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Eckhard Krautzun is a German-born football coach who once managed Korean national teams. He came to Korea in December 1967 and managed the under-18 and the senior national teams for 10 months. Krautzun based his training programs on warm-ups, 4-on-2 drills and strategic practices for each position. He did away with WM formation that had been in use in Korean football and introduced the libero system, which was favored by the world’s football powers at the time. Krautzun also tried to change Korea’s military-style training camps. Korean players, in turn, increasingly felt the need to alter the way they had been training and playing. Inspired by Krautzun, Korean players Kim Ho and Kim In-gwon, after their retirement, received coaching training in Germany. Krautzun’s philosophy would have made a positive impact on Korean football, but it never took root. The quality of football and the talent level of players were such that they were not yet ready to accept and absorb Krautzun’s advanced ideas. Korea has long tried to raise its quality of play to be on par with the world’s greatest powers. And yet in terms of individual skills, team tactics and football culture, Korea is still lagging behind. It would serve Korean football well to learn from Krautzun’s legacy and channel it into the driving force for the sport’s further development.

The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of service quality of pro-basketball team on club image, customer satisfaction and club loyalty. For this purpose, this study used convenience sampling method with the 392 subjects who used customer in 2012-2013 pro-basketball game and chose 316 questionnaires excluding 76 unsuitable for the data. Data processing was analyzed for the propose of this study by under program of Window Ver. SPSS 15.0 and AMOS 7.0. Analyzing data through this study procedure, the following result was obtained: First, service quality of pro-basketball team had significant positive influence on club image. Second, club image had significant positive influence on customer's satisfaction. Third, customer's satisfaction of pro-basketball team had significant positive influence on club loyalty.

The purpose of this study was to review shed light on the background information of how curling was first introduced, its current standing in South Korea. We have used reflective research methods with various historical documents, and the data obtained was supported by intensive interviews with current curling player and the board members to reveal their current standing in our society. Firstly, Korea’s Curling was introduced by the 1983 Kim Young–Chul. Secondly, for Curling Federation Founded in 1994, the same year to join the World Curling Federation. Thirdly, the national winter sports competitions is adopted as a demonstration sport in 1997 began. Fourthly, the international competition to attract the 2001 Asia-Pacific Curling Championships held in Jeonju. Finally, the first referee workshops starting in 1994, to conduct judgment curling workshops, lectures, game leaders foster human resource development.

The purpose of this study is to provide with an evaluation of the domestic outer-wear brand image efficiently according to consumers' perception and emotional factor on its purchasing pattern by applying FCB Grid theory on its. Local consumers who are over twenty in Seoul and Kyoung-Ki with an experience of purchasing outer-wear are selected for this study. 266(88.6%) valid samples are selected excluding faithless, incomplete 34 samples out of 300 survey samples used Nov. 1,2011 through Dec.31,2011. All data collected were analyzed with SPSS WIN Version 15.0 Program for a frequency analysis and FCB Grid model formula was used to analyze its concept. The result obtain from the study process above is this. First, the high-involvement outer-wear brand is K2 and the most ideal outer-wear brand is Blackyak. Second, the involvement and rational is brand KolonSports, high-involvement is brand K2, Blackyak. lastly, low-involvement and emotional is brand NEPA.

