Earticle

In this work, Cu3(BTC)2 (Cu-BTC) metal organic framework (MOF), prepared by 3 different synthetic routes, was employed to the oxidation reaction of ethylbenzene (EB) to synthesize the pharmaceutical intermediate acetophenone (AP). The reaction was carried out in liquid phase using oxygen molecule as oxidizing agent. In the reaction process, no any other solvent was used. To optimize the reaction conditions, temperature, reaction time, catalyst load weight and O2 gas flow were investigated. The products were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). The results obtained from GC analysis showed Cu-BTC has a high selectivity toward to AP (around 95%). The conversion of EB was 44.92% when the reaction was carried out at 150 ˚C for 24 h with a catalyst load weight 0.1 g and O2 flow 5.5 ml/min.

In order to eliminate the distortion influence error caused by human body on the measurement of hand-held high voltage power frequency electric field measurement device, field intensity distortion caused by induced current of human body has been analyzed, and the enhancement factor of the electric field intensity is introduced to reduce the distortion degree of electric field measurement value by electric field measuring instrument. A simple model of the human body is built, the Ansoft Maxwell is used to simulate and calculate the electric field distribution around the high voltage power frequency transmission lines when human body presented, and distortion influence of field intensity distribution caused by human body has been analyzed. In addition, the enhancement factor value of electric field is determined and the electric field distortion is corrected by experiment and comparing the measurement data with the electromagnetic field analyzer EFA300. With the actual measured values of instrument restored the value of the field intensity when the human body away from the measuring equipment, the distortion influence measurement error can be reduced and measurement precision can be improved.

A new composite membrane was fabricated from anion exchange polymer via. chloromethylation and quaternization, quaternizedpoly (styrene ethylene butylene poly styrene) and nano filler namely zirconia [QPSEBS/ZrO2] by solution casting technique. The synthesized membranes were characterized by laboratory and physicochemical studies. The interaction between the quaternized polymer and the filler concentration was confirmed by FTIR. The thermal stability and surface morphology of the composite membranes were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) respectively. The crystallinity of the sample was investigated through XRD pattern. The synthesized composite membranes exhibit antibacterial activities towards the Gram-positive bacteriaeandGram-negative bacteria, determined by agar diffusion method with tetracycline as a reference.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the most common and widely distributed poisonous air pollutants. Oxidation of it to CO2 is an important process. Mixed metal oxides, cobalt oxide and zinc oxide with varying mole ratios were synthesized by co-precepitation technique. The synthesized materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) for detection of crystalline phases, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) technique, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for morphology, diffuse reflectance ultraviolet-visible (DRS-UV-vis) to understand the oxidation state and coordination number of metal ions in solid samples. The XRD patterns carried the peaks pertaining to Co3O4 phase along with the crystalline wurtzite phase of ZnO in the mixed oxide catalyst. The CO oxidation performance of the synthesized catalyst was tested and the results revealed that the catalyst containing equal mole ratio of both the metal oxides exhibited high activity at low temperature of 70° C, while others showed the maximum conversion at 120 ° C. Presence of zinc oxide lowers the oxidation temperature. Hence cobalt oxide- zinc oxide catalyst is considered as one of the better choice of catalyst system for CO oxidation.

A solenoid pump is a reciprocating piston pump that moves linearly by the aid of a piston cylinder attached at the linear motor axis which carries out a reciprocating motion. Generally, a solenoid pump is a pump utilizing a magnetic plunger of magnetic substance and an electric induction coil. A solenoid pump model for the hydraulic pressure that can control bi-directionally and can generate a high pressure is proposed in this study. The design parameters for the parts of the solenoid pump used for hydraulic pressure are studied using a numerical analysis method. After selecting an adequate solenoid model, the magnetic force and magnetic density on the model are estimated by electromagnetic force analysis. Based on the obtained magnetic force and magnetic density, a structural analysis of the model is performed. Also, design parameters are obtained for the robust design by vibration mode analysis to avoid resonance effect on the key parts of the system. The results of the vibration mode analysis and FFT analysis are proposed in the design of new products.

