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This study is to investigate the effect of golf guide type on coaching efficiency and achievement objective directivity. This study is to investigate the effect of pursuit tendency of sense of extreme sports participants on risk perception and gym addiction. As an object of this study, we arranged 590 people in total that were composed of 375 men and 215 women aged 20 and over and participating in extreme sports in Seoul, Gyeonggi and Gangwon in 2010. The research tools for this study are as follows. We reorganized the questions on the study of Kang(2003) by modification and complement to measure the pursuit tendency of sense and we conducted the restructured questions on the study of Jang(2007) to measure the risk perception. In addition, we conducted the developed questions on the study of Cho(2007) to measure the gym addiction. For the statistical analysis to analyze the data, we carried out frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, multiple regression analysis by using SPSS Windows 18.0 Version. The conclusion of this study on the basis of the data analysis by these methods is as follows. First, it was indicated that the pursuit tendency of sense of extreme sports participants had an effect partially. Second, it was indicated that the pursuit tendency of sense of extreme sports participants had an effect partially on the gym addiction. Third, it was indicated that the risk perception of extreme sports participants had an effect partially on the gym addiction.

Research trends of academic circles related to tennis athletic performance were examined by conducting analysis on the dissertations related to tennis athletic performance published in the country’s journals, collections of university dissertations, and collections of researches from 2000 to 2012 in terms of current conditions of publications by year, connected subject matters, research designs, and criteria of objects of education. Based on the results of this research, the following conclusion was obtained. The contents related to tennis athletic performance clearly showed the efforts made by the researchers on diverse aspects of tennis events. However, the results of examining the preceding researches in terms of the level of athletic performance showed that the degree of utilizing the information of the researches that have been conducted up to now was relatively low, so the conclusion can be drawn that there have been not only problems with but also vitalizing our country’s level of athletic performance. This shows that paradoxically there are many aspects for the researchers related to tennis to approach from the aspect of enhancing athletic performance, so the conclusion is that researchers henceforth should have continuous interest in this matter and approach it with diverse subject matters.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of athlete endorser attribute on the brand attitude and purchasing intention when athlete endorsers come into contact with positive information type and negative information type. This study was conducted with university student participants, and using convenience sampling method 434 copies of survey questionnaires were collected for positive information type and 433 copies for negative information type in the total of 867 copies among which 800 copies were used as effective sample. As for the data processing, SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18.0 were used. For the purpose of attribute analysis of the research participants and for explaining the questionnaire items, reliability analysis, correlation analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used in addition to structural equation model analysis for verifying the hypothesis. The result is as follows: First, athlete endorser attribute of positive and negative information type had meaningful effects on brand attitude. Second, brand attitude of positive and negative information type had meaningful effects on brand attitude. Third, athlete endorser attribute of positive and negative information type had no meaningful effects on purchasing intention.

The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between leisure attitude and psychological well-being in professional athletes. To achieve this purpose, the subject was selected by semi-professional and professional athletes. In total, 400 survey questionnaires were distributed and 361 questionnaires used after eliminating 39 incomplete samples. There are two questionnaires(Sports Attitude Scale, Psychological Well-being Scale). The collected data were analyzed by the frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, correlation analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and regression analysis with SPSS WIN 18.0 program. The results were as follows; First, according to an individual characteristic, the leisure attitude and psychological well-being appeared with statistical significance toward gender. Second, there were statistically significant differences on leisure attitude according to the leisure participation types, and competence and self-realization subscale of psychological well-being were significantly different on the leisure participation types. Third, there was a positive correlation between the sub-factors of leisure attitudes and psychological well-being. Specifically, leisure activities are very important to professional athletes because their psychological performance has been manipulated for cruel social competition. In addition, leisure activities could be a great suggestion for professional athletes in modern society who do not have time to enjoy themselves.

The purpose was to research to test the validity and reliability of a physical activity questionnaire which has been used to measure physical activity most frequently and can measure many subjects at moderate expenses, and compare the levels of perception ability of physical activity intensity by age in 346 middle-aged women participating in sports for all as of the present when the importance of physical activity is highlighted. Coefficient of concordance(P) of test-retest criterion referenced standard was calculated and C coefficient was yielded from the comparison of subjects' responses to items of a physical activity list in the aspect of “reference". Then, subjects' levels of perception were compared through the scoring process which rated subjects' perception on the items of physical activity intensity. Finally, the following results were drawn. As regards the validity of a physical activity questionnaire, respondents responded to the questions of physical activity intensity in the level of accepting consistently. However, they did not perceive physical activity intensity accurately. Also, higher age was associated with lower perception level on physical activity intensity. Further research which will be conducted with women using a physical activity-related questionnaire should develop a questionnaire which can give accurate perception of physical activity intensity and is suitable for age levels.

