Earticle

This meta-analysis explores the primary reasons why construction workers are aware of and use personal protective equipment (PPE). It identifies common themes and dimensions in the literature by applying factor analysis and synthesizing evidence. Key underlying factors were found: management and supervision, employee attitudes and beliefs, and training and awareness. These factors explain much of the variation in PPE usage and behavior. The findings highlight that safety compliance in construction is complex and influenced by organizational enforcement, individual perceptions, and education. This study enhances understanding of occupational safety management and offers a theoretical foundation for creating more effective safety programs. Results also stress the importance of leadership commitment in promoting a positive safety climate and encouraging consistent PPE use. Additionally, the synthesis indicates that incorporating cultural and behavioral aspects into training can greatly improve compliance and the long-term adoption of safety practices.

This study aims to develop machine translation quality measures by statistically verifying the factor structure of translation quality perceived by professional translators. The measurement variables observed in the analysis are indicators that describe concepts widely used in translation studies (i.e.,fluency, readability, accuracy, fidelity, cohesion, and functionality). This study first established a theoretical factor structure, conducted an explanatory factor analysis to extract commonality-based factors, compared the theoretical factor structure and the statistically extracted one, and then performed a confirmatory factor analysis to verify the validity of the machine translation measures developed in the derived model based on structural equation modeling (SEM). As a result, the model fit (RMSEA = .072, CFI = .922) was evaluated very high at 92.2%.

This Study aims to present the guidelines for the activation of the domestic GS certification market through the assessment of the characteristics of the demands of the domestic SW companies pursuing to acquire GS certification. As the results of the factor analysis of the guidelines for the activation of the domestic GS certification market, (1) strictness of the certification standards, (2) level of satisfaction on the certification services and (3) certification effects were deduced as the specific variables. This study is highly significant in that the fact that the certification market is more effectively activated when the 3 factors, namely, strictness of the certification standards, level of satisfaction on the certification services and certification effects, have been intensively reinforced although there exist countless number of specific variables including certification system, certification cost, certification expertise and certification marketing, etc. in order to activate GS certification market has been statistically verified.

본 연구는 교육대학생의 농구동아리 참여에 영향을 미치는 요인을 규명하고자 수행되었다. 이를 위해 경인지역에 위치한 G교육대학교에 재학하는 농구동아리 회원 30명을 대상으로, 농구에 대한 본인의 생각, 그리고 농구동아리에 참가하게 된 동기, 참가 지속, 그리고 어떨 때 농구동아리를 탈퇴하고 싶었는지 등에 관한 개방형 질문지를 사용하여 분석하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 교육대학생의 농구동아리 참가 동기로는 농구에 대한 열정, 체계적인 농구 기술 습득, 체육관 등 좋은 공간에서 농구를 할 수 있는 기회의 증가, 그리고 농구를 통해 스트레스를 해소하고자 하는 이유에서 참가하게 된 것으로 타나났다. 둘째, 교육대학생들의 농구동아리 참가 지속 요인으로는 농구 기량향상을 통한 성취감 체험, 전국교육대학교 우승이라는 구성원의 동일 목표, 대인관계 형성, 구성원의 화합 및 결속, 농구동아리의 전통인 것으로 나타났다. 셋째 농구동아리 참가 중단 요인으로는 농구 기량 정체, 동아리 모임에서의 과도한 음주문화, 그리고 시간의 제약 인 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the participation factor of basketball club among the university students of education. Using purposive random sampling, 30 basketball club members of university were sampled and asked to respond the opened questionnaire. They answered about the idea of basketball, participation of motivation, participation of continuation, and participation of discontinuation. The results from this study are as follows : First, the participation motivations of basketball club were passion of basketball, systematic acquisition of basketball skill, increase of chance to play at good place, and reduce of stress. Second, the participation continuation of basketball club were experience of fulfilled with upgrading of basketball skill, same purpose of members to be champion of the tournament among the university of education. development of personal relations, cohesion of members, tradition of basketball club. Third, the participation discontinuation of basketball club were stagnant of basketball skill, excessive drinking among the club members, and restriction of time to play basketball.

