce the risk of life loss due to accident.

In order to increase the output power of photo-voltaic power generation rapidly and accurately, it is necessary to track output of the maximum power. This paper summarizes the methods of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), and points out the limitations and notes of the MPPT methods. Meanwhile, the double perturb-and-observation method and iterative comparison method are elaborated in this paper. Finally, the study direction in the future is prospected.

This study evaluated performance for runoff management of the Blue roof and Green blue roof comparing monitoring data measured at two low impact development (LID) facilities and control roof in Seoul metropolitan area. From the results these two roofs proved as suitable stormwater management practices in urban areas. For this purposes, Blue roof and Green-blue roof were installed at Seoul City Hall Annex Seosomun and Cheong-un middle school respectively. The data used for this study were collected during the actual storm events of more than 30 mm/hr and 60 mm/hr rainfall intensity in July and September 2014 at green blue roof and blue roof. During different actual storm events, rainfall runoff outflow was measured from blue roof was 0.45 l/s as compared to common roof where outflow was 1.55 l/s. While on the other hand, the outflow from green blue roof was 0.1 l/s to as compared to control roof where the runoff outflow was 0.3 l/s. Results also indicated the peak flow reduction in both types of roofs. From the results, it was found that Green blue roof is capable of handling effectively long duration rain events than blue roof. However, the blue roof is inexpensive than green blue roof and suitable option for retrofitting in urban areas. These results also revealed that Blue roof and Green blue roof could be applied to urban buildings as the suitable management practices for rainfall runoff management in urban areas. At the end, from theoretical analysis some suggestions are also made which could be apply for the more safe sustainable drainage system of an urban area.

In fact, dynamic models of course channels of small unmanned helicopters with different types and different parameters are different, and the establishment of course channel model is complex. It is necessary to research free model control methods without relying on the mathematical models. As one of the most important methods in model free control fields, intelligent control method has drawn extensive attention of scholars. But it is in the stage of theory research, and the actual application is not much. This paper tries a design of course channel controller of helicopters with the intelligent control method. Depending on the observer performance, the paper puts forward the model free selfadaptive control-filtration backstepping control method for the marine power system. The two developing model free self-adaptive backstepping control command filters mainly solve three problems.The simulation results show that this method not only ensures the stability of the closed-loop control system of the control marine electric power system, but also can determine the speed state and the unknown dynamic model.

This paper incorporates the most efficient layout of the RAM in terms of the power consumption. Various RAM styles have been thoroughly analyzed. Frequency analysis has been done for RAM on 40nm FPGA. The main focus has been on studying the various power consumption parameters (total power, I/O power, signal power and the clock power) at different frequencies for the different layouts. We focus highly to find out the optimum conditions at which the RAM behaves the best. Frequency variations and its effect on the RAM technologies is basically the main point of concern. Lesser the power consumption, more efficiently would the circuit behave because the improvidence in terms of power consumption is reduced. The analysis has been done using the Verilog VHDL language and XILINX 12.1. We lead to a conclusion that the distributed style is the most preferred one and that too at a lower value of frequency. This research would open up many avenues in the field of electronics and communication regarding the design of various energy efficient RAM designs on the FPGA.

In order to improve smooth control of output power of megawatt variable pitch controlled wind turbine at high wind speed, an optimized fuzzy PID algorithm is proposed which includes PID and fuzzy control. The initial and the adjusted values of three parameters of this controller are given by Ziegler-Nichols tuning method and fuzzy control method. At the same time, variable weight synthesis of integrated time and absolute error (ITAE) index, overshoot index and settling time index of the system is used for establishing the objective function. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used for optimizing fuzzy rules of fuzzy PID controller and obtaining the optimized parameters. A simulation validates the proposed method. We take a 1.5MW doubly fed induction wind generator (DFIG) as the subject. With calculation and comparison of the standard deviation of output power before and after rules optimization, it indicates that smoothness of output power becomes better. The control effect has been further improved as well.