This study, which was conducted to examine the introduction and development of squash in Korea, found important facts in the 20 years’ Korean history of squash, and they are summarized as follows. First, squash courts were built mainly in Seoul and particularly at large‐size hotels visited by foreigners and businessmen who travelled overseas frequently and high‐class sports centers operated under the membership system. Second, the Korean Squash Federation was first founded as Korean Squash Ball Association at the convention hall of the Country Tennis Club at Yangjae‐dong, Seoul on May 24, 1989. Third, in the Korean history of squash, KBS 88 Gymnasium, Seoul Squash Club, and Incheon Espa Sports Center played a decisive role in expanding the squash population. Fourth, as squash courts were excluded from the Act on the Management of Sports Facility Business, many non‐standardized courts were built, and excessive commercialization damaged the public image of squash. However, squash was reestablished as a sport event through the 2002 Busan Asian Games. Fifth, the success of the 2002 Busan Asian Games raised the international status of Korean Squash. Since then, Korean squash has won prizes at several international games and has been playing a central role in the Asian Squash Federation. Sixth, since squash was adopted as an official event in the 86th National Sports Meet and adult men’s and women’s team competitions were held in the 91st National Sports Meet, it has been settled as an event for elite sport and school physical education. Lastly, 2012 World Junior Men’s and Women’s Squash Competition is to be held in Korea as the first international squash competition in Korea, and this event is expected to be another turning point for the activation of squash in Korea.

This study examined the analysis of the relationship among teaching beliefs, teacher efficacy and teaching behavior in middle school physical education teachers. The number of the surveyed for this study was 154 who participated in middle school physical education teachers. The reliability and validity test of the questionnaire itself was conducted by using SPSS Window 18.0 program, Amos Window 18.0 program the result of descriptive analysis, factor analysis, correlation analysis, standard multiple regression analysis, path analysis are as follows; The results were as being follows. First, the teaching beliefs is partially influences on the teacher efficacy and teaching behavior. Second, teacher efficacy is partially influences on the teaching behavior. Lastly there is a causal relationship between the teaching beliefs, teacher efficacy and teaching behavior.

The purpose of this study is providing with basic information required for the advance of pole vault in Korea by studying the history of pole vault records in Korea. The oldest available pole vault record in Korea is 3m00 by Min Tae-wook (Gyeongsung) at the Jo-Sun Shingung Games in 1926. This record was improved to 3m70 by Yi Ji-hwan, Jo Woong-hwee, So Jin-nam and Yi Seong-eui from 1930s to 1950s. Hong Sang-pyo was the first player who used fiber glass pole in Korea. Hong led the pole vault of Korea in 1960s and 1970s with the best record of 4m72. Pole vault of Korea rapidly grew by way of 1986 Asian Games and preparing for 1988 Seoul Olympics. Yi Jae-bok broke the 5m barrier with record of 5m05 during this time. In 1990s, Kim Chul-kyun led Korean pole vault with best record of 5m53. In 2000s, Kim Yoo-suk, a Korean living in United States, recorded 5m60; however, he did not perform well enough in international games by committing consecutive fouls. However, Kim Yoo-suk kept the pride of Korean pole vault by picking a Silver Medal in 2010 Gwangzhou Asian Games. With this challenging history of Korean pole vault, we look forward to a good record of Kim Yoo-suk in 2012 London Olympics.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among Learned Helplessness, Decision-Making Self-Efficacy and Gender Role Identity in Sport/Physical Education-Related and Dance-Related Departments Female University Students. The data for the study were collected through questionnaire self-administered by 229 and analyzed by independent t-test and multiple regression analysis in SPSS 19.0. The results were as follows; First, the dance-related had higher scores on the gender role identity and the decision-making self-efficacy, but not on the learned helplessness. Second, sport/physical-education related had lower score on the learned helplessness as masculinity became high whereas dance-related had no significant differences. Third, sport/physical education-related had higher score on the decision-making self-efficacy whereas dance-related had lower score on that as masculinity became high.