This study conducted upper body strengthening training for test group and general training for comparative group among 14 male sprinters in high school(7 sprinters each group) for eight weeks and observed physical strength(muscular strength, power) and athletic performance(change of interval speed) comparatively before and after eight weeks with following findings. Firstly in the area of squat 1RM, test group showed improvement of 14.7% from 142.7±38.72kg(before training) to 163.6± 35.26kg(after), while comparative group showed improvement of 2.9% from 185.7±29.18kg to 191.0±20.25kg respectively, telling higher squat improvement rate of test group by 11.8%. Secondly in the area of bench press 1RM, test group showed improvement of 13.4% from 77.6±10.03kg(before) to 88.0±10.88kg(after), while comparative group showed improvement of 6.2% from 81.0±13.72kg to 86.0 ±28.03kg respectively, telling higher bench press improvement rate of test group by 7.2%. Thirdly in the area of power, test group showed improvement of 6.8% from 60.2±6.02cm(before) to 65.8± 4.54cm(after), while comparative group showed improvement of 4.6% from 65.0±7.07cm to 68.0±8.49cm respectively, telling higher bench power improvement rate of test group by 2.2%. Fourthly in the area of average interval passing record, test group showed improvement of shortening from 30m 4.32 sec. 50m 6.40 sec, 70m 8.71 sec, 100m 11.85 sec to 30m 4 sec (△0.27), 50m 6.12 sec(△0.28), 70m 8.18 sec(△0.53), 100m 11.85 sec(△0.45). On the other hand, comparative group showed improvement of shortening from 30m 4.38 sec. 50m 6.61 sec, 70m 8.96 sec, 100m 12.38 sec to 30m 4.30 sec (△0.08), 50m 6.47 sec(△0.14), 70m 8.67 sec(△0.29), 100m 12.14 sec(△0.24). In conclusion, the study found that upper body rectus abdominis strengthening training had high probability of giving affirmative impact on improvement of male sprinter's physical strength and interval records compared to normal weight training programs, and so development and application of training programs for balanced muscular strength is needed in the future. However, given nature of sprinting, such effort should be based on balanced development of upper and lower bodies.

스트레스와 불안은 많은 만성적인 질병을 유발시키고, 삶의 질을 감소시키는 요인이 되기도 한다. 프라나야마 (pranayama) 요가(호흡 운동)는 불안과 스트레스를 포함하는 많은 건강적인 요인들을 향상시키는 것으로 보여 왔었 다. 이 연구의 목적은 스트레스와 불안이 프라나야마 요가 운동을 통해 효과가 나타나는 것을 검증하기 위한 것이다. 15명의 건강한 여성을 대상으로 실험군(n＝8)과 비교군(n＝7)으로 나누어 6주 동안 실시하였으며, 요가 프로그램은 일주일에 3번 60분 동안으로 구성되었다. 두 집단 모두 실험이 종료될 때까지 어떠한 신체적인 활동에 참여하지 못하 도록 요구하였다. 요가를 통한 효과를 보기위해 사전 사후에 긍정적인 스트레스와 부정적인 스트레스 그리고 불안상 태를 측정하는 설문지를 사용하여 측정하였다. 수집된 모든 데이터는 SPSS 18.0 프로그램을 이용하였고, 통계적인 유 의수준은 α＝.05로 설정하였다. 이 연구에서 나타난 결과들을 살펴보면 첫째, 6주간 프라나야마 요가 참여 후에 긍정 적 스트레스 수준은 실험군과 통제군 간에 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 그리고 6주간 프라나야마 요가 참여 전과 후 간에 실험군과 통제군 모두에서 긍정적 스트레스 수준은 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 둘째, 6주간 프라나야마 요가 참여 후에 부정적 스트레스 수준은 실험군과 통제군 간에 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 그리고 6주간 프라나 야마 요가 참여 전과 후 간에 실험군과 통제군 모두에서 부정적 스트레스 수준은 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 6주 간 프라나야마 요가 참여 후에 상태불안 수준은 실험군과 통제군 간에 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 그리고 6주간 프라나야마 요가 참여 전과 후 간에 실험군의 상태불안 수준은 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 넷째, 6주간 프라나야 마 요가 참여 후에 특성불안 수준은 실험군과 통제군 간에 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 그리고 6주간 프라나야마 요가 참여 전과 후 간에 실험군의 특성불안 수준은 6주간 프라나야마 요가에 참여 전보다 참여 후가 유의하게 낮게 나 타났다. 이러한 결론을 통해 프라나야마 요가는 심리적 안정화에 기여할 수 있는 것으로 생각된다.