The purpose of this study is to analyze “Hokori, Puraido, Jison, Jihu, Jinin, kyoji” by factor analysis, and to know its usage. Factor analysis is one of the methods of multivariate analysis. In this method, it is possible to find a criterion that is common to words with strong correlation among a plurality of variables. By applying this factor analysis to synonyms and collocation research, it is possible to improve the relevance of research such as classification and systematization. Examples obtained from “BCCWJ : Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese”. Classification criteria are obtained from the quantitative analysis of the occurrence word. As a result of the analysis, “myself, man, country, Japanese, woman” have a strong correlation with “Hokori, Puraido, Jison, Kyoji”. In other words, “Hokori, Puraido, Jison, Kyoji” are used to mean “proud as a person or country”. On the contrary, “Jinin” has no such feature. And “professional, growth, value, technology, author” have a strong correlation with “Jihu”. In other words, “Jihu” is used for “position, work, ability”, not “person or country”. “Jihu” can express the willingness or will of the future. This is characteristic only of “Jihu”.

본 연구는 청소년들이 인터넷 게임을 사용함으로써 기대하게 되는 긍정적 및 부정적인 효과들을 평가하는 새로운 척도를 개발하기 위하여 요인분석을 적용하고, 이렇게 개발된 인터넷게임 기대 척도의 내적 일치도와 공존타당도를 검토하고자 하였다. 93명의 남자 고등학생들을 대상으로 한 사전 조사 결과와 기존의 기대 질문지들을 토대로 64개의 예비 문항을 구성하였다. 453명의 고등학생(남 363명, 여 90명)이 예비 문항에 대해 반응한 자료들을 요인분석하여 49개의 문항을 최종적으로 선정하였다. 49개의 최종 문항은 23개의 긍정적 기대 문항과 26개의 부정적 기대 문항들로 구성되어 있다. 긍정적 기대 문항들로부터 추출된 요인들은 ‘자신감 증가’, ‘기분 고양 ’, ‘부정적 감정 해소’, 그리고 ‘인간관계 증진’ 등 4개였다. 부정적 기대 문항들로부터 추출된 요인들은 ‘일상생활의 부정적 결과’, ‘중독적 경향, 그리고 ‘공격적 행동’ 등 3개였다. 전체 척도, 긍정적 기대 하위척도 및 부정적 기대 하위척도 모두 내적 일치도는 높았으며, 긍정적 기대 하위척도는 게임사용 측정치들과 유의미한 정적 상관을 보여 공존타당도가 대체로 적절하였다. 마지막으로, 본 연구의 의의와 제한점, 그리고 인터넷 게임 기대 척도의 활용방안에 관해 논의하였다

The purposes of this study were to develop a new scale designed to assess both positive and negative expected effects of internet game using factor analysis and to examine its internal consistency and concurrent validity in adolescents. 64 preliminary items were derived from 93 male high school students' responses to a survey of both positive and negative expected effects of internet game as well as existing expectancy questionnaires. On the basis of factor analyses of the preliminary items for 453 high school students (363 males and 90 females), 49 items were finally selected. The final version of an internet game expectancy scale(IGES) consisted of 23 positive and 26 negative expectancy items. Four factors labeled “increase of self-confidence,” “mood elevation,” “resolution of negative emotions,” and “facilitating social relationship” were derived from the positive expectancy items. Three factors labeled “negative outcome in daily life,” “addictive tendency,” and “aggressive behaviors” were extracted from the negative expectancy items. The internal consistency was high for the IGES-Total, as well as for the IGES-Positive and IGES-Negative. The IGES-Positive was significantly correlated with the measures of internet game use, thus providing general support for its concurrent validity. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study as well as the utilization of the IGES were discussed.