This study exploring the value on social in physical education specialists elementary school, thereby aiming to make it re-recognized the value on social in physical education specialists, who are working in the field, further to improve efficiency of organization, and to allow physical education specialists to firmly position as a professional. For this, it selected 6 people who are working for over 1 year as physical education specialist at elementary schools where are located in Gangneung-si, Donghae-si, and Samcheok-si of Gangwon-do Province in 2011, and finally selected 6 people who agreed to participation as a research subject based on purposeful sampling. Also, a researcher conducted nonstructural interview with research participants 2∼3 times. To prevent omission of interview materials, the interview contents were recorded after seeking the research participants' understanding. The following are the conclusions that were elicited by collecting the specifically described documentary data. First, a doubt is being indicated about physical education specialists' professionalism. Second, the objective of physical education specialist was said to have relationship with self-actualization. Third, physical education specialists' activity is being said to improve social adaptation. Fourth, physical education specialists' job satisfaction was indicated to be mostly high.

This study is the comparison of training program, and training method, and the environment in training instruction for taekwondo national players of Korea, mother country of taekwondo, and those of England, which has shown remarkable development in taekwondo. The study found out the following results. First, the Korean national team should search for a scientific training method like the case of the English national team. Most of Korean leaders and players stick to their own methods in training, based on their own experiences. But, in the English case, players prepare for the next training or games by analyzing their body conditions and capacities through repetitive measurements and feedbacks during the training period not to mention before and after real games. Such a training system has served a very important role in enhancing performance of the English national team. Thus, it is necessary for Korea to adopt scientific equipments and to develop a training system through measurement and analysis. That is, it is necessary to escape from rule-of-thumb-style quantitative training method, and adopt a systematic and detailed training system. Second, it is necessary to diversify and specialize coaches through more investment from taekwondo-related associations and organizations. Especially, for more effective training, it is necessary to include those in charge of physical strength and fighting power analysts as staff members. Together with the adoption of scientific equipment, coaches in various parts can analyze the players’ conditions more precisely, and develop training systems suitable to each player, which will makes it possible to upgrade abilities of players more effectively. Especially, the adoption of fighting power analysts will serve very important roles in establishing the teaching environment where electronic protector system is installed, techniques and physical powers of players of different countries are analyzed and their strength and weakness are analyzed, and, based on these, game strategies and tactics can be established. Third, it is necessary to examine the training system, and each player of each country through away training. Especially, since the game schedules in Korea tend to be domestic games, it is hard for players to have international experiences. So, this problem can be solved by adopting the system of training in foreign countries. And, for overseas training, financial support from the related associations is necessary. In summary, Korea now needs to adopt the systematic and scientific training system, and have foreign training experiences in Europe and America which have recently become strong in taekwondo games. Through these methods, the Korean team can compare training and teaching methods of the Korean team and those of other countries, and analyze strengths and weaknesses of other teams, and can develop a training method suitable to Korean players. And, when leaders can induce communications with players and achieve sensory harmony with them based on the numerous previous experiences in the newly adopted system, the Korean team will get good scores in international contests again.

This research explored what symbols were used how in Samba and the inherent significance of them, and tried to examine the role of such symbols in each event of dancesport. Also, this is research follows the previous research on symbols in Paso doble; therefore, repetitive contents on the general outlook consistent in both events were not dealt with, and only the content recognized in the form of Samba in the cultural context were grasped. The symbol of Samba is organized presupposing the transfer of significance from the creator to the audience. Therefore, they both are subject to enjoying Samba in the sense that it is a symbol made between the artist (creator) and the audience, but only with such relation involving both parties. That is, it is possible to examine the significance and form of symbol within the system of combined significance of separate fields of the fundamental elements of art, the artist (creator), artwork (dance), and the audience, and therefore explain why it functions as an important element of analysis. Based on the discussion about such symbol, the notion of symbol in Samba were illuminated. As the possibility of symbol in Samba with an artistic sense opens, the cultural and social element of Samba as art deepens.

The purpose of this study was to develop conditioning strategies of each stage in 2012 London Olympics. On the basis of the sports events and preliminary phases of Olympics, primary conditioning factors, and accordingly, conditioning strategies of each phases were formulated. Specifically, valid data, acquired from coaches’ or directors’ in-depth interviews of 12 promising sports events, were analyzed. All primary conditioning factors included ‘life control and support’, ‘training control and support’ and ‘psychological support’ in all conditioning phases, subdivided into preparation phase, travel phase, travel phase, local phase, and competition phase. Lastly, based on the conditioning factors, detailed conditioning strategies of 2012 London Olympics were proposed.