The available bandwidth, round trip time (RTT) and packet loss rate in the Internet can vary over many orders of magnitude, which is known as the heterogeneity of the Internet. To cope with the heterogeneity in Internet Congestion Control, we propose a new TCP protocol, namely Invs, that has three key components. First, it employs a novel increase function of congestion window with an adaptive increase factor that adjusts through estimation of path bandwidth-delay product (BDP) and minimum RTT. The increase function can modulate the window growth rate to fit with the path condition. Second, Invs adopts a novel scheme that adaptively adjusts the queue threshold in loss classification, which distinguishes non-congestion loss from congestion loss. Third, Invs introduces a new back-off scheme to enable quick convergence of congestion window. The performance analysis and evaluation show that Invs achieves good fairness, friendliness, RTT fairness and utilization in heterogeneous networks.

This study analyzed Changes in water level, velocity and water exchange rate of Cheongna Central Lake using MIKE 21 Flexible Mesh (FM) model. The Artificial Lake that changes according to the operation conditions such as the use of flow generator, drainage location and discharge supply condition. The results revealed that the rate of a lake’s water cycle rose when the flow generator operated, causing the water to run at higher velocity in the stagnation regions. Especially, operating the drainage halls located in both ends of the lake showed better water cycle efficiency than using a drainage hall in the center of the lake. This study suggests management plans to solve dead water regions and enhance the water cycle in the artificial lake. The test result from numerical model in this study will hopefully serve as fundamental data used on designing similar facilities going forward.

In this thesis we build the parametric mathematical model of machine tool and solid models of traction gears using in subway locomotive by analyzing the machining process of involute gears and meshing principle of involute gears. The optimization design is done through deduce the relations between basic parameters of gear and loading capacity of transmission. On the base of analyzing optimization principles and methods for involute gear system the software is obtained by considering the contact fatigue strength of teeth surface, the bending fatigue strength of root fillet and scuffing strength of teeth surface. It is optimized that the best parameters decide the strength safety and loading capacity by analyzing the optimization results.

The paper studies the application of a prediction-based scheme for dynamic output feedback control in a networked control system with uncertainties, communication delay and data dropout. In order to make a compensation for communication delay and data dropout, a prediction-based output control scheme is developed. With the given theoretical derivation, the closed-loop networked predictive control system with uncertainties can be formulated into a robust system with a standard form, which makes it convenient to design the controller and analysis closed-loop stability. Simulation examples demonstrate the performance and stability of a networked control system using the proposed predictive output control scheme.

In this paper, the robust control problem in practice is studied. For this study, the position control problem of a twin rotor MIMO system (TRMS) is considered in terms of both the simulation and the experiment. In order to present the existence of the model uncertainties and the importance of the robustness concern, the conventional input-output feedback linearization based nonlinear controller is designed with the coupled model of TRMS and its performance is analyzed through both the simulation and the experiment. Then, a robust controller, the sliding mode controller for the TRMS is designed with the same model. Through the analysis of its performance in both the simulation and the experiment, the practical weakness of the robust controller is described. Consequently, the trial and error method is recommended for the practical use of the robust controller. Some simulation and experiment results verify this study.

With its energy-saving and green & non-pollution feature, the electric motor coach has been become the focus of public attention, but it also brought the new challenge for the steering system and the matching assisted control system. In this paper it made the introduction for the principle and structure of electro-hydraulic power steering control system, and also carried out the modeling and simulation for the assist characteristic, motor model, steering control valve and assisted control system of the electro-hydraulic power steering assisted control system, finally established the EHPS model and its assisted control system model by using MATLAB/Simulink, to build the practical foundation of the electro-hydraulic power steering assisted control system in the car.