본 연구는 KCAQ-8의 활용 범위를 넓히고자 국내 신경증 환자와 대학생 집단을 대상으로 KCAQ-8의 2요인 구조 의 적합도와 요인별 변별 및 수렴 타당도를 확인하고 더불어 신뢰도(내적 신뢰도, 검사-재검사 신뢰도)를 확인하 고자 하였다. 이를 위해 모형 적합도는 Normed x2(x2/df), SRMR, RMSEA, CFI, TLI를 기준으로 판단하였으며, 내적 타당도는 요인 부하량, 평균 분산 추출 지수(AVE), 개념 신뢰도(CR)를 통해 확인하였고, 외적 타당도는 전념 행동 과 우울(PHQ-9), 불안(STAI-Ⅰ), 수용-행동 질문지(AAQ-Ⅱ), 행동활성화 척도(BADS)와의 상관분석을 통해 검증하였 다. 내적 신뢰도는 Cronbach’s ɑ 계수로, 검사-재검사 신뢰도는 급내 상관계수(ICCs)로 분석하였다. 연구 1에서는 신경증 진단을 받은 성인 166명을, 연구 2에서는 379명의 대학생 379명을 대상으로 하였고, 연구 1과 연구 2는 동일한 절차 및 방법을 적용하였다. 확인적 요인분석 결과, 두 집단 모두에서 KCAQ-8의 2요인 구조는 양호한 수 준의 적합도를 보였으며, 전체 문항과 각 하위 요인은 양호한 내적 신뢰도를 나타냈다. 상관분석 결과, KCAQ-8 의 총점 및 하위 요인 점수는 우울, 불안, 경험회피, 행동활성화와 유의한 상관을 보였으나, 전념 행동의 하위 요 인인 긍정 요인과 부정 요인 각각 회피, 행동활성화, 우울 및 불안과 다소 차별적 상관 패턴을 보였다. 두 집단 모두에서 KCAQ-8은 2주 간격으로 측정한 검사-재검사 신뢰도 분석에서 안정적인 신뢰도를 보였다. 이를 기반으 로 의의와 제언 및 제한점을 논의하였다.

This study aimed to expand the applicability of the KCAQ-8 by examining the structural validity of its two-factor model and evaluating its reliability-including internal consistency and test-retest reliability-among individuals with neurotic disorders and college students in South Korea. Model fit was evaluated using Normed χ² (χ²/df), SRMR, RMSEA, CFI, and TLI. Internal validity was assessed through factor loadings, average variance extracted (AVE), and composite reliability (CR), while external validity was examined via correlations of committed action (KCAQ-8) with measures of depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (STAI-I), experiential avoidance (AAQ-II), and behavioral activation (BADS). Internal reliability was measured using Cronbach’s alpha coefficients, and test-retest reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Study 1 included 166 adults diagnosed with neurotic disorders, and Study 2 comprised 379 college students. Both studies employed identical procedures and analytic methods. CFA results demonstrated that the two-factor structure of the KCAQ-8 exhibited adequate model fit in both groups. All items and subscales showed acceptable internal consistency. Correlation analyses revealed that the total and subscale scores of the KCAQ-8 were significantly associated with depression, anxiety, experiential avoidance, and behavioral activation. However, the two subscales of committed action-positive and negative factors-showed somewhat distinct correlation patterns with avoidance, behavioral activation, depression, and anxiety. In both groups, the KCAQ-8 demonstrated stable test-retest reliability across a two-week interval. Based on these findings, the study discusses its implications, recommendations, and limitations.

최근 순환경제 촉진을 위한 실천전략이 주목받고 있다. 그러나 국내에서는 이를 지역 산업 및 공간적 차원에서 적용하거나 분석한 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 본 연구의 목적은 순환경제 개념에 기반하여 우리나라 지역 산업을 유형화하며, 산업 유형별 공간적 분포 특성을 파악하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 순환경 제 실천전략(9R)에 기반하여 12개 지역산업을 선정하고 요인분석을 통해 유형화하였다. 공간 자기상관분 석을 통해 유형별 공간적 분포와 클러스터 특성을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 우리나라 지역산업은 S-M-L Loops형, Shortest Loops형, Long Loops형 세 가지로 분류되었다. 각 유형은 공간적 특성에 따라 클러스터 를 형성하고 있었다. S-M-L Loops형은 대도시 인근에, Shortest Loops형은 대도심에, Long Loops형은 호남·충청·제주에 집중 분포 하였다. 이러한 결과를 기초로 순환경제 전환을 위한 실행 전략과 정책적 시사점을 제시하였다.

Recently, the implementation strategy for promoting the circular economy has been attracting attention, but in Korea, there is a lack of research on applying or analyzing it at the regional industrial and spatial level. This study aims to classify regional industries in korea based on the concept of the circular economy and to identify the spatial distribution characteristics of each industry type. To this end, twelve regional industries were selected based on the 9R strategies for implementing the circular economy, and factor analysis was conducted to classify them into distinct types. The results show that regional industries in Korea can be categorized into three types: S-M-L Loops, Shortest Loops, and Long Loops. These types form distinct clusters depending on spatial characteristics: S-M-L Loops are concentrated near major metropolitan areas, Shortest Loops are centered in core urban regions, and Long Loops are distributed in the Honam, Chungcheong, and Jeju regions. Based on these results, implementation strategies and policy implications for the transition to a circular economy were proposed.