Based on Foucault’s discourse, this research attempts to analyze what the essential meaning of changes in social function of sport and the sportwelfare that today’s Korean society defines is and by whom and for whom the sportwelfare concept was formed. Accordingly, this research attempts to reveal the reasons for the establishment of the sportswelfare concept amid the changes in social functions of sport. The purpose of this research is to reveal the mechanism of the times of our country’s sportwelfare and to provide in-depth data to contribute to the development of sportwelfare and present the basic data for vitalizing sportwelfare by analyzing what characteristics related to the changes in social function of sport amid the rapidly changing stream of times constitute the contents of sport welfare discourse and keep changing. Foucault’ genealogical methodology of discourse analysis made it possible to classify the discourse on social function of sport like this. Foucault reduces the discourse to an episteme logical point of view, and the discourse analysis on the sport administrative organs data, the data issued by physical training and sports-related organizations, and newspaper articles make this rough classification possible. This classification may differ from the existing historical classification, but the discussion of particular discourse made by the whole of the events and affiliations was made based on the data used for the discourse analysis on the social function of sport. The concept of sportwelfare has been formed and settling down, but has not yet been in the stage in which social agreement has been established. Nevertheless, it is not the case that the concept of sportwelfare never exists. Regardless of the country, the sport sector, the welfare sector, and the news media sector, the purpose of sportwelfare is to realize a living worthy of human dignity, and to contribute to healthy and happy life. But the concept of sportwelfare in a narrow sense of approaching the weak and vulnerable and the concept of sport welfare in a broad sense of approaching the general public coexist. Based on these opinions about sportwelfare and social atmosphere, the concept of sportwelfare can be interpreted as follows. Sportwelfare can be defined as welfare activities to encourage and foster active and daily sport so that not only the socially weak and vulnerable people but also the general people can lead healthy and happy lives through sport.

This study aims to examine the effects of the rehabilitation program using 3D plate(imoove FT-PB) on the improvement of golf player performance capability. Thus, 41 university golf players were classified into the test group (21 people) and the control group (20 people), and core enhancement movement was conducted using the 3D plate(imoove FT-PB). For twelve weeks, the test group was given three weekly sessions involving five-minute preparation exercise, 40-minute main exercise, and five-minute finishing exercise. The exercise strength was set as 45∼70%HRmax. Spine shapes were measured using FometricⅢ, thus classified into Trunk imbalance, Pelvic tilt, Pelvic torsion, Lodortic angle, Kyphotic angle, and Leteral deviation. For performance capability, drive distance (yard), GIR(%), and average number of hitting were measured. It was examined how each spine shape would influence the performance capability. Specific research findings are outlined as follows. 1)Trunk Imbalance, Pelvic tilt, Pelvic Torsion, Lateral Deviation, and Kyphotic Angle decreased in the test group after the application of the program compared compared with before it, offering a statistically significant difference. Also, in the control group, such spine shapes declined somewhat after the application of program compared with before it, but there was no statistically significant difference. 2) The drive distance (yard) increased in the test group, and the average hitting number decreased in the test group, offering a statistically significant difference. In the control group, there was no significant difference. 3) With regard to the spine shapes, when the Kyphotic angle increased, the yard decreased. When Lateral deviation, Kyphotic angle, and Lordotic angle angle increased, the GIR declined. However, the spine shapes did not influence the average hitting number.

The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare illustrations in elementary school physical textbooks of Korea and Japan and provide the basic data which is needed to make better textbooks. To achieve this purpose comparative analysis was used on the new version of elementary school physical textbooks of Korea and Japan from 3rd to 6th grade. The contents of study are to compare book size, the number of pages and chapters and analyse illustrations according to the small categories, grade, six external forms and three internal roles of illustrations of Korea and Japan physical textbooks. The results obtained thorough this study are as the following. First, book size is almost same, however, the number of pages of Korea is more than two times than Japan and the number of chapters of Korea is 5, although Japan is 6. Second, there are pictures the most both in Korea and Japan, especially more than 95% of illustrations of Japan are pictures and there is no photo. Third, the most of illustrations of Korea and Japan provide informations about activity. But it is difficult to distinguish the roles of illustrations of Japan, because it is not clear.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the final game of parallel bars in 2012 London Olympics and provide the Korean gymnasts preparing for the 2014 Incheon Asian Games and 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games with information that can help compose more effective performance contents. For this study, the performances of nine players in the finals in 2012 London Olympics were recorded with Sony DVD camcorder and their performance contents of parallel bars were analyzed. The conclusions of this study are as follow: 1. The most tried degree of difficulty performed by the nine finalists among 90 techniques is Difficulty D, which was used 40 times(44.5%). It is followed by Difficulty E which was used 29 times(32.2%), Difficulty C 16 times(17.8%), Difficulty F and B 2 times(2.2%) respectively and Difficulty A 1 time(1.1%). 2. The ‘Basket to hdst.’(Difficulty D) was used by all the nine gymnasts in Group Ⅳ, the ‘Basket with 1/4 or 1/2t. to hdst.’(Difficulty E) seven, the ‘Basket with 3/4t. to hdst.’ five and the ‘technique Chiario’ two. Many gymnasts preferred these techniques because they are high degree of difficulty and have the least deduction variable. 3. The ranking of the gymnasts in 2012 London Olympics for parallel bars was decided by the ‘Start Value’. That is, the most important factors to win medals are to minimize subtract points and perform perfect Difficulty D, E and F which can raise the ‘Start Value’. These elements are closely related to entering the top ranks.