The purpose of this study was to serve the basic data on training to improve the exercise capacity through the analyze the basal physical fitness according to muscle ratio between trunk and limb. The subjects consist of 131 basal physical fitness test was performed and divided into three groups by muscle ratio between trunk and limb. Physical fitness was tested by the muscular strength (grip strength, back muscle strength), muscular power (sargent jump), muscular endurance (push-up, sit-up), balance (standing one leg with eye closed), flexibility (sit and reach). one-way ANOVA was performed to compare the differences among groups. The results were as follows. Muscle strength, power, endurance, and balance were significantly different by muscle ratio, but there was not significant differences in flexibility. These results suggest that the ratio between trunk and limb effects the muscular endurance, muscle power, and balance. Therefore, consideration of muscle ratio between trunk and limb would be helpful to improve the performance.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of stair ascending speed on lower extremity muscle activations during stance phase of healthy young males. [METHOD] Ten college male students participated in the experiment. The speed of stair ascending was controlled at four different conditions (slow: 75steps/min, normal: 108steps/min, fast: 118 steps/min, preferred) by using a metronome. Pressure insole was placed in the shoe and EMG electrodes were attached to eight muscles (retus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, tibialis anterior, lateral gastrocnemius, medial gastrocnemius, semitendinosus, and gluteus maximus) of the right leg. Subject was asked to climb fifteen consecutive stairs for each speed. Six steps of the right leg were selected for the analysis of stance and swing time, vertical force, peak pressure and area as well as peak EMG and IEMG(the area of EMG signal or amount of muscle activations). The order of speed was randomized to eliminate their learning effect. [RESULT] Stance and swing time were decreased as the speed was increased. Vertical force and peak pressure was increased with an increased speed but impulse was decreased with an increased speed. Peak EMG was increased in flexor and extensor of the knee and plantar flexor of the ankle as the ascending speed was increased. However, there was a tendency to show decreased peak EMG in gluteus maximus and tibialis anterior. On the other hands, an IIEMG was decreased in knee extensors (retus femoris, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis) while there was a tendency to show increased IEMG of ankle dorsi-flexor with an increased speed of stair ascending. Especially, The level of peak EMG during the preferred stair ascending was placed between slow and medium stair ascending speed but the integrated EMG of the preferred stair ascending was the lowest among the four conditions. [CONCLUSION] Peak EMG activity of majority lower extremity muscles except gluteus maximus was increased while IEMG was decreased with an increased ascending speed. Furthermore, a preferred stair walking speed seems to be more efficient during stair ascending in terms of muscle recruitment compared to the other three conditions. Based on the results, the understanding of lower extremity muscle recruitment and pressure patterns by stair ascending speed would be valuable for future development of effective exercise intervention using stairs.

The purpose of this study was to analyze biomechanical parameters between hook and uppercut in boxing. Five elite boxer were participated in this study for the comparison. The 3D kinematic and EMG data were collected for each punch techniques. Conclusion is as following. In anterior-posterior displacement of COG, hook was posterior and uppercut was anterior direction on right punch. In vertical displacement of COG, uppercut was lower than hook on right punch. In rotation angular displacement of shoulder and hip, uppercut was more left rotation than hook. In displacement of elbow joint, hook was more extended than uppercut and right elbow was more extended than left elbow. In displacement of shoulder joint, hook was more extended than uppercut and left elbow was more extended than right elbow. In velocity of hand, hook was faster than uppercut. In acceleration of hand, hook was faster than uppercut and right hand was faster than left hand. In EMG of erector spinae, there was no significant.

This study analyzed the effects of Combined and walking exercises on body composition and inflammatory markers(hs-CRP, WBC, IL-6, Fibrinogen, Adiponectin, TNF-α) in obese middle-aged women and the following results were drawn. First, although the Combined exercise showed positive results in changes in body composition(weight: p<.001, %body fat: p<.001) and lean body weight was increased compared with pre-test, there was no significant difference. The walking exercise had positive results in body composition(weight: p<.001, %body fat: p<.05) and lean body weight had no significant difference. Second, the Combined exercise showed positive results in changes of inflammatory markers(hs-CRP: p<.001, Fibrinogen: p<.001, Adiponectin: p<.01) and there was no significant difference in WBC, IL-6, and TNF-α. Walking exercise had positive results(hs-CRP: p<.05, IL-6: p<.05, Fibrinogen: p<.01, Adiponectin: p<.001, TNF-α: p<.05) and there was no significant difference in WBC. Based on the findings, Combined and walking exercises decreased weight and %body fat and had positive effects on obesity improvement in obese middle-aged women. Furthermore, changes in inflammatory remarks supported their positive effects. The increase in IL-6 and Adiponectin secreted from obese cells after weight loss suggested the possibility to inhibit inflammation in obese people. Accordingly, it is necessary to apply adequate and balanced exercise intensity, hours, and frequency to obese people as one way of exercise prescription to prevent or treat obesity. Furthermore, psychological therapy should be provided, along with giving self-esteem to help them feel interest in exercises.