Aiming to solve the problem of no well reflecting the spatial-temporal characteristic of CPS in current CPS event model, a new spatial-temporal event model based on multi-tuple for CPS is proposed in this paper.The basic idea of the new method is that we use the five tuples (object, time, space, event and property) to express a CPS event. As a result, our supposed model not only can more comprehensively reflect the spatial-temporal characteristic of CPS event, but also can reflect the dynamic change feature of external environment.The simulation results show that our proposed model scheme has a good performance in terms of reducing event average localization error rate and lowering event average timing error rate compared with other general event model methods.

In this study, the vibration and noise for the cushion frame that directly contacts the driver of the car are investigated. The friction noise from the seat track generating the largest noise is measured and analyzed. Also, vibration measurement and analysis are performed in parallel to locate the position from where the noise is generated. In the next stage, the RPM of motor and the current changes during motor driving are measured. The vibration and noise generated during motor running are also measured and analyzed to examine the interaction between noise from the track and load on the motor. The vibration and noise analysis results are expressed using FFT analysis, octave analysis, spectrum contour map analysis, and sound visualization.

In recent years, it has been become important to develop an effective material to be used as scaffolds for bone fixation in surgical field. PLA (Poly lactic acid), PGA (Poly glycolic acid), PLGA(Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid) and PLLA(Poly (L)-lactic acid) are well known to absorbable polymers that exhibit sufficiently low toxicity to useful for internal applications. So, we are study on the one of absorbable polymers as scaffolds (Plates and screws) consisting of PLGA (85/15). The aim of this study is to fabricate this plates and screws using an injection molding and to evaluate its surface, thermal and mechanical properties. The obtained plates and screws were observed with SEM, NMR, XRD, XPS, FTIR, DSC, TGA and mechanical moment (tensile and compressive strength). The glass temperature and molecular of PLGA were influenced by absorbed moisture. Therefore, obtained injection moldings were stored at 40°C and 20%, 50%, 80% relative humidity. Weight fraction absorbed free moisture was determined using a chemical balance.

In this paper, we have designed the patch array antennas with the slots capable of working in the E-band as the size of patch capable of operating in Ka-band. The slots inside the patch have the symmetry as the U-shaped slots. The designed array antennas have multi-mode characteristics at 77GHz. As a result, this paper is proposed the possibility of prototyping by design and analysis of microstrip array antennas 4×4 for automobile anti-collision system as using a typical FR-4 epoxy substrate.

A nonlinear controller is designed for the underactuated crane. In the design process, a nonlinear variable composed with all the system states is defined and then the nonlinear controller is obtained with the Lyapunov stability theory. The system stability is proved via a stability theorem. The simulation results show the system under any initial states is asymptotically stable to the origin and the proposed algorithm is validated.

In this paper, an energy efficient temperature control algorithm for peak power reduction in cooling systems of a large glass-covered building is proposed using control horizon method. A control horizon switching method and linear programming algorithm is used for optimal control, and a time-of-use (TOU) electricity rate is included to calculate the energy costs. Simulation results show that the reductions of energy cost and peak power can be obtained using proposed algorithms.

A new fully differential transconductor for realization of CMOS analog Gm-C filter is presented. The presented transconductor offers the advantage of a high gain and small size. And the designed fully differential transconductor and a typical transconductor have been compared for a gain and frequency. In additional to as a application example a 5th Elliptic CMOS Gm-C using the proposed transconductors is designed. The results of HSPICE simulation using 1.8V-0.18㎛ CMOS processing parameter shows that the designed filter can be operated at supply voltage of 1.8V and the control range of the cutoff frequency is from 1.5㎒ to3.5㎒.