This paper investigates 1980’s Korea Ballet, which is remembered as the renaissance of Korean ballet history. Based on the cultural policies, it specifically focuses on 86 Asian Games and the Cultural and Art festival of 88 Olympics. These two international sports games provided a great opportunity for Korea to introduce themselves to the world. And it consequently brought a huge investment on art and cultural areas. With the analysis on the cultural policies of this time, we can figure out the backgrounds and reasons for the development of Korea Ballet. In the first section named as status of 1980’s Korean Culture-Sports policies, I want to examine the specific policies, which are relatively enlarged, due to the expansion of budget as a result of successes of national development plans. The characteristics of 1980’s cultural policies are as follow: (i) moving the cultural policies up Constitution level (ii) mid-long term plans on culture (iii) huge investment on it. In the second section named as 86 Seoul Asian Games and the Cultural and Art festival of 88 Olympics, I investigate the preparations and shows for enhancing the prestige of Korea in the international events. There are various kinds of exhibitions and perfomances which inherit Korean traditional motives and materials. These memorable trials on cultural-art area boosted the pride of domestic people and provided the gist of Korean culture to foreigners. In the Third section named as <Sim Chung>, the representative work of 1980’s Korea Ballet, I examine Sim Chung perfomed by The Universal Ballet. It is invited for 86 Asian Games and 88 Olympics. Sim Chung is highly acclaimed at home and abroad and it is still performed. As a founding director, Adrienne Dellas choreographed it. The script was written by Yong Ku Park. The music was composed by Kevin Barber Pickard and Dong Sun Choi. And the costumes were designed by Sylvia Taalsohn. Unlike the previous creative ballets in Korea, it is a ballet in more than two acts and becomes the openings of Korean creative ballets. Domestically, it has given the pride to Korean by reminding the idea of filial duties and love. Internationally, it enhanced the name of Korea ballet and finally provided the firm base of Korean culture in the world. In summary, the characteristics of Korea Ballet in 1980 can be paraphrased as the globalization of Korean creative ballets with the domestic motives. I have investigated it in terms of the cultural policies in 1980s, particularly on 86 Seoul Asian Games and the Cultural and Art festivals of 88 Seoul Olympic.

The aim of this research is to conduct a survey on the frequency of injury, methods of treatment, and adequacy of first aids targeting male gymnasts participating in the national sports festival, and to investigate means to prevent injury and its recurrence. While the most common treatment is with oriental medicine, among members of national team surgical treatment is as common as treatment with oriental medicine. After injury they received first aids mostly from their coaches and the percentage of first aid reception is highest among members of national teams. Regarding adequacy of the first aids, 57.3% received adequate treatment while 30.2% did not receive it. The most common cause of injury is lack of strength and among other causes are excessive training, lack of warm-up, and attempt of immoderate skill. They consider improvement of sports facilities as the most important factor to prevent injury, and sufficient warm-up, proper nutrition, coaches’ awareness for injury prevention are among the methods to prevent injury.

As the number of golf club in Korea is over the demand, the value of golf club membership has been declining constantly. Therefore the golf club membership is now being sold lower than its dealing price in the market. Many golf clubs will face financial crisis if many of their member ask their initial membership deposit back. This kind of membership system is originally from Japan. When a person registers a golf club, he or she pays certain amount of money as a deposit and gets some advantages of using the facilities of the club and gets the money back when the agreed period(usually 5 years) is expired. This study is based on ‘Audit Report of Golf Clubs’ financial accounts’ (hereinafter referred to “Audit Report”) which is put on a website of Financial Supervisory Service. According to this study, about 42% of golf clubs are having a deficit. Some golf clubs in the Capital area and Jeju Island are assumed to have serious financial problem of paying back their membership fee. We will study about this “Audit Report” to analyze the threat and prepare the good solution on this matter.