본 연구는 초등학교 체육수업에서 발생하는 안전사고를 예방하고, 체계적인 안전관리 지침을 마련하기 위해, 초등체육수업에 적합한 안전 가이드라인의 세부요인을 탐색하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 중등 체육수업 안전 가이드 라인을 기초 자료로 활용하여, 초등 체육수업 전문가 패널의 델파이 조사를 기반으로, 탐색적 요인분석 및 확인 적 요인분석을 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 초등학교 현장에 적합한 3개의 상위요인(수업, 환경, 제도)과 15개의 하 위요인을 도출하였다. 도출된 요인들은 높은 신뢰도(Cronbach’s α=.892)와 타당도(CVR, AVE, C.R.)를 확보하 였다. 특히, ‘수업’ 요인이 전체 설명력의 42.45%로 핵심적인 요인임을 확인하였고, ‘제도’ 요인은 최근 교육현 장의 사회적 현실을 반영하여 법제적 기반 조성의 필요성을 시사하였다. 본 연구는 초등학생의 발달 특성과 초 등학교 체육수업 환경을 고려한 맞춤형 안전 가이드라인의 기초 자료를 마련함으로써, 교사와 학생 모두가 안전 한 교육환경에서 체육수업에 참여하는 여건을 조성해 나가는데 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

This study aimed to explore detailed factors for developing safety guidelines tailored to elementary school physical education (PE) classes in order to prevent safety accidents and establish a systematic safety management framework. Using safety guideline factors from middle school PE classes as a foundational reference, the study conducted Delphi Surveys and both Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses. As a result, three major factors—Instruction, Environment, and System—and fifteen sub-factors were identified as suitable for the elementary school setting. The factors demonstrated high reliability (Cronbach’s α = .892) and strong validity (CVR, AVE, C.R.). In particular, the 'Instruction' factor was confirmed to be a key factor at 42.45% of the total explanatory power, and the 'System' factor reflected the recent social reality of the educational field, suggesting the necessity of establishing a legal foundation. This study is expected to contribute to the practical improvement of educational environments by providing foundational data for safety guidelines that consider the developmental characteristics of elementary students and the context of elementary education, enabling both teachers and students to engage in PE activities with greater confidence.

The purpose of this study is to explore an alternative model for the TOEIC speaking test based on language ‘Complexity’, ‘Accuracy’ and ‘Fluency’ (CAF) by drawing comparisons between task-based CAF (Model 1) and communicative adequacy-based CAF (Model 2). Thirty-two college students participated in the study and carried out CAF based English speaking tests. The results of Pearson analysis revealed that Model 2 has a higher correlation with the TOEIC speaking scores than Model 1. Based on factor analysis, Model 2 was restructured, to create a new format, NCAF (New CAF). Under the NCAF model, ‘Complexity’ has three sub-items: sentence length, sentence elaboration, and lexical density; ‘Accuracy’ has error accuracy 1, and error accuracy 2; and ‘Fluency’ includes pause distribution, speed fluency, and pause frequency. To assess the relationship between the NCAF model and TOEIC speaking scores, a regression analysis was performed. The results showed that NCAF could account for 76.1% of the TOEIC speaking scores. Pedagogical implications and discussions are suggested.

Buildings are equipped with fire compartments to prevent the spread of fire. However, the fire compartment regulations in South Korea are simplistic and standardized, and the exception and mitigation also have ambiguous criteria, requiring adaptations to accommodate changes in architectures. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the contents related to exception and mitigation for fire compartments in South Korea and propose to make up for the limitations. To identify limitations, this study investigates how fire compartments are implemented in South Korea and analyze international cases to compare fire compartment regulations. The comparative analysis reveals that domestic exception and mitigation have ambiguous spatial criteria, and international cases solve this issue by specifying regulations based on specific uses. Consequently, this study proposes the need to formulate and detail regulations of exception and mitigation considering both building use type and space characteristics, because of fire hazard levels changed by building use type.