The study has been conducted to compare the prevalence of eating disorders and disordered eating behaviors among elite femaleTaekwondo athletes, endurance athletes and aesthetic athletes, and also to identify the characteristics related to the eating disorders and disordered eating. A total of 169 elite female collegiate athletes including Taekwondo athletes(n=49), endurance athletes(n=33) and aesthetic athletes(n=87) participated in this study voluntarily and completed the survey packet which consists of demographic questionnaire, EDEQ(Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire), EDI-2(Eating Disorders Inventory-2). SATAQ(Sociocultural Attitude Toward Appearance Questionnaire), and RSES(Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale). The main findings in this study are as follows. Using DSM-IV diagnostic criteria based on EDEQ, 11 cases (6.5%) of eating disorders were detected including 1case (3.0%), 8 cases (9.2%), and 2 cases (4.1%) in the endurance, aesthetic, and Taekwondo athletes respectively. Among these cases, no case met criteria for anorexia nervosa. Disordered eating (DE) was classified if a participant met at least 1 of 5 classifications criteria. A total of 76 athletes were classified as DE cases; 13 (39.4%) cases were in endurance athletes while 39 cases (44.8%) and 24 cases (49.0%) were detected in aesthetic and Taekwondo athletes. The prevalence rates of DE by EDEQ mean, shape concern, weight concern, drive for thinness, and body dissatisfaction scale were 15.2%, 24.2%, 27.3%, 18.1%, and 24.2% in the endurance athletes, 17.2%, 31.0%, 24.1%, 24.1%, and 28.7% in the aesthetic athletes. In the Taekwondo athletes, the rates were 12.2%, 30.6%, 30.6%, 18.4%, and 30.6% respectively. However, there were no differences in prevalence of DE among the groups. Among the 13 variables related to ED/DE, significant differences were obtained from BMI perceived, BMI ideal, and perfectionism scale, and awareness scale. BMI perceived and ideal in the Taekwondo athletes were statistically higher than those in endurance and aesthetic athletes (p<0.001). Endurance athletes reported higher perfectionism score than aesthetic athletes (p<.05). However, there was no difference between endurance athletes and Taekwondo athletes in perfectionism score. Also, Taekwondo athletes had lower scores in the awareness scale than aesthetic athletes. However, significant result was not found between Taekwondo athletes and endurance athletes. These results indicate that clinical eating disorders were detected in Taekwondo athletes and the prevalence rate of disordered eating in Taekwondo athletes is not lower han endurance and aesthetic athletes. In addition, there are significant differences in eating disorders symptoms and related variables among he athletes groups. Health education for Taekwondo athletes especially female Taekwondo athletes should be required to prevent atypical eating behaviors.

This study was performed to investigate the effectiveness of aquatic rehabilitation exercise on gait capacity, isokinetic muscular strength and blood component in stroke-induced hemiplegic patients. Stroke patients(n=14) from J Community Rehabilitation Welfare Center were participated in this study. Stroke patients were divided into two groups as E(exercise group) and C(control group). E group(n=7) had exercised in aquatic rehabilitation program for 60 minutes per day, 3 days a week for 12 weeks. The results were as follows: First, the body weight, BMI and body fat were significantly decreased in E groups(p<.05). Second, Dynamic Gait Index(DGI) total scores were significantly increased in E groups(p<.001). Third, muscular strength of trunk extensor and flexor at 180 deg/sec was no significantly different between two groups. Forth, there were no significantly different in blood component such as CRP, rGPT, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C between two groups. These results suggest that aquatic rehabilitation exercise program might have positive effects of body composition and gait capacity in stroke-induced hemiplegic patients.