This study sets up a purpose on examining the differences of the psychological technique of the university amateur golf players closely between players who have high and low vigor and sex. The subjects of the total 200 of the male 160 and the female 40 were picked up among the golf players of the students who participated in the 2010 Bolbig excellent college student golf tournament(2010.6.29∼7.2), which were held in Haevichi Country Club in Cheju. After the questionnaires had been distributed to them and written, T-test was used in the differences of psychological techniques of sex and One-way ANOVA was used in the differences of psychological techniques based on Handicaps. Also the post-verification reached the conclusion as follows by using scheffe. First, the psychological techniques based on sex had a significant difference as the mental image t(.05, 189)＝-2.897 and the goal t(.05, 189)＝0.023 and appeared with the fact that in the mental image male was higher than female, in the goal female was higher than male. Second, The psychological techniques based on Handicaps had the significant differences as the mental image except concentration F(5,190)＝4.712(p<.001), the goal F(5,190)＝3.740(p<.01), the routine F(5,190)＝17.546(p<.001) and the confidence F(5,190)＝3.650(p<.01).The fact that the players who got high vigor had much more than the ones who got low vigor in the mental image, the goal, the routine and the confidence appeared. The players who had high vigor got a strong point about most of psychological technique. The psychologists of Sports can help golfers regardless of their level, age and sex. Consequently they should endeavor to display players’ best techniques by using psychological techniques regardless of golfers’ handicap and age. First, after golfers set up a concrete purpose every hole, they should make an effort to concentrate their attention on it. If they record a very bad score in any hole in golf, it is very easy for them to abandon the whole goal they set up on the tournament day. But if they have a concrete goal every hall and furthermore every shot, they can solve this problem. Second, develop your psychological routines about shot, and these routines raise the ability to concentrate on match. They need the techniques they can keep consistently although they may be in the condition of excessive tension and anxiety on playing a important game. They can obliterate such tension and anxiety through their routines. Finally, play in imaging as practicing in the exercise places through the training of the mental image. if they can repeat the shots on the golf course like in the exercise places they will be able to laugh seeing the scorecard of the day. They can alleviate the tension of muscles and also bring psychological stability in having such imagination.

대학생들은 졸업 후 각자 희망하는 분야에서 종사할 수 있는 기회를 갖기를 간절히 바라고 있다. 그 간절한 바람을 위해 반드시 갖추어야 할 필수 조건 중에 하나는 우수한 학문적 성취이다. 개인의 학업성취는 일반기업에서 신입사원 채용 시 중요하게 고려하는 사항들 중에 하나이다. 학업성취와 관련한 많은 조사들이 다양한 교육적 환경에서 연구되었다. 그러나 체육과 관련된 학문적 영역에서는 전혀 이루어지지 않았다. 특히, 이 연구는 체육계열 학과 학생들의 학업성취에 영향을 미치는 조직행동 요인들을 분석하였다. 폭넓은 이론적 배경과 선행연구를 통해 학업스트레스, 조직몰입, 조직시민행동을 학업성취에 영향을 미치는 조직행동 요인들로 선택하였다. 연구대상을 위해 서울, 경기, 충청지역에 소재하는 4년제 7개 대학교 체육계열 학과에 등록된 450명의 4학년 학생들이 선정되었다. 그 중 419명의 자료가 연구 분석에 사용되었다. 연구 목적에 부합한 결과를 알아내기 위해 SPSS 15.0과 AMOS 18.0을 이용하여 기술적 통계, 확인적 요인 분석, 그리고 경로분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과에 따르면 학생들의 학업성취에 영향을 미치는 요인은 학업스트레스였으며, 학업스트레스는 조직몰입과 조직시민행동에도 각각 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 또한 조직몰입도 조직시민행동에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 더 나아가, 조직몰입은 학업스트레스와 조직시민행동사이에서 부분매개변인 역할을 하였다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze Pommel Horse performance of gymnasts who were finalists in 30th London Olympic Games to help Korean gymnasts’ performance ability. To pursue the study goal, the Pommel Horse performances of the finalists in 30th London Olympic Games were recorded. Then each finalists’ difficulty degrees and performance contents were analyzed based on the Code of Point 2009 regulated by F.I.G. After analyzed all data, following were found. 1) Scissor fwd with 1/4 turn hdst and Scissor bwd with 1/4 turn hdst elements were the most frequently used for Group I component factor. 2) The medalists of the game used Circle Spindle and Flair Spindle for Group II component factor to increase the difficulty degree score. 3) Most finalists prefer to used the motion of Group IV which includes high diffculty degree motion to increase the difficulty degree score. 4) During the landing motion of Group V, all medalists used E degree component landing skill and it appeared to be good affect on final score.