In this paper, a type of a mining counter-rotating fan (FBCDZNO14) was taken as an example, we built a three-dimensional model of a whole machine from the inlet of a collector to the outlet of a diffuser, and the whole flow field was performed a numerical simulation and steady flow calculation was completed, at the same time, the results of numerical simulation were analyzed. The numerical results were compared with the experimental results, they had the same trend, and the error was in the acceptable range. We changed the two impellers blade setting angles, and simulated the counter-rotating fan with different setting angles. Simulation results reveal that the setting angles have impacts on the fan’s flow, pressure head and efficiency, and provide theoretical bases for improving the operating efficiency and energy-saving control, at the same time, lay the foundation for the counter-rotating fan’s optimal design.

In this paper, a cross-coupled gain-boosting current-mode integrator is proposed, which is better than typical current mirror integrator when compared in terms of increasing gain and frequency response. The results of small signal equivalent circuit analysis and HSPICE simulation of the proposed integrator show that gain and frequency response is improved at supply voltages of 1V band. An example application using the proposed integrator low- voltage current-mode filter is also presented. The simulated cutoff frequency of the designed filter is 200MHz at a supply voltage of 1.8V.

Infrared (IR) imaging systems obtain thermal images by converting surface temperature into two-dimensional images by measuring IR radiation from an object’s surface. This research proposes a wavelength-band transformation method to convert an IR image of an arbitrary wavelength-bandwidth into an IR image of another wavelength-bandwidth. We estimate the temperature of an arbitrary wavelength by obtaining the radiance from the black body radiation theory and the linear transformation function of the gray level from the radiance. We generate an IR image for another wavelength-bandwidth by calculating the radiance of another wavelength-bandwidth using the estimated temperature. The validity of the proposed method was verified through simulations. The IR target image was generated using RadThermIR software, and images, acquired from a thermal observation device, were used as IR background image.

The research is aimed at the application of back propagation neural network (BP NN) on the world's first AP1000 third generation 1250 MVA nuclear half-speed (4-pole) turbo-generator in harmonic analysis. Harmonic distortion has caused many power quality problems in the large-capacity generator unite of power system since the discovery of alternating current system. Taken AP1000 nuclear turbo-generator which has many problems needed solving as the analysis example, this paper presents the BP neural network technique which can realize the ability of self-learning to estimate and calculate the harmonics in AP1000 turbo-generator under various negative-sequence loss conditions. Considering the BP neural network application and harmonic effects in the large-capacity turbo-generator, overall simulation is performed in this work. Simulation results indicate that the method of using BP neural network is effective and accurate, and the change regulation of each harmonic is also obtained.

A 5.6-Gb/s/channel 4-pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) transceiver is designed for a high-bandwidth chip-to-chip interface in a display application. The asymmetric 4-PAM signaling scheme is proposed to increase the voltage and time margins, and the implemented scheme reduces the reference noise effect in a receiver by 33%. The proposed asymmetric 4-PAM transceiver is implemented by using a 0.13-μm 1-poly 6-metal CMOS process with a 1.2 V supply. The measured rms jitter of the output clock of the phase-locked loop (PLL) is 4.18 ps at the operating frequency of 700 MHz for 5.6-Gb/s/channel with a quad data rate scheme. The measurement results show that the proposed asymmetric 4-PAM signaling increases the voltage margin by 23.5% without reduction in the time margin as compared with conventional 4-PAM signaling when the noise magnitude of the single reference is 65 mV. The active area and power consumption of a 1-channel transceiver including the PLL are 0.294 μm2 and 6 mW/Gb/s, respectively.

HDMI is a digital interface. It provides the best quality of the video since there is no loss due to analog to digital conversions as is required for all analog connections. Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information. In this paper, we design the optical HDMI extender for long distance multimedia data transmission.

For the sake of revealing the influence of partial restriction conditions on the thermo-compression deformability of the aluminum alloy ring, this paper adopts the integrated method of numerical modeling and technology to make deep research by taking 7075 aluminum alloy as an example. It turns out that: after being exerted partial restriction, the branch surface will be at the two outside ends during the thermo-compression deformability. Compared with the situation without restriction, after being exerted partial restriction with the protruding model pressure of 8mm, the previous increasing of the internal and external diameter of the ring is changed to the deformability model that the internal diameter decreases and the external diameter increases. Besides, both the internal and external outlines are in the shape of evagination and drum, with the maximum increasing thickness of the side wall from 24.6% to 51.2%. Therefore, restriction imposing can effectively improve the thermo-compression liquidity of the ring, which provides theory basis for the technology preform and deformability liquidity control during the precise formability of the complex components.