The purposes of this study was to effects of the POWERbreathe training program on pulmonary function and shuttle run test in soccer players. Subjects were aged 20~21 years. There was classified two groups(exercise group 15, control group 15), total 30. Measured items for this study were rest pulmonary function test(VC, FVC, FEV1, PEF, PIF, MVV), during exercise pulmonary function test(VErest, VEpeak, RER, VT, VO2max, TET), and shuttle run test in the 12weeks before and after. Subjects of exercise group were participated an 12week POWERbreathe training program. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA with repeated measure method of SPSS accepting level for all significances was above p<0.05. Results of this study were as follows; In the rest pulmonary function test, exercise group were showed significant differences on the FEV1, PEF, PIF, and MVV in the 12week POWERbreathe training program. In the during exercise pulmonary function test, exercise group were showed significant differences on the VEpeak, RER, VT, VO2max, and treadmill exercise time in the 12week POWERbreathe training program. In the shuttle run test, exercise group were showed significant differences in the 12week POWERbreathe training program. This study showed that an 12weeks POWERbreathe training program affected in a positive effects in almost of items in trained soccer players, but not in untrained soccer players. These results support evidence that POWERbreathe training has beneficial effects on pulmonary function, shuttle run test and might be a factor that improve soccer players exercise performance.

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of BMI on activities of daily living(ADL) and physical functional performance in elderly women. A few researches have studied relation among BMI, physical function performance and ADL in criteria of BMI for Asian. The subjects were 142 elderly women, They were devided for 3 groups(< 22.9kg/㎡ group(n=24); 22.9-24.9kg/㎡ group(n=44); ≥25kg/㎡ group(n=74)). All subjects were perform to physical functional test and daily living tasks. All variables were analyzed for One-way ANOVA and Duncan was used for Post-hoc. Significant level was α=.05. The results were followed. Physical fitness test to BMI was that Sit and reach was more higher than the other 2 groups in 22.9-24.9kg/ ㎡ group(p<.05). Functional performance to BMI was following. 1 stair walking up was ≥25kg/㎡ group were more faster in <22.9kg/㎡ group and 22.9-24.9kg/㎡ group(p<.05). In conclusion, it was proposed that elderly female with overweight or high BMI tend to have decrease of physical function and ADL compared to old women with low BMI. Normal body weight and BMI was positively influence on physical fitness of the elderly women.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the factor of junior golf athletes choice domestic and international golf ball. To analyze the data, SPSS program was used and all This study surveyed 240 junior golf athletes and Alpha level was set at 0.05. The result of this study, among the 240 high school students, 192(80.0%) athletes who were domestic selected and the others who were 48(20.0%) who were international. The Chi-square analysis was used to establish populational statistics, and only the sex variable was significant difference between domestic and international. The exploratory factor analysis was used and the 3-factors were analyzed. Those were the external factor, the internal factor, and the public factor. The logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the factor of junior golf athletes choice domestic and international golf ball. The public factor was significant than the external factor, the internal factor.

We investigated the effects of swimming and treadmill exercise on the level of nerve growth factor (NGF) protein and neurogenesis in the hippocampus, and cognitive function of adult rats over a period of 8 weeks. We divided 144 male Sprague-Dawley rats into 3 groups: (1) a control group (COG; total n = 48, n = 8 for each time-point), (2) a swimming exercise group (SEG; total n = 48; n = 8 for each time-point), and (3) a treadmill exercise group (TEG; total n = 48, n = 8 for each time-point). The SEG and TEG were made to perform their respective exercise type for 5 days per week over a period of 8 weeks. The level of NGF on the second day, and after the first, second, and fourth week increased significantly in the SEG and TEG, compared to the COG (2 days, 1 week, 2 weeks: p < 0.001; 4 weeks: p < 0.01 ). Specifically, a significant increase was observed in the SEG at the 2-day, 2-week, and 4-week time-points. A significant difference in the number of BrdU-positive cells was found between groups at all time-points (6 months: p < 0.05; 2 days, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 3 months: p < 0.01; 1 week: p < 0.001). Specifically, a significant increase was observed in the SEG at the 1-week and 4-week time-points. The number of NeuN-positive cells in the SEG increased significantly at all time-points (2 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months: p < 0.001). The number of DCX-positive cells between groups was also significantly different at all time-points, except for the fourth week, (6 months: p < 0.05; 2 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 months: p < 0.001). Specifically, a significant increase was observed in the SEG at the 2 weeks and 3-month time-point. These results show that regular exercise in adult rats increased the level of NGF in the hippocampus, increased the number of newly proliferated nerve cells, and extended the period of neuron survival and maintenance. Furthermore, this phenomenon was more apparent when the exercise form was swimming.