The purpose of this study is to investigate effects of exit criteria of maximal exercise stress test for patients with coronary artery diseases on hemodynamic responses, cardiopulmonary strength, and exercise prescription intensity. The subjects of this study were those who reached the maximum heart rate expected as 220-age (group A, n=65) and those who were stopped because of dyspnea (group B, n=65) during exercise stress test for patients with coronary artery diseases. The results of this study showed that the RHR and the MHR were significantly higher in group A than group B (p=.006, p=.000). No significant difference was found in the RSBP and the RDBP between the two groups. The MSBP was significantly higher in group A than group B(p=.029), while the MDBP showed no significant difference between the two. The MRPP was significantly higher in group A than group B (p=.000). The VO2max and the MMET were significantly higher in group A than group B, respectively (p=.010, p=.008). The MRPE was significantly lower in group A than group B (p=.000), while the MRER was significantly higher in group A than group B (p=.000). Group A was respectively significantly higher than in group B in 50%, 60% 70%, and 85% of the HRR (p=.000). Conclusively, the patients reached the maximum heart rate were shown to be possible of undergoing further test even when they reach the expected maximum heart rate without any heart event while monitoring the maximal RER, and exercise prescription based on expected maximum heart rate for age group for patients with cardiovascular diseases who are not administered of beta-blockers and calcium-channel blockers (non-dihydropyidines) may be too lower in intensity for the patients reached the maximum heart rate but may excess safety limit for those who were stopped because of dyspnea.

The purpose of this study was to investigated the effect of flexibility and isokinetic knee strength to hamstring injuries of soccer players. For this study case, 55 subjects(control group; 20, non-rehabilitation group; 17, rehabilitation group; 18) were measured with body composition, the flexibility of lower body(sit-and-reach test, straight leg raise test, active knee extension test, seated knee extension test), the maximum isokinetic strength(%BWPT) tests of knee. The results were as follows; The flexibility of knee and hip was significantly different between the group non-rehabilitation and other groups(con & rehabilitation group) of involved side(p<.001) and uninvolved side(p<.05, p<.001) of hamstring. The isokinetic knee strength was significantly different between the group non-rehabilitation and other groups(control & rehabilitation group)of extension of the involved side at angular velocity 180°/sec(P<.01) and of flexion of the involved side at angular velocity 60°/sec(p<.05) and 180°/sec(p<.05, p<.01). From these results, in order to the recovery hamstring injuries should be flexibility and strength exercise program of lower body to soccer player

In the present study, the effects of treadmill exercise on expression of myostatin and follistatin protein expression of old aged rats according to skeletal muscle types. 16-month-old male rats(n=12) and male Sprague-Dwaley (n=12) were used as the old-aged groups. The Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups(n=6 in each group), as follows: the old-aged female group(n=6), the old-aged female and exercise group(n=6), the old-aged male group(n=6), old-aged male and exercise group(n=6). The rats in the exercise groups were forced to run on a motorized treadmill for 30 min once a day for 4 weeks. The load of exercise consisted of running at a speed of 2 m/min for the first 5 min, 5 m/min for the next 25 min, with a 0° inclination. The expression of myostatin in soleus muscle was lower in the old aged male rats compared with old aged female rats. In contrast, the expression of follistatin in soleus muscle was higher in the old aged male rats compared to old aged female rats. Treadmill exercise decreased expression of myostatin and, increased expression of follistatin in the soleus muscle. The expression of myostatin in gastrocnemius muscle was lower in the old aged female rats compared with old aged male rats. In contrast, the expression of follistatin in gastrocnemius muscle was not statistically significant. Treadmill exercise decreased expression of myostatin, however, the expression of follistatin was increased by treadmill exercise in the gastrocnemius muscle. Here in this study, we showed that treadmill exercise is a very useful strategy for preventing loss of muscle by inhibiting expression of myostatin and enhancing expression of follistatin.