본 연구는 재난문자방송 서비스에 영향을 끼치는 요인을 규명하는 것을 연구의 목적으로 하고 있으며, 이를 위하여 요인분석을 통한 서비스 항목과 요인 간의 적절성 검증, 다중회귀분석을 통한 모형 도출 및 영향요인을 도출하였다. 분석결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 재난문자방송 서비스에 가장 중요 한 영향을 끼치는 서비스 요인은 신속한 전달로 나타났으며, 표준화 계수는 0.179로 분석되었다. 이는 다른 서비스 요인에 비해 월등히 높게 나타나 재난발생 시 재난문자를 신속하게 보낼 수 있도록 시스템 의 개편 및 송출과정에서의 문제가 발생되지 않도록 노력해야 한다. 둘째, 서비스 요인 중 2순위로는 송출기준으로 나타났으며, 이의 표준화 계수는 0.084로 나타났다. 셋째, 서비스 요인 중 3순위로는 이해 하기 쉬운 내용 및 시스템 품질로써 표준화 계수는 0.083으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면, 재난 문자방송에서 가장 중요한 부분은 신속한 전달로, 재난문자방송 시 신속한 전달 측면에 지속적이고 집중적인 노력이 필요하다고 할 수 있다.

This study aimed to identify factors that affect a cell broadcasting system (CBS) service. To this end, this study verified the relevance between service items and factors through factor analysis, and it derived a model through multiple regression analysis and identified the influencing factors. The analysis results can be summarized as follows. First, the service factor with the most significant effect on CBS service was prompt transmission, and its standardized coefficient was 0.179. This coefficient was much higher than that for other service factors, indicating that efforts must be made to prevent problems in system reform and transmission so that emergency alert messages can be sent promptly in case of disasters. Second, transmission standard was the second priority among service factors, and its standardized coefficient was 0.084. Third, comprehensible content and system quality were factors with third priority, and their standardized coefficient was 0.083. In conclusion, as prompt transmission was the most important factor of CBS, constant and intensive efforts must be made to facilitate prompt transmission in the CBS.

21세기는 제4차 산업혁명, 디지털 전환, 기후위기, 팬데믹 등의 영향으로 직업세계가 그 어느 때보다 급변하고 있다. 이러한 특징들은 개인이 성인이 된 이후에도 노동시장에서 경 쟁력을 갖추기 위해서 자신의 진로개발역량을 평생 동안 관리하도록 요구하고 있다. 본 연 구는 개인이 성인이 된 이후에도 자신의 진로개발역량을 진단할 수 있도록 측정도구를 개 발하는 것에 있다. 이를 위하여, 진로개발역량 관련 문헌을 통해 문항을 수집하였고, 두 차 례의 델파이 조사를 통해 측정 문항의 내용 타당도를 검증한 후 설문조사를 통하여 335명 의 성인의 응답자료를 활용하여 측정도구의 구성타당도와 신뢰도를 검증하였다. 구성타당 도와 신로도를 검증하기 위하여 탐색적 및 확인적 요인분석을 실시하였고, 신뢰도를 검증 하기 위하여 집중타당도와 판별타당도를 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 성인용 생애진로개발역량 측정도구는 5개의 요인 53개의 문항으로 구성되었고, 누적 공통 설명 분산은 59.724%이었 다. 5개 요인은 각각 ‘진로관리’, ‘자아이해’, ‘사회적 기술’, ‘환경 변화 대응’, ‘자기 주도성’으로 명명하였다. 모델적합지수는 χ2(df) = 3524.368(1315, p<.001), SRMR = .048, TLI = .91, CFI = .91, RMSEA = .052로 나타났다. 개념신뢰도는 모든 요인이 .70이 상이었고, 평균분산추출값(AVE)은 모든 요인이 .50 이상으로 나타났고, 각 요인의 상관계수 의 제곱값은 .40 보다 작아 판별타당도가 확보되었다.