This study, conducting eight week's training program for seven discus throwers(four males, three females) in middle and high schools, measured three times - before, after four weeks, after four weeks thereafter - in the area of field test(discus throwing records, 30m dash, 10m twice shuttle run, sidestep, vertical jump and standing long jump) as well as the area of laboratory test(bench press, half squat, snatch, power clean, dead lift, butter fly). The study found following results by observing average rate of change by gender. Firstly in the aspect of improvement of discus throwing records, male throwers showed improvement of 5.3%, 8.2% after four weeks and eight weeks respectively, while female throwers showed 14.7%, 15.4% improvement respectively, telling higher improvement rate of female throwers. Secondly, in the aspect of improvement of 30m dash, male throwers showed improvement effect of shortening by 1.5%, 7.8% , while female throwers showed shortening by 0.2%, 6.6%, respectively, telling higher improvement rate of male throwers. Thirdly, in the aspect of improvement of shuttle run, male throwers showed improvement of shortening by 2.2%, 3.3% after four weeks and eight weeks respectively, while female throwers showed shortening by 4.4%, 6.6% respectively telling higher improvement rate of female throwers. Fourthly, in the aspect of improvement of sidestep, male throwers showed improvement of shortening by 1.3%, 0.8% after four weeks and eight weeks respectively, while female throwers showed shortening by 1.2%, 3.8% respectively, telling similarly high improvement between male and female throwers. Fifthly, in the aspect of improvement of vertical jump, male throwers showed improvement by 3.3%, 3.2% after four weeks and eight weeks respectively, while female throwers showed improvement by 4.2%, 2.0% respectively, telling high improvement of both male and female throwers. Sixthly in the aspect of standing long jump, male throwers showed improvement by 1.2%, 0.2% after four weeks and eight weeks respectively, while female throwers showed improvement by 2.5%, 5.5% respectively, telling higher improvement rate of female throwers. In conclusion, the study found that female throwers showed relatively higher improvement in training program of male and female discus throwers in middle and high schools, which might find its cause in that eight week's systematic training(speed strengthening training, plyometric, technical training) affected female throwers who were short of basic physical strength and technique owing to their short career compared to male throwers.

The purpose of this study is to identify the effectiveness of the rehabilitation exercise program, following the arthroscopy surgery, on recoverability of ruptured shoulder muscle functions. Muscle strength evaluation via isokinetic machine was conducted with 18 patients who underwent the arthroscopy surgery from 2009 to 2010 using the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method. The patients were divided into exercising (N=9) and non-exercising (N=9) group. In addition to external/internal rotation and flexion/extension, measurements for peak torque and total work on subject shoulder muscle between pre and post-exercise were taken at the angular velocity of 60°/ sec and 180°/ sec. Independent t-test method using the statistical program SPSS 12.0 for window was applied for data processing. Acceptance level of <.05 was set. In the areas of peak torque and total work load pertinent to external/internal rotation and flexion/extension at the angular velocity of 60˚/sec, the result of comparison between the two groups demonstrated statistically significant difference (p<.05). The magnitude of statistical difference from the experiment above between two groups should not undermine the positive impact of the post-surgical rehabilitation program brings forth on the muscle functioning recoverability of peak touque. Lately the importance of the rehabilitation program after the surgery for the sake of returning to the daily life has been emphasized. Equally important is the acknowledgement of the pre-operative exercise rehabilitation program in order to minimize the loss of muscle strength.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the difficult degree and accomplishment of element group types for parallel bars in man's. Eight male gymnasts, who were qualified IIIrd game(Final of each event) of The 26th Summer Universiade in Shenzhen, China, were selected as the subject of this study. The author who participated the game as judge, through VTR that did shoot the final game by item, directly recorded the gymnasts' performance and then, analyzed them Code of point 2009 for men prescribed by F.I.G. Firstly, the start value what the gymnasts selected for their performance were 7.00(1person), 6.50(2person), 6.40(1person), 6.30(2person), 6.00(1person), 5.80(1person). The difficult degree what the gymnasts most used the game was D difficult degree(6.0±1.41) followed by C difficult degree(1.75±1.03)and E difficult degree(1.62±1.50). Secondly, it was revealed that the most frequently used skills depends on element groups, were "healy to support(8 times)", "backward uprise and salto forward piked to support(4times)", "tippelt(7times)", " basket to handstand(8times)" and "double salto backward piked (8times)" for Ist, IInd, IIIrd, IVth, and Vth element groups, respectively. Finally, it was found that IIIrd group (2.4 point: 90.0%), IVth group (2.0 point: 88.8%), Ist group (2.8 point: 88.3%), IInd group (1.8 point: 83.6%), followed by Vth group showed the most accomplishment(1.8 point: 77.5%). While the gymnasts perform their performance, the difficult degree affect the start value and the accomplishment affects final score. Therefore, to obtain the higher performance score, gymnasts should increase their skill accuracy and reduce their mistakes and range of penalties.