This study represents research on falls while riding bicycles. We present an algorithm that detects the occurrence and direction of falls during bicycle riding through the use of a sensor module installed on the helmet. The sensor module is equipped with a tri-axial accelerometer, tri-axial gyroscope, and tri-axial magnetometer to record acceleration and tilt signals. We determine the threshold of the algorithm for fall detection based on experiments of riding over speed bumps and performing warm-up exercise motions prior to riding a bicycle. The algorithm we developed achieved 98% accuracy in fall detection and 98.5% accuracy in detection of fall direction. This study performed simulations indoors for the sake of subjects’ safety; however, we expect to produce the research in an environment more similar to real-life situations. In future, it is also possible that the developed system will be applied to an emergency reporting system for bicycle falls.

Wavelength division multiplexed-passive optical networks (WDM-PONs) are attractive solutions for future broad band access networks. However, WDM can be relatively expensive to implement owing to the cost of the specified wavelength sources. The reflective structure is a common solution to solve this problem. There is a Reflective Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (RSOA) at the Optical Network Unit (ONU) in reflective structure. Bidirectional transmission over a single fiber is applied in WDM transmission system, as it uses a single source at the Center Office side and reduces the requirement number of the fiber and cost, but also injects the Rayleigh backscatterings. A RSOA and the other reflective components in Optical Distribute Network (ODN) generate reflection. These two interferences are critical noise on the single fiber transmission system. In this paper, we have studied the influences of the reflections and Rayleigh backscattering interferences by theoretically analysis and experiment.

This study was intended to find a cheap and effective method to the remote management of systems and utilities on board an unmanned vehicle running on a linux-based system as well as the determination of an effective confidence factor setting for the detection of visual markers in an augmented reality environment of ARToolKit. Opensource tools were selected due to their easy accessibility and its feature of being freely customizable that can be tweaked for our specific needs. The QGroundcontrol was chosen as the ground control system, the MAVLink as the communications protocol and the ARToolKit as the needed utility for the vision-based navigation of the system. The resulting data association problem when doing the confidence factor determination was addressed using the nearest neighbor approach. The scenario used in the test was that an operator sends a signal command using the QGroundcontrol to the unmanned vehicle through the MAVLink protocol to activate or deactivate the ARToolKit pattern tracking on-board the linux-based unmanned vehicle. The resulting tests and experiments showed that the proposed method using opensource tools performed satisfactorily as desired.

In order to improve the work reliability of three-phase static var generator and reduce requirements of its inverter circuits on the DC-side voltage, the three-phase static var generator combined with Z-source network is designed based on the Z-source network topology theory. Through analyzing the working state of the main circuit, system simulation model is built by using simulation software Simplorer. Simulation results show that static var generator based on the Z-source network has lower requirements of capacitance and voltage of the inverter circuit on DC-side and better voltage and current compensation waveforms than the traditional static var generator. The results further support that the three-phase static var generator based on Z-source network has higher reliability and better compensation effect.

This paper provides a review of the recent advancements in technologies for Smart Home Automation and Hierarchical Wireless Multimedia Management systems (such as Hierarchical Mobile IP) and its potential application and integration to Smart Home systems. The principles of Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 are adopted for providing mobility on the design of the architecture for MIP-Based Smart Home. Smart Home technology is the integration of technology and services through home networking for a better quality of living while Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 introduces a new node called the Mobile Anchor Point (MAP) to improve the handover speed performance of Mobile IPv6 by reducing the amount of signaling in the ongoing connection between the mobile node, its correspondent nodes, and its home agent.