Based on problem that the magneto rheological damper damping force of aircraft landing gear is not controllable in the process of aircraft's landing and taxiing. A method of embedded buffer controller of aircraft landing gear based on magneto rheological fluid is presented and the buffer control system is designed to control the magneto rheological damper damping force in my article, which mainly includes the selection of embedded digital signal processor（DSP），the principle design of control system, and the design of power generation circuit modules, reset circuit modules, JTAG emulation circuit module, clock oscillator circuit module, A/D sampling correction module, D/A converter module, E2ROM circuit and the voltage controlled current source driver module. Through the simulation of circuit module, the current that is generated by voltage-controlled current source in the control system is acceptable to the MR damper, the magneto rheological buffer controller can control damping force and play a role in adjusting the aircraft landing gear.

Sea-skimming missiles fly at very low altitude (5m-10m) above the mean sea level. An altimeter based height control system is used to keep the missile at the desired height by measuring the instantaneous height of the missile above the sea level. The altimeter measurement comes with the disturbances which forces the missile to follow the sea waves resulting is a complex trajectory and high energy requirements. An extended state observer based height control system with a proportional derivative controller is used for the real time estimation and rejection of sea wave disturbances to achieve a stable flight path for the missile. Simulations are carried out in both continuous and digital domain to understand the hardware implementation imperatives of the same.

The distributed generation sources (DGS) offer more economic and environmental energy than traditional centralized generation. However, the loads demand for electricity can not be met simultaneously owing to the limitation of the capabilities of DGS when the microgrid is isolated from main power grid. In this paper, the method of the current power supply capacity calculating for some common micro power sources is given firstly. Thereafter, a multi-agent system based coordinated control strategy for distributed loads in microgrid is developed. When consumers need electricity, the load agent (LD Agent) is used to negotiate with distributed generation resources agent (DG Agent) whether the load can be connected to grid. When loads’ power exceeds the power supply capability, the microgrid central controller (MGCC) is used to request corresponding LD Agent to disconnect the lower grade loads according to the priorities of loads. The simulation results show that the effectiveness of the presented Multi-Agent based coordinated control strategy.

In view of the low speed and precision of the flue gas desulfurization system, this paper presents a hybrid method with parameter self adjustment. Through the analysis of the control system of flue gas desulfurization of flue gas and the transfer function of the object, and established the control system of flue gas desulfurization, perturbation models obtained a new flue gas desulfurization of the mixed sensitivity controller algorithm, simulation by Matlab show that this algorithm has certain advantages compared with at present commonly used algorithm.

The concept Hardware in the Loop (HIL) has a large field of applications as simulation, analysis of performance, and dynamic control of systems, among others, owing to its operation in real time. In this work, is shown a control system for a hydraulic pump driven by an electric motor, which supplies with fluid a tank arranged for the product. The pump and the motor correspond to a second order system, which when is joined to the tank makes a system of third order. This system is discretized by means of the technique of zero-order hold ZOH representing the mathematical model in the Z plane, later differential equations and solved using the simulation technique was implemented for HIL. The plant is implemented on an ARM STM32F407VG, its response to a step input through the physical signal generator was tested, and its operation is displayed on the screen of an oscilloscope. This experience allows conclude that the technique of HIL is established as an effective, fast and inexpensive way to simulate a plant and develop control dynamics, optimizing time and resources for completing a project..

With the development and application of lithium iron phosphate battery, more and more power battery in DC system using lithium iron phosphate batteries to replace original lead-acid battery. The lithium iron phosphate battery management system (BMS) is the focus of this paper, the communication between the battery management system and the substation monitor of DC system, effectively ensure the battery and the DC system is safe and reliable to work. How to grasp the variation rule of the internal state of the battery and the influence of external factors on the capacity of the battery, to establish a reasonable and effective battery model and algorithm of SOC and realize SOC estimation and reduce the estimation error, which is the most basic and the most important aspect of the battery safety management.