The purpose of this study is to develop and validate Lifelong Career Development Competency Scale for adults and students in Korea. First, based on an extensive review of literature related to career development competency measures, initial items were collected. To verify the content validity of initial items, the Delphi technique was conducted twice by 30 experts and 112 items were selected for a survey. A total of 400 adults participated in the survey and 335 respondents provided usable data. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted using SPSS 25 and Mplus7. Factor loadings for each item were examined. To examine the model’s overall goodness of fit, several model-fit indices were computed including χ2, SRMR, TLI, CFI, and RMSEA. Construct reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s α and construct reliability values. Convergent validity of items was evaluated using average variance extracted. The results revealed that a five-factor model with 53 items yielded: Career Management, Understanding of Self, Interpersonal Skills, Adaptation Skills to Changes of Environment and Society, and Self Initiatives. Model indices for the observed data were, χ2(df)=3524.368 (1315, p<.001), SRMR=.048, TLI=.91, CFI=.91, RMSEA=.052 (.049, 055). Cronbach’s α for each factor was found over the required limited of .70. Construct reliability was established for each factor of the model ranging from .87 to .97. The average variance extracted values were above .50. Potential applications and further studies are discussed.

This study aims to develop and verify a reliable scale to measure boredom and also to identify the relationship between the latent factors that cause boredom and Korean students’ proficiency levels in studying English as a foreign language. 258 college students from diverse majors participated in this study. The students were given a background questionnaire, the English Language Learning Boredom Questionnaire (ELLBQ), which was created for this study, and finally a general English test. The potential factors underlying the ELLBQ suggest a six-factor solution: English language learning boredom, teacher and peer influence, indifference towards English-speaking countries, English tests and homework, absence of assistance, and lack of interest in academic subjects. This study also proves that there are significant differences in English learning boredom depending on English proficiency levels. Learners in the lower-proficiency group were more prone to be affected by English language learning boredom, English tests and homework, and also an absence of assistance compared to those in the intermediate- and high-level groups. Additionally, learners in the intermediate group had higher scores on the survey than low-level ones in terms of teacher and peer influence. Based on the findings, pedagogical implications and practical teaching approaches are suggested.

본 연구의 목적은 일반인을 대상으로 삼원 사이코패시 측정도구(Triarchic Psychopathy Model; TriPM)의 요인구조를 확립하는 것이다. TriPM은 Patrick, Fowles, Krueger(2009) 이 제안한 삼원 사이코패시 모델에 따라 Patrick이 2010년에 개발한 사이코패시 측정 도구이다. 한국 일반인 540명을 대상으로 데이터를 수집하여 탐색적 요인분석 및 탐 색적 구조방정식 모형, 모형 수정 과정을 통하여 분석 결과를 도출하였다. 이후 24개 의 문항을 삭제하고 총 34개의 문항을 대상으로 모형 적합지수를 확인하였다. 최종 적으로 ‘대담함’, ‘비계획ㆍ충동적’, ‘반사회적 행동’, ‘냉담성’의 4요인 구조가 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 타당도를 검증한 결과 각 문항들이 서로 변별되는 하위척도임을 확인하였고, 또 다른 사이코패시 측정도구 LSRP(Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy scale) 및 SD4(Short Dark Tetrad)와의 유의미한 상관이 나타나 수렴타당도를 확인하 였다. 본 연구는 탐색적 구조방정식 모형을 통해 국내 일반인을 대상으로 TriPM을 타당화하고 기존과는 차이가 있는 요인구조를 제시하였다는 데 의의를 가지며, 이러 한 결과에 더해 후속연구를 위한 제언 등이 제시되었다.

The purpose of this study is to establish the factor structure of the Triarchic Psychopathy Model(TriPM) for the general public. TriPM is a psychopathy measurement tool developed by Patrick in 2010 in accordance with the triarchic psychopathy model proposed by Patrick, Fowles, and Krueger(2009). Data were collected from 540 general Koreans, and the analysis results were derived through exploratory factor analysis, exploratory structural equation model, and model modification. Next, 24 items were deleted, and the model suitability index was confirmed for a total of 34 items. Finally, it was found that the four-factor structure of ‘Boldness’, ‘Unplanned and Impulsive’, ‘Anti-social behavior’, and ‘Callous’ was appropriate. As a result of verifying the validity, it was confirmed that each item was a subscale that was distinguished from each other, and there was a significant correlation with another psychopathy measurement tool LSRP(Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy scale) and SD4(Short Dark Tetrad), confirming the convergence validity. This study is meaningful in that TriPM was justified for the general public in Korea through exploratory structural equation model and a different factor structure was presented, and in addition to these results, suggestions for follow-up studies were presented.