This study set 10 5-year-old boys attending J Kindergarten located in D-gu, Gwangju as the exercise group and 10 5-year-old boys attending N Kindergarten located in N-gu, Gwangju as the control group(n=20). The exercise group conducted 8 activities for 50 minutes, four times a week for 6 weeks. The control group was spent as a daily schedule without applying a traditional activity program. Finally the following results were obtained. First, for the elements of basic physical fitness, muscle strength(grip) had a statistically significant change at p<.05 and between group variation showed a significant change at p<.05. Endurance(sit-up) had a statistically significant change at p<.01 and between group variation showed a significant change at p<.05. Flexibility had a statistically significant change and between group variation showed a significant change at p<.05. Power(standing broad jump) had a statistically significant change at p<.05 and between group variation showed a significant change at p<.05. Balance(one leg standing with eyes closed) had a statistically significant change at p<.001 and between group variation showed a significant change at p<.001. Second, attention had a statistically significant change at p<0.05 and between group variation showed a significant change at p<.01. Based on the results, traditional games become important activity to young children and can be widely applied to kindergarten and elementary school by studying and developing continuously and systematically this program. It will also have positive effects on children at the emotional development stage. Moreover, as children's attention is influenced by their interests, parents, and surrounding environment, profound research is necessary on their attention. In particular, it is required to develop programs which can influence the improvement of attention through physical activity from different angles and research with assessment tools.

This study conducted 12-week exercise with 202 obese middle-aged women participating in aerobic exercise events according to somatotype classification such as jogging, aerobics, and swimming in order to examine their effects on health-related physical fitness and changes in blood components and provide basic information for middle-aged women's health. The following conclusion was drawn. 1. For the comparison of health-related physical fitness between aerobic exercise events by somatotype classification, BMI decreased the most for ectomorph and endomorph in jogging and for mesomorph in swimming, endurance increased for ectomorph and endomorph in swimming and for mesomorph in jogging, flexibility increased the most for all somatotypes in swimming, and cardiovascular endurance increased the most for ectomorph and mesomorph in jogging but for endomorph in aerobics. 2. For the comparison of blood components between aerobic exercise events by somatotype classification, TG decreased the most for all somatotypes in swimming, TC decreased the most for all somatotypes in jogging, HDL-C increased the most for ectomorph and mesomorph in jogging but for endomorph in aerobics, and LDL-C decreased the most for ectomorph and endomorph in swimming and for mesomorph in jogging. To summarize these results, aerobic exercise such as jogging, aerobics, and swimming increased obese middle-aged women's health-related physical fitness and effectively decreased blood lipids(TC, TG, and LDL-C) but HDL-C. Moreover aerobic exercise was positively associated with effective changes in physical fitness and blood components in all somatotypes.