Buck converter is taken as an example to research the full state space design feedback vector optimization problem. The full state space design is extraordinarily effective for the pole configuration in the closed-loop system, but when such control thought is applied to DC-DC switching converter, the actuator cannot completely execute relevant action due to the limited control action thereof or even the closed-loop system becomes unstable due to actuator saturation. 2-norm based low gain pole configuration is proposed in this article to design the full state control system without static error, and meanwhile the low gain feedback vector is designed according to the state space equation in order to ensure that the system has good starting performance, good power supply adjustment rate and good load adjustment rate. The research result shows that the low gain pole configuration can not only satisfy the system requirement, but also has better control effect than the traditional PI control, namely with better dynamic adjustment characteristic and static error adjustment characteristic; meanwhile, the overshoot, the adjustment time, etc. are obviously improved to provide reference for controller design & optimization and facilitate engineering implementation.

This paper describes the operation characteristics of using superconducting cables in dc transmission systems, focusing on dc current and cable parameters. A superconducting power transmission system need not operate at high voltage levels to reduce I2R losses. This eliminates the need for high voltage insulation and large transformers. Voltage source converter (VSC) transmission has come into use in the last decade. The VSC transmission is often used in cases where an ac system is not practical, generally due to long underground or undersea cables, and excessive losses. The combination of VSC and low-voltage dc (LVDC) superconducting transmission cables could be a good solution to minimize the losses. Issues related to the impact of superconducting cables on VSC LVDC transmission system will be presented along with computer simulation results.

Dispersive characteristics of SH waves propagating with an angle θ through one-dimensional elastic/piezoelectric/piezomagnetic phononic crystal are studied in this paper. Firstly, Secondary horizontal wave (SH wave) are studied in this paper. Secondly, the transfer matrix method is used to derive the dispersion equations. The solving process is as follow. The state vectors on both sides of the sub-layer in a unit cell are connected by a matrix, and those on both sides of the interface between the adjacent sub-layers are connected by an identical matrix. Thus, a matrix connecting the state vectors of both sides of the unit cell can be gotten, and the dispersion equation will be derived with the Bloch Theory. Finally, the effect of the component ratio is considered.

Wavelet threshold filter is widely used because it is simple to implement and small computation. Traditional hard and soft threshold functions have their limitations. At the same time, design method of the threshold function is used only for a particular problem and general construction method of threshold function is rarely involved. In this paper, we study the basic requirements of the threshold function and the threshold objective function, and propose a general method for constructing the threshold function. The y=x method applies rotation, shift and other operation on the basic function, and takes as the objective function, constructs threshold function families with different thresholds and approximation rate. Then, choose different threshold functions according to the characteristics of the signal. According to this approach, we take y(x)=a/x as basic function and construct a new threshold function family. The new threshold function is continuous and differentiable at high order, which overcomes the shortcomings of hard threshold function and soft threshold function. Simulation results show that in different noise levels and different wavelet decomposition layers, it has different noise characteristics; signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gain and minimum squared error (MSE) of this method is better than that of the traditional soft and hard threshold function and improved threshold function and made a better balance between the sensitive degree and smoothness.

The fossil fuels on earth are depleting day by day, and the pollution like air, soil, water, noise etc are increasing by these. The increasing cost of the fuels is also a point of concern. So, the universe is on the way to use mostly the renewable energy for all the purposes of daily need rather than the use of fossil fuels for electricity generation, kitchen, industry and also, for the energy used for transportation. The electric vehicle is thus proposed to overcome the fuel problem. The main challenge of electric vehicle is to charge the storage battery to continue the drive as long as need. At present, charging of the battery bank is done by manual plug-in the vehicle with the electrical power source or by using the solar photovoltaic (PV) cells [2]. The PV charging serves an important role but the unavailability of solar light for whole day (24 hours) is a big issue. So, this work is a forward step to make the charging more efficient with the combination of wind generator and solar PV cells. Wind generator will give the energy to the storage system when the vehicle is on running state while PV cells do charging when the sun is available.