This study aims to identify and validate the latent factors underlying learners’ enjoyment in an online English language learning context with Korean college students. A total of four-hundred and eighty-four first year students from diverse majors participated in the study. Three instruments were utilized: a background questionnaire, the Online English Learning Enjoyment (OELE) scale, and an assessment of English ability. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted and confirmed a strong validity for the OELE scale. The results reveal that six factors are key to the online English learning enjoyment of Korean college students: online learning interest and flow, teachers’ attitudes and teaching methods, learning strategy use, interests in English-speaking cultures, social bonds, and effort and focus. This study also demonstrates that there are significant differences among high-, intermediate-, and low-proficiency learners in terms of OELE factors. Based on the findings, pedagogical implications and suggestions are given for online English learning instruction to better foster language learners’ enjoyment.

본 연구는 무쾌감증의 다양한 차원을 측정하도록 고안된 한국판 차원적 무쾌감증 평정 척도(Korean version of Dimensional Anhedonia Rating Scale: DARS)를 타당화하였다. 290명의 대학생 및 대학원생을 대상으로 차원 적 무쾌감증 평정 척도를 시행하였다. 교차 타당도 검증을 위하여 무작위로 추출한 표본의 절반은 탐색적 요인분석, 나머지 절반은 확인적 요인분석을 실시하였다. 탐색적 요인분석 결과, Rizvi 등(2015)이 개발한 원 척도의 요인구조와 동일한 요인구조를 나타냈다. DARS는 보상의 유형에 따라 취미, 음식/음료, 사교 활동, 감각 경험과 관련된 무쾌감증으로 구분되었다. 확인적 요인분석 결과, 본 척도가 4요인으로 이루어졌음을 재검증하였다. 또한 4개의 1차 요인들과 무쾌감증이라는 2차 요인으로 이루어진 위계적 4요인 모형도 적합 한 것으로 나타나, 무쾌감증을 측정하기 위해 총점을 사용하는 것도 타당하다는 결론을 제시하였다. 차원 적 무쾌감증 평정 척도의 신뢰도와 수렴, 공존 및 변별 타당도가 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 차원적 무쾌감 증 평정 척도는 무쾌감증을 측정하기 위한 신뢰로운 도구로 향후 국내 무쾌감증의 연구에 유용하게 활용 될 것으로 기대된다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 시사점과 연구의 한계를 논의하고, 후속 연구 방향에 대해 제안하였다.

The present study aimed to validate the Korean version of the Dimensional Anhedonia Rating Scale (DARS), designed to measure various dimensions of anhedonia. The study sample included 290 undergraduate and graduate students. We conducted the exploratory factor analysis on half of the randomly selected data and confirmatory factor analysis with the remaining half. According to the exploratory factor analysis, the Korean version of DARS had same four factors identified in Rizvi et al. (2015). The factors were differentiated according to four types of rewards: pastimes/hobbies, food/drinks, social activities, and sensory experience. As a result of confirmatory factor analysis, the 4 factor model showed a reasonable model fit. In addition, the fit of the hierarchical factor model consisting of 4 lower factor and 1 higher order factor was acceptable, and it was concluded that it is reasonable to use the total score to measure anhedonia. The reliability of the Korean version of DARS and its subscales was excellent level. The DARS showed good convergent, concurrent and divergent validity. This result indicated good psychometric properties and suggest that the DARS can be usefully used for future research to measure anhedonia. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study were discussed with suggestions for future studies.