In this paper, we propose techniques that reduce the MAC overhead in IEEE 802.11-based wireless networks. As the channel bit rate increases, MAC overhead becomes a major source of throughput degradation. This is due to the fact that the MAC overhead is rate-independent; it is fixed regardless of the data rate. Rate-independent overhead can be reduced by dividing a high-rate wideband channel into multiple low-rate narrow channels, and send data on these narrow channels simultaneously using multiple or compound radios. In this environment with multiple narrow channels, we propose two techniques that further reduce MAC overhead and thus improve resource efficiency. First, channel contention is done only on one of the narrow channels, called the contention channel. The other channels are accessed based on the status of the contention channel, without contention. This technique significantly improves network throughput, but has a problem in which if a collision occurs on the contention channel, collisions can also occur on other channels. To avoid this phenomenon, we propose the second technique in which a node observing collision notifies the senders that cause collision, so that they do not access other channels simultaneously. Extensive simulation results show that the proposed techniques improve network throughput by a considerable amount.

Passive radio frequency (RF) tags in the UHF and microwave bands have recently drawn considerable attention with their great potential for use in inventory management, parcel and postal tracking. However, much more basic research is needed to increase the range and reliability of a passive RF tag’s radio link, particularly when the RF tag is placed onto a lossy dielectric object or a metallic surface. This paper presents two new useful forms of the radio link budget that describe the power link of an RF tag system when the tag is attached to an object, then the effects of a metal plate to antenna parameters when the antenna is horizontally placed near the plate. Furthermore, according to a series of tests for measuring the performance of an RF tag, relationship between distance from tag to a sheet of copper surface and readability is discovered. Moreover, the magnifying effect of an extra metal layer to readability is found too. Finally, according to the results of experiments, a design method of slotting RF tag which can be used to identify the goods location is proposed. This method can not only eliminate negative effect of metal disturbance, but enhance readability, which considers the convenience for use and manufacture cost as well.

A new eccentric annular leakage model for rod pump with Couette-Poiseuille flow is proposed. This model considers not only the effect of pressure fluctuation yielded by overlying liquid on the plunger, but also the direction of Couette flow leakage, which is consistent to the direction of Poiseuille flow leakage. Furthermore, the consideration of the fluctuation effect is proved to be necessary, and the determination of the direction is justified. An analysis on the relationship between leakage rate, pumping speed and pump depth is developed. The results are consistent with the field observations. And at last, the proposed model is proved to be more accurate when compared with the testing data.

The stock market is considered one of the most standard investments due to its high revenues. Stock market investment can be risky due to its unpredictable activities. That is why, there is an urgent need to develop intelligent models to predict the for stock market index to help managing the economic activities. In the literature, several models have been proposed to give either short- term or long-term prediction, but what makes these models supersede the others is the accuracy of their prediction. In this paper, a prediction model for the Standards & Poors 500 (S&P500) index is proposed based Genetic Programming (GP). The experiments and analysis conducted in this research show some unique advantages of using GP over other soft computing techniques in stock market modeling. Such advantages include generating mathematical models, which are simple to evaluate and having powerful variable selection mechanism that identifies significant variables.

In order to start belt conveyor softly, automated mechanical transmission (AMT) is used as a new soft-starting device. Constant belt acceleration control is proposed as a method for AMT’s application in belt conveyor’s soft starting. Belt velocity is adopted as the single parameter for shift schedule. Based on the idea of half engagement point, fast-slow-fast law is taken for clutch engagement. Simulation model is established in AMESim environment. On the basis of horizontal belt conveyor driven by one induction motor with 110 KW power, simulation research on start-up process in first gear and shift process from first gear to eighth gear are carried out respectively. Simulation results show that the constant belt acceleration with 0.2 m/s2 could achieve the purpose of AMT’s application in belt conveyor’s soft starting. The phenomenon of short-time belt acceleration mutations appears during shift process. The maximum value of belt acceleration is less than 1 m/s2 while the clutch is just at the beginning of engagement. Under the influence of belt acceleration mutations, main characteristic parameters of the system are within their allowable limits, such as belt maximum tension and driving pulley torque. After the completion of upshift process, the belt maximum tension and other parameters curves tend to be stable.