This study is committed to investigate the effect of body image from exercise needs of those who are participate in pilates within Seoul and Gyeonggi province. Thus, a survey, for women who are participating in pilates center's classes within Seoul and Gyeonggi province from November 1 to December 31 of 2012, has been conducted and 230 questionnaire - except for 36 respondents who filled in unqualified answers or omitted partial details - are used. As a tool for the testing, questionnaires were used including, 4 questions for individual characteristics, 24 questions for physical activity, 18 questions for body image as dependent variable was measured within. SPSS 12.0 version for Windows was used to process data, a significant difference level was at the 5% level for inspection, and one-way ANOVA, and Multiple Regression Analysis were used to analyze. With the main purpose and methods, this study could find out the results as below. Firstly, among the differences of exercise needs (need for catharsis, need for achievement, need for activity, and need for affiliation) by individual charateristics (education, term of participation in pilates, frequency of participation in pilates), a significant difference between 'education' and each of 'need for catharsis' , 'need for achievement' was at the 5% level. A statistically significant difference between 'term' and 'need for catharsis' at the 5% level and a difference between 'term' and each of 'need for activity' , 'need for affiliation' was at the 1% level. In case of frequency, a difference was significant at the 5% level between 'frequency' and 'need for catharsis' and at the 1% level between 'frequency' and each of 'need for activity', 'need for achievement'. Secondly, in the differences of body image by individual characteristics, a difference between body image and 'term' was statistically significant at the 1% level and between that and 'frequency' was at the 0.1% level. Thirdly, among the differences of body image according to the exercise needs, there was a statistically significant difference at the 5% between body image and 'need for activity', at the 1% level between that and 'need for affiliation', and at the 0.1% level between that and 'need for achievement'.

The purpose of this study was to basic data on the influences that 4week resistive exercise program has on body composition, arterial stiffness, bone density and muscle strength based on an experiment administered on female college students at the age of early 20s. A resistive exercise program has been established and conducted on 8 female college students on 12 separated sessions for 4 weeks. (The students attended a ‘S’ Women’s University located in Seoul) Pre- and post-experiment examination was administered to keep track of the subjects’ body composition, arterial stiffness, bone density and isokinetic muscle function. As to data analysis, SPSS 19.0ver has been utilized to extract average(M) and standard deviation(SD). The changes in data from pre- and post-examination has been analyzed through paired sample t-test to draw following conclusions: The 4week resistive exercise program demonstrated a statistic significance by affecting body composition (Body Weight, Fat Mass, Body Fat Percentage, Waist-Hip Ratio) (p<.05, p<.01), arterial stiffness (Rb-aPWV, Lb-aPWV) (p<.01), isokinetic muscle function (p<.05, p<.01). With all the conclusions described above into account, it has been identified that the 4week resistive exercise program had a positive impact on body composition, arterial stiffness and isokinetic muscular strength. Based on the ultimate conclusion, this paper urges an initiative to develop and distribute basic and scientific resistive exercise programs that can help female college students to prevent osteoporosis and minimize on the risk of arteriosclerosis, bone density.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of graded combined training on vascular compliance, insulin resistance, and body composition in obese middle aged women. In this study, 24 subjects were participated for this study during 12 weeks, one group as exercise group(n=12) and the other as control group(n=12). The untrained obese women in I city voluteered to participate in this study. Analytical items were vascular compliance(RRVC, LRVC, RFVC, LFVC) blood components(Insulin, Glucose), HOMA-index and body composition(body weight, BMI, %body fat). Blood collections were performed at pretest, 8weeks, 12weeks. All data were expressed as mean±sD by using SPSS package program(win 12.0). The results of this study were as follows 1. In vascular compliance, RRVC, LRVC and were significantly increased after exercise intervention, while LFVC, RFVC were increased, but there is no significance in exercise group. 2. Insulin, glucose and HOMA index were significantly reduced after exercise intervention. 3. In body composition, BMI were significantly reduced after exercise intervention. It is suggested that graded combined exercise favorably effects the vascular compliance, insulin resistance and body composition during 12weeks. In particular, the change of vascular compliance and insulin resistance is helpful to prevent and improve cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. In conclusion, the graded combined exercise exercises is necessary to maintain a good health. I'll recommend that regular combined exercise is good for health, in particular prevention and treatment against obesity.