많은 사람들이 생활 스트레스로 인해 고통을 겪기도 하지만, 이러한 스트레스 사건 후에 성장을 보고하기도 한다. 본 연구의 목적은 한국인들이 외상뿐만 아니라 일반적인 스트레스 사건을 통하여 경험하는 성장을 측 정하는 외상 및 스트레스 관련 성장 척도(TSRGS)를 개발하는 것이다. 연구 1에서 한국인이 경험하는 실제적 인 성장을 측정하는 척도의 문항을 개발하기 위하여 스트레스 사건 후에 성장이나 긍정적 변화를 경험한 사 람을 대상으로 인터뷰를 실시하였고, 인터뷰 결과를 질적으로 분석하여 이론적인 하위요인을 가정하고 문항 풀을 개발한 후, 전문가의 내용타당도 평가를 실시하였다. 다음으로 연구 1의 예비조사에서 각 문항의 신뢰 도, 변별도, 문항반응분포를 비교하는 문항분석을 통하여 적절한 문항을 1차로 선정하였고, 본 조사에서 다 분상관계수를 사용한 탐색적 요인분석을 실시하여 TSRGS의 최종 문항과 요인구조를 도출하였다. 하위요인은 삶의 가치감 증가, 타인의 긍정적 평가, 타인 수용 증가, 강인성 증가, 감정의 진실성 증가로 구성되었다. 연 구 2에서 본 척도에 대한 확인적 요인분석 및 외상 후 성장 척도, 삶의 의미 척도, 사건-관련 반추 척도 등 과의 상관분석, 그리고 측정동일성 검증을 실시하여 TSRGS의 구성 및 공존 타당도를 추가로 확보하였다. 이 상의 결과를 바탕으로 TSRGS의 임상적 활용에 대해 논의하고, 추후연구에 대한 제안점을 제시하였다.

Many people suffer from life stress, but some people report growth after these stress events. The purpose of the present study is to develop Trauma and Stress-Related Growth Scale(TSRGS), a valid measure of the growth experienced by Koreans through general stress events as well as traumatic events. In Study 1, in order to develop items of a scale that measures the actual growth that Koreans experience, interviews were conducted for those who experienced growth or positive changes after stress events. The result of interviews were analyzed qualitatively to assume theoretical sub-factors, and the content validity was evaluated by the experts. Next, in the preliminary survey of Study 1, appropriate items were selected first through the item analysis comparing the reliability, discrimination, and response distribution of each item, and in main survey the exploratory factor analysis with polychoric correlation coefficients were conducted to draw the final items and factor structure of TSRGS. The sub-factors consist of (1) increased sense of value in life, (2) positive evaluation from others, (3) increased acceptance of others, (4) increased hardiness, and (5) increased integrity of emotions. In Study 2, the confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis with other scales such as post-traumatic growth scale, meaning scale of life, and event-related rumination scale, and measurement invariance test were conducted to secure the construct and concurrent validity of TSRGS. Finally, Based on the results, clinical utilization of TSRGS is discussed and further research is proposed.

본 연구의 목적은 초등학교 교사들의 수학적 신념 측정도구를 개발하는 것이다. 초등학 교 교사 299명의 수학적 신념을 30문항을 통해 분석하였다: 수학에 대한 신념 12 문항, 수 학 교수에 관한 신념 18 문항. 탐색적 요인분석을 통해 (n = 149) 수학적 신념의 요인 구 조를 탐색하였다. 또한 확인적 요인분석을 통해 (n = 150) 서로 다른 세 모델의 요인 구조 를 비교 분석하였다. 분석 결과 14개 문항으로 구성된 네 개의 요인 구조가 데이타를 가 장 잘 설명하는 것으로 나타났다: 전달적 수학관(transmissive view of mathematics), 구성 주의적 수학관(constructivist view of mathematics), 전달적 수학 교수관(transmissive view of teaching and learning), 구성주의적 수학 교수관(constructivist view of teaching and learning). 본 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 개발된 측정도구가 초등학교 교사의 수학적 신념을 측정하기 위한 타당성과 신뢰성을 갖춘 것으로 나타났다. 이를 토대로 본 연구의 시사점을 논의하였다.

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a scale of Korean elementary teachers’ mathematics beliefs. We examined 299 elementary teachers’ mathematical beliefs using 30 items, out of which 12 items covered beliefs about the nature of mathematics and 18 items covered beliefs about mathematics teaching and learning. In the first stage, we performed exploratory factor analysis using 149 survey data to examine the factor structure. In the second stage, we performed confirmatory factor analysis using 150 survey data. Building upon previous studies, we examined the construct validity of three different models to find the best factor structure. The study results indicate that the four-factor model with 14 items provides the best fit for the data: transmissive view of mathematics, constructivist view of mathematics, transmissive view of teaching and learning, and constructivist view of teaching and learning. The findings of the study reveal that each factor has adequate internal consistency and reliability. These results confirm that the beliefs scale is a reliable and valid measurement tool to measure Korean elementary teachers’ mathematical beliefs. The implications of the study are discussed.