This study aims to suggest basic materials which will be used for both Taekwondo athletes’ performance enhancement and skill development, and also their coaches’ strategies, tactics, and training sessions. To complete the purpose of this study, the participants were selected from men’s athletes by eight different weight levels who participated at the 2012 Nationwide Taekwondo Championship. By video-recording 3 matches from the semi-final and final for 8 each weight level, a total of 24 matches were analyzed through video recording and then research results were obtained as follows; First, analysis of Attack Frequency by Different Weight Levels Overall, light weight athletes used attack skills more frequently than heavy weight athletes. Also, light weight athletes performed attack skills more variously than heavy weight athletes. Second, analysis of Attack Frequency by Different Skills As high level skills, both wing kick and turning kick on face are being used most frequently at recent times. These two skills are also regarded as useful ones for continuous attack, kick with receipt, and preemptive attack. Third, analysis of Attack Skills by Different Weight Levels Throughout all weight levels, the absolute score of turning kick on body part showed the highest in terms of both attack frequency and success number. Fourth, analysis of Difference according to both Attack Frequency and Attack Success by Different Weight Levels. There was a significant difference at attack frequency. Light weight level showed higher scores than both light and heavy weight levels. Fifth, analysis of Difference according to Attack Type by Different Weight Levels. There was a significant difference between turning kick on body and face parts. In terms of turning kick on body part, light-middle weight level showed higher scores against light and heavy weight levels. On the other hand, light weight level performed better than both light-middle and heavy weight levels at turning kick on face part.

This study conducted a combined exercise program with obese elderly woman of 65 and over and analyzed its effects on body composition, blood lipid, leptin, and adiponectin. The following results were obtained. First, after the application of the combined exercise program, there was a significant decrease in weight and %body fat for the body composition of obese elderly women, indicating a positive effect. Second, after the application of the combined exercise program, there was a significant difference in TC, TG, and LDL-C but HDL-C for the blood lipid of obese elderly women, indicating a positive effect. Third, after the application of the combined exercise program, there was a significant difference in leptin in obese elderly women, indicating a positive effect. Fourth, after the application of the combined exercise program, there was a significant difference in adiponectin in obese elderly women, indicating a positive effect. Based on the findings, the combined exercise program was effective to decrease weight, %body fat, and BMI which can prevent a metabolic syndrome in obese elderly women. It also showed an effective decrease in blood lipid, suggesting its effectiveness on the prevention of obesity-related diseases in obese elderly women. When obese elderly women participated in resistance exercises, the exercise group and trainers had to make considerable efforts. Thus, further research should develop exercise programs in several ways that obese elderly women can enjoy.

The purpose of this study was to investigate IEMG (integrated electromyography) of Cross Jump in Balance Beam for giving national female gymnasts information. Six national female gymnasts experienced over five years participated in this study, and they were divided into two groups(dominant vs. non-dominant group). Six digital cameras (Sony DSR PD-170) were used to capture motions for three dimensional analyses, and eight electrodes were attached to their thighs and shanks to record muscle activation of movements from hip joint, knee joint and ankle joint. The results were as follows: First, subjects made the most of vastus lateralis, agonist, which is mainly play a role in extensor of knee joint in both groups at landing stepping foot(p1). Second, they made the most of gastrocnemius medialis, agonist, which is mainly play a role in plantar flexor of ankle joint, and flexor of knee joint at p2, p3, and p4. Third, the members of dominant group activated tibialis anterior as agonist of ankle joint flexor, and also, they did vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and gastrocnemius medialis as agonist of knee joint extensor in order at landing phase(p5). Despite of no difference on muscle activation between dominant and non-dominant group, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and gastrocnemius medialis were activated in order at landing phase(p5). These findings suggested that members of non-dominant group reinforced vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius medialis with training to perform efficient cross jump at landing.

This study conducted a 12-week walk program with obese women with intellectual disabilities to examine its effects on body composition and blood lipid. The following results were obtained. First, for the changes in body composition, there was a significant difference in weight and body fat in the combined exercise group, indicating a positive effect. Second, for the changes in blood lipid, while no significant difference was found in TC and HDL-C in the combined exercise group, a significant difference was found in TG and LDL-C, indicating a positive effect. Third, for the changes in leptin, the combined group had a significant difference, indicating a positive effect. Based on the findings, the combined exercise program had a positive effect on body composition in obese women with intellectual disabilities. A decrease and an increase in blood lipid suggested its positive effect on the prevention of life habit diseases such as obesity and cardiovascular disease in obese women with intellectual disabilities. The findings suggest that a variety of resistance exercises such as aerobic exercises should be added when exercise programs are applied to people with intellectual disabilities who tend to be obese because of limited physical activity and imprudent dietary habits to improve their physical ability. Although several programs have been conducted with people with disabilities for their physical activity in living facilities, it is necessary to develop appropriate measurement for them and exciting and easy programs by applying a variety of exercises to students with intellectual disabilities to achieve the development and coaching of more professional programs. Moreover, active and various researches should be conducted with people with intellectual disabilities to prevent obesity and